Old maps of the Gorokhovets district. Gorokhovets district, Vladimir province - gorokhovets - history - catalog of articles - unconditional love Gorokhovets district in the period of Rurik

After the suppression of the peasant uprising led by E.I. Pugachev, Empress Catherine II carried out a new administrative-territorial reform. Russia was divided into 50 provinces. By decree of March 2, 1778, the Vladimir province was formed from 14 counties or districts.
By decree of Catherine II of September 1, 1778, the province was transformed into a governorship. The Vladimir governorship was divided into 14 counties. Gorokhovetsky uyezd became one of the districts of the governorship. It was enlarged at the expense of the lands of the Zamotrensky camp of the Murom district (,). The size of its territory remained practically unchanged until 1924.
Emperor Paul I on December 12, 1796 adopted the Decree "On the new division of the state into provinces." The Vladimir governorship was transformed into.
By 1881, 22 volosts were part of the Gorokhovetsky district.

Gorokhovetsky Uyezd in the modern grid of districts

Gorokhovetsky district was located in the east of the Vladimir province. It bordered on the Vyaznikovsky district in the west, Murom in the south, as well as on the Kostroma province in the north and Nizhny Novgorod in the east.

It occupied an area of ​​4,352.85 km² (3,825 sq. ver.).
It was located on part of the territories of modern Gorohovets, Vyaznikovsky and Murom districts of the Vladimir region, Pestyakovsky and Verkhnelandekhovsky districts of the Ivanovo region, Volodarsky and Pavlovsky districts of the Nizhny Novgorod region.

There are two significant rivers in the county - Oka and Klyazma; from the raftable rivers in the county flowed the Lukh, a tributary of the Klyazma, along which the timber was rafted; lakes - up to 130.
In 1841, regular communication began to Gorokhovets along the Moscow- Nizhny Novgorod. “Vladimirskiye Gubernskiye Vedomosti” wrote: “The public’s expectation regarding the final arrangement of the highway from Moscow to Gorokhovets has come true. During the summer of 1841, passers-by and convoys followed the highway non-stop. According to partial information, it is known that the new road from Gorokhovets to Nizhny Novgorod in 1842 will not yet be finally completed. This section of the route was completed in 1845.

Gorokhovites, together with all of Russia, experienced a shameful Crimean War, which demonstrated to the whole world the viciousness of serfdom, and, as a result of it, the backwardness of a great country. In the Vladimir province collected militia. On February 14, 1855, an emergency provincial noble assembly elected the head of the militia, the former Preobrazhensky landowner of the Sudogodsky district, Guards. Colonel Mikhail Andreevich Katenin. Colonel Pyotr Ivanovich Yazykov was elected head of the Gorohovets squad, which was assigned the number 122. In total, 1110 warriors were to be called up to the Gorokhovets squad. The names of the officers of the Gorokhovets squad are known. These are staff captains Bartenev, Ivanov and Timofeev, lieutenants Axelm de Zhibori, warrant officers Aksenov, Kapitanov, Smetanin, Ovsyannikov and Prince Shcherbatov.
The Gorokhovetskaya squad, like the entire Vladimir militia, was unable to take part in hostilities in the Crimea, as it only managed to reach the Kyiv province, where it found the news of the end of the war. Having stood from July 17 to October 26, 1855 in the town of Tsibulev seconded to the Ladoga Reserve Infantry Regiment, the squad returned home. However, despite this, the commander of the 4th company, Staff Captain Bartenev, was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav, 2nd class, and Staff Captain Timofeev, the Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd class.

In 1859, the largest settlements were: Gorokhovets (2,513 people), Nizhny Landekh (1,348 people), Pestyaki (1,317 people), Myt (843 people), Tatarovo (779 people), Grishino ( 724 people), Zolino (712 people), Upper Landekh (662 people), (543 people).

