Mastopathy is a benign (in the vast majority of cases) disease of the mammary glands that occurs against the background of hormonal imbalance in the female body. Mastopathy, the symptoms of which occur in women of reproductive age (between 18-45 years), is characterized by the development of pathological processes in the tissues of the glands in the form of growths.

general description

As we have already noted, mastopathy occurs in women within the reproductive age range, that is, at the age of 18-45, with a peak incidence observed in the period 30-45 years. When considering the physiological characteristics characteristic of the female body, the essence of the development of this disease is quite easy to explain, let’s try to do this.

First, let's look at what the mammary gland consists of, and it consists of glandular tissue, which is based on a significant number of tubules with cells that promote milk secretion. The specified glandular tissue in each gland is distributed into lobes (15-20), which, during lactation (breastfeeding itself), ensure the secretion of milk, which is accompanied by the opening of the ducts located at the top of the nipple. In the interlobar areas of the mammary glands, a fairly dense connective tissue is laid, through which the maintenance of the lobes is ensured while simultaneously forming with its help a kind of capsule in the mammary gland. Such a capsule looks like a dense shell that secures the mammary glands in relation to the tissues that surround it. In addition, the lobes of the mammary glands also contain adipose tissue, through which the roundness of the breast shape is created. When considering healthy women, it can be noted that in them the ratio of connective tissue (providing maintenance) and glandular tissue (in other words, working) is determined by constant and clearly defined limits in the mammary glands, due to which both their normal structure and normal functioning are ensured.

Every month, a woman’s body undergoes cyclical changes that occur against the background of hormonal influence from progesterone and estrogen. These hormones not only provide regulation of biphasic menstrual cycle, but also directly affect the tissue of the mammary glands.

If we consider the processes of such hormonal influence normally, then in this case the influence of estrogens formed during the first phase of the menstrual cycle (before ovulation) leads to the development of proliferative processes in the mammary glands, which implies cell multiplication (proliferation). In turn, progesterone, formed during the second phase of the menstrual cycle (respectively, after ovulation, before the onset of menstruation), leads to a limitation of the action produced by estrogens, thereby inhibiting the processes of cell reproduction. Progesterone is a pregnancy hormone, because its effect leads to an increase in the volume of the mammary glands, preparing them for breastfeeding. Exposure to estrogen causes breast tissue to swell. The mammary glands enlarge in the second half of the cycle; this increase is insignificant, but quite clearly noticeable by the vast majority of women, which they describe as increased tension and sensitivity of the breasts.

In the absence of pregnancy, the level of estrogen increases, as a result of which the mammary glands undergo changes leading to the opposite state, that is, to a decrease in size and compliance with their previous indicators. If pregnancy occurs, then prolactin in the blood increases in levels, which, accordingly, indicates its subsequent impact on the processes of milk production in the mammary glands.

As for deviations from the norm regarding the processes under consideration, the picture looks like this. Due to the influence of a number of unfavorable factors, the normal hormonal balance is disrupted, as a result of which estrogens are formed in excess, but progesterone, which prevents this, is formed in an amount insufficient to normalize the processes. Thus, excessive proliferation of cells occurs in the tissues of the mammary glands, as a result of which mastopathy develops.

In some cases, the development of this disease is facilitated by excessive production of another hormone - prolactin, which is produced by the pituitary gland. Consideration of the normal situation with the production of this hormone indicates increased volumes of its production during pregnancy and lactation (which is necessary for the appearance and production of milk to feed the baby). In the pathological version of considering its production, an excess is noted outside the pregnancy factor that accompanies this process; accordingly, this option is not just a pathology, but also a condition for the development of mastopathy.

Causes of mastopathy

In addition to the main conditions highlighted above, based on hormonal disorders, as a result of which mastopathy develops, there are other causes of this disease. These include the following factors:

• tumor formations in the ovaries, their inflammation (salpingoophoritis, adnexitis), uterine fibroids, endometriosis - these factors contribute to disruption of the production of sex hormones in a woman’s body, which, accordingly, leads to mastopathy;
• adrenal gland diseases;
• diseases associated with the functions of the thyroid gland (diabetes, hypothyroidism, metabolic syndrome with concomitant obesity and increased blood pressure);
• irregular sexual activity;
• liver diseases;
• the presence of current psychological problems (neuroses, stress, depression, etc.);
• absence of pregnancy and, accordingly, childbirth before reaching the age of 30 years;
• current hereditary predisposition;
• frequent abortions - in this case, the situation is considered from the perspective of changes in the functioning of the female body as a whole, which occurs from the very first days of pregnancy, this is in preparation for childbirth and for corresponding changes in the condition of the mammary glands, in which abortions lead to hormonal imbalances and mastopathy against their background;
• injury to the mammary glands, which is also important when wearing tight and uncomfortable bras with metal wires in them (as a result of which it is advisable to highlight the microtraumas to which the breasts are exposed in this case);
• refusal to breastfeed the child, untimely interruption of such feeding;
• long-term treatment with hormones;
• the presence of chronic gastrointestinal diseases;
• presence of bad habits (alcohol and smoking);
• iodine deficiency in the body.

Mastopathy: forms (types)

A characteristic feature of diffuse forms of mastopathy is a current series of changes that occur in the tissue of the mammary glands; we will highlight their varieties:

• Diffuse mastopathy, characterized by a predominance of the glandular component (mammary adenosis). This form of mastopathy, as can be assumed from its initial