According to the 1897 census, the largest settlements of the county are: the city of Gorokhovets - 2297 people; With. Pestyaki - 1550 people; With. Fominki - 1196 people; With. Tatarovo - 1011 people; With. Nizhny Landekh - 888 people; With. Zolino - 873 people; v. Taranovo - 858 people; v. Poltso - 832 people; With. Grishino - 796 people; - 734 people; village Balandino - 718 people; With. Red - 666 people; With. Myt - 662 people; With. Upper Landekh - 630 people; Vamna village - 621 people; the village of Rozhdestveno - 617 people; v. Zolotovo - 609 people; Bol. Bykasovo - 607 people; village Ivachevo - 597 people; With. Borovitsy - 594 people; v. Rebrovo - 582 people; v. Zlobaevo - 571 people; v. Sosnitsy - 560 people; With. Starkovo - 552 people; village Medvedevo - 550 people; Shchepachikha village - 512 people; v. Prosye - 508 people; village Ozhigovo - 503 people

The population of the county in 1859 was 86,246 people, according to the 1897 census, the county had 92,240 inhabitants (38,860 men and 53,380 women).

Education

The first zemstvo free reading rooms in the Gorokhovetsky district began to function in 1898 in the villages of Pestyaki and Fominki. In 1899, six more similar libraries were opened: Kozhinskaya, Grishinskaya, Sergievskaya, Nizhnelandekhovskaya, Neveroslobodskaya and Mytskaya. In 1900, Svyatskaya, Verkhnelandekhovskaya, Mordvinovskaya and Kromskaya zemstvo reading rooms appeared. Most of them owed their existence to the zemstvo head of the Gorohovets district A.A. Burmin. Being in the volost centers, i.e. in places where the percentage of literate people was somewhat higher than in other villages and villages, libraries could not boast of a large number of readers. So, in the best of the listed libraries (Pestyakovskaya, Verkhnelandekhovskaya and Nizhnelandekhovskaya), respectively, there were 434, 355 and 362 readers. At the same time, in the reading rooms at the beginning of the twentieth century. there were a little more than 1100 volumes. The villages were large, and such indicators should be recognized as very mediocre.
In 1897-1898 educational. In 1997, there were 20 parochial schools in Gorokhovetsky uyezd, of which one was second-class, 18 literacy schools, and 30 zemstvo schools. students in parochial schools there were 837, in literacy schools 189, in zemstvo schools 1,474. Of all Orthodox children of school age, there were 6,650 boys and 6,898 girls, leaving 3,012 boys and 5,925 girls without education.
In con. 19th century open Holy Zemstvo School. The Zemstvo building, built in 1898, is quite good, the lighting is 1:4.5 class, the cubic volume of air per student is 2.5 meters. The lack of air volume depends on the overcrowding of the school with students, in 1899 - 97 people (even more at the beginning of the year). Heating and ventilation are satisfactory. At the school there is an overnight shelter in a rented room, 30 people are accommodated. There is an apartment for the teacher - a room and a kitchen.
Sergiev-Gorsk Zemstvo School. The premises are public - under the volost government, divided by a bulkhead into two classes. Pupils in 1899 95 people.
City men's school(1899): Head of the school - coll. asses. Nikolai Porfirovich Ivanov-Samoilov. Law teacher - Rev. Ivan Andreevich Smirenin. Teacher - above. owls. Konstantin Petrovich Sakharnikov. Assistants: Philip Markovich Ryzhov; Mikhail Anufrievich Okunkov.
City Primary Women's School(1899): The teacher of the law - deacon. Ivan Petrovich Speransky. The teacher is Alexandra Ivanovna Semenikhina. Assistant - Anna Konstantinovna Karlikova.
County School Council(1899): Chairman - district marshal of the nobility. Members: county police officer; chairman of the county zemstvo council; count asses. Nikolai Porfirovich Ivanov-Samoilov; arch. Andrey Pavlovich Berezhkov; merchant son Mikhail Nikolaevich Baluev.
Inspector people. schools - stat. advice. Mikhail Gavrilovich Shaposhnikov.
Taranovskiy Agricultural Society in 1912 opened a training room.

City Government(1899):
Mayor - cup. .
Members: spade. place of the mayor, cross. Ivan Andreevich Dokuchaev; kup. Ivan Mikhailovich Larin. Candidate members: merchant. son Mikhail Ivanovich Sudoplatov; mesch. Mikhail Ivanovich Klimovsky; kup. Stepan Stepanovich Kulikov.
Taking the place of chairman under 120 Art. city. pos. – otst. guard corvette Nikolai Pavlovich Krasnoshchekov. City Secretary is a title. owls. Grigory Efimovich Remezov.
District Zemsky Administration:
Chairman - lip. secret Fyodor Ksenofontovich Prishletsov. Members: spade. chairmanship, Leonid Dmitrievich Larin; count register. Pyotr Ivanovich Vysokosov; cross. Petr Vasilievich Tarutin. Secretary - lip. secret Fyodor Ivanovich Avdakov.
County Treasury:
Treasurer - Col. owls. Vladimir Alexandrovich Grudinsky Accountant - Col. secret Leonid Stepanovich Bogdanov. Accounting assistants: title. owls. Ivan Semyonovich Krylov; no. rank Vasily Ivanovich Zuev.

The medicine

Petty-bourgeois headman- mesch. Nikolai Ivanovich Karlikov 2nd.

Forester of the Gorokhovets forestry- title. owls. Alexander Nikolaevich Sidorov.

In May 1860, excavation work began in the Gorohovets district to prepare the railroad track from Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod. The completion of its construction facilitated the departure of the population of the county to earn money. But this did not affect further development cities.

History has not conveyed to us the details of the implementation of the peasant reform in the county on February 19, 1861. Probably everything went smoothly. It can even be assumed that the Gorokhovets nobility took the Manifesto on the liberation of the peasants from serfdom for granted.

In 1902, in Appendix No. 101 to the magazine “Picturesque Russia”, under the heading “Dead”, it was reported that on November 23, “Valentin Aleksandrovich Shumilov, Marshal of the Nobility of Gorokhovets, a well-known figure in the works on the liberation of the peasants (1861) died..”. This message on the pages of such a large publication about a Gorokhovite who has received recognition in Russia speaks for itself.
Time has preserved for us the name of another participant in the peasant reform in the Gorokhovenko district. This is Ivan Drovetsky - the world mediator of the 2nd section. For the period of the reform in the Gorokhovets district there were estates and estates of the following landowners: Prince Vyazemsky, Shulgin, Countess Ivelich, Solomirsky, Kokoshkin, Rushev, Iovskaya, Klementyev, Kablukov, Lupandin, Mavrin, Stechkin, Burmin, Bartenev, Shumilov, Kruzenshtern, Savelova, Prince Shcherbatov, Oznobishins, Princess Shakhovskaya, Admiral Lazarev, and others. This far from complete list of landowners of the Gorokhovets district can be continued with the names of many small landowners, who, like the peasants, in 1861 thought with distrust and anxiety, what to do next. Everyone will act in accordance with their moods: the peasants were in no hurry to buy the land and intensified their withdrawal to the side, the landowners were in no hurry to sell it. Due to the massive influx of labor into the cities, the first signs of the birth of capitalism began to appear in Russia. At the same time, the spheres of activity of otkhodniks from the Gorokhovets district were expanding. If before the 80s. traditional was the departure from the county to barge haulers, sailors, distillers, carpenters, masons and longitudinal sawyers, then from the beginning of the 80s. In connection with the development of oil fields in the Caucasus, the construction of railways in Russia and the resumption of the construction of warships on the Black Sea, there is a need for completely new, previously unknown professions. This was facilitated by the emergence of a new driving force that sets the ships and wagons in motion. The horse, water and wind were replaced by steam. The famous Gorokhovets carpenters - "Yakushi", noted by Vladimir Ivanovich Dal in his dictionary, rushed to Baku and Grozny, where they began to build wooden oil derricks. At the same time, ship hulls, oil storage tanks, bridge decks, steam boilers, and casing pipes for drilling rigs began to be made of metal, and, in connection with this, a profession for their manufacture appeared. People who possessed this skill began to be called boilermakers. Gorokhovets became the center of distribution of this craft in Russia.
In 1901, in the “Materials for the assessment of the lands of the Vladimir province”, the following was said about them: “The second (after carpenters) and the most common trade in the Gorokhovets district is to become boilermakers. His district - Kozhinskaya and Krasnoselskaya volosts: in the first boiler-makers - 56 percent, male industrialists, in the second - 58.9 percent. Some villages almost entirely become boilermakers... The beginning of this trade is not so long ago, about 15-20 years ago. Earlier in this area we went to distilleries, malt factories. Recent times distillers began to take people with education and the practice of distillers were left behind, and with them the fellow villagers workers whom the former distillers called to their factories. In fairness, it should be noted that many Gorohovets distillers managed to get an education and, until 1914, were leading experts in their field in certain regions of Russia. For example: I.A. Dmitriev from the village of Departure - in the Penza province, G.N. Molokov from the village Departure - in Voronezh, E.G. Chesnokov from the village Departure - Nizhny Novgorod, I.V. Trofimov from the village of Kupriyanovo - in Smolenskaya, N.I. Belov from the village of Shubiio - in the Tobolsk provinces. Talented people with great practical skills and organizational skills are also emerging from among the boilermakers. As a rule, having advanced to the foremen, indexes or contractors, they specialized in one direction of the boiler industry. Their names are known. These are the bridgemen: Dryazgin M.F. - from the village of Klokovo, Ershov P.V. - from Kupriyanovo. Shipbuilders: Arkhipov D.A. - from , Surkov D.S. - from the village of Kruglovo, Shorin I.A. - from the village of Departure, Kashkanov T.S. - from the village of Yakutino. Specialists in the manufacture of cutters and casing pipes: Semenychev S.I. - from the village of Gruzdevo, Prozorov A.M. - from . Specialists in the manufacture of water towers, lighthouses and building structures: Sergeev I.M. and Sergeev G.M. - from the village of Shubino. Zinoviev P.F. - from the village of Berkunovo, Valov A.I. - from the village of Gonchary.

The first Russian revolution of 1905 hardly touched the Gorokhovets district. There were several spontaneous peasant uprisings, expressed in unauthorized logging, grassing and arson of estates. Near the village of Kozhina, the estate of the collegiate assessor Yevstraty Pavlovich Mednikov, an assistant for political investigation to the Moscow police chief Zubatin, burned down. Mednikov was one of the organizers of Sunday schools for workers and led the preparation of the procession of workers to the tsar on January 9, 1905. Peasants Kamentsev and Shapov were accused of arson.
After the revolution, a peasant from the village of Morozovka Mikhail Petrovich Borishchev, deported under the special supervision of the police, appeared in the county, under the open supervision of the police, a peasant from the village of Morozovka P.N. Polovnikov and the tradesman of the city of Gorokhovets I.A. Golovushkin, under the supervision of the police, a peasant of the village Departure E.E. Arkhipov and the peasant of the village of Yakutino P.E. Gostintsev, under the covert supervision of the police, the peasant of the village of Morozovka I.F. Pryakhin. All of them were boilermakers in different cities of Russia. Mikhail Petrovich Borishchev subsequently headed the primary organization of the RSDLP (m) on. Probably, these are the first revolutionaries from the Gorokhovets district. After the suppression of unrest in the Baltic states, they went to Gorokhovets; the peasants Abel and Jan Skulme were expelled.
Boiler craftsmanship at this time was more than ever in demand in the labor markets. Russia built a navy and mastered Far East. In a short time, the Great Siberian Route was built, connecting Japan and the Far East with Europe by rail. A railway was laid from Transbaikalia to Harbin through the territory of Manchuria. Hundreds of Gorokhovite boiler workers built bridges across the Yenisei, Amur, Sungari rivers.

By 1913, the Gorohovets uyezd was divided into 16 volosts:
Borovitskaya parish - with. Borovitsy
Grishinsky volost - with. Grishino
Verkhne-Landekhovskaya volost - with. Upper Landeh
Kozhinskaya volost - with. Kozhino
Krasnoselskaya volost - with. Red
Kromskaya volost - with. Kromy
Mordvinskaya volost - with. Mordvino
Mytskaya volost - with. Myt
Myachkovskaya volost - with. Myachkovo
Neveroslobodskaya volost - Khrychevo village
Nizhne-Landekhovskaya volost - with. Nizhny Landeh
Pestyakovskaya volost - with. Pestyaki
Holy parish - with. holy
Sergiev parish - with. Sergiev-Gorki
Stepankovskaya volost - with. Babasovo
Fominsky volost - with. Fominki.

On the eve of the First World War, the Gorokhovets district, like the whole of Russia, was at the peak of its economic upsurge. In 1914, the 50th anniversary of the introduction of zemstvo administration in Russia was celebrated. This progressive institution of self-government gave enormous results in the development of the county. Suffice it to say that at the beginning of 1915 there were 80 zemstvo schools with 63 libraries in which 5,524 students studied, 5 hospitals, 11 obstetric stations, 6 agricultural machinery rental stations and 4 agricultural warehouses in the Gorohovets district. The successful work of the zemstvos was largely due to the responsible, hard-working and disinterested people who were at the head of the institutions. In the Gorohovets zemstvo, these were district landowners, hereditary nobles Burmins, Bulygins, Prishletsovs, Krasnoshchekovs. This is how the city and county entered in 1917.
After the February bourgeois revolution in the city in July 1917, a new City Duma of 13 people, and on September 10, the county Council of Peasants' Deputies was formed. District judge Pyotr Sergeevich Shumilin was appointed Commissioner of the Provisional Government in Gorohovets Uyezd.
The county in 1917 was politically the bearer of peasant interests, and as a result of this, a strong influence of the Socialist-Revolutionaries was observed in it. During the elections to the constituent assembly in November 1917, the votes of the Gorokhovites were distributed as follows: for the Social Revolutionaries - 57.4 percent, for the Bolsheviks - 32.1 percent, for the Cadets - 8 percent, for the Revival of Holy Russia party - 0.4 percent , for the National Socialists - 1 percent, for the Mensheviks - 0.9 percent, for the co-operators - 0.2 percent.
At the Vladimir Provincial Congress of Soviets on March 7-10, 1918, it was reported that since January 2, 1918, Soviet power had been strengthened in the Gorohovets district.
On January 9, 1918, the county Soviet of Peasants' Deputies merged with the Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. Commissioner of the Provisional Government in P.S. Shumilin was arrested and sent to Vladimir under guard. A new historical stage in the development of the city of Gorokhovets and the Gorokhovets district began.

Prominent natives of the county

Poet.
Patolichev, Semyon Mikhailovich - full St. George cavalier, brigade commander, hero of the Civil War.
Patolichev, Nikolai Semyonovich - Minister of Foreign Trade of the USSR.
(1881-1946) - hydrogeologist, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
- astronomer, rector of Kazan University, one of the discoverers of Antarctica.

Industry

In 1842, Vladimirskiye Provincial Gazette reported: “There are 4 brick factories in the city of Gorokhovets, in the district there is one flax-spinning factory belonging to the Vyaznikovsky merchant Elizarov”, and also that “... breaking alabaster stone in urban dachas of the city of Gorokhovets. The aforementioned factory was described in detail by the Russian traveler, the landowner of the Tver province D.P. Shelekhov in his book "Journey along Russian country roads".
Knitting of woolen stockings, socks, vareg: Gorokhovetsky u. With. Pestyaki and adjacent estates of the book. Shcherbatova. 5965 people are engaged in this trade; the sale of products in 1854 extended to 123,500 rubles. in various Siberian cities, as well as in Moscow and Rostov in winter and in Nizhny Novgorod during the fair ”(Vladimir provincial sheets of 1855 No. 13).
Industry in the county is poorly developed: 819 factories and factories, 572 industrial and commercial establishments, 733 workers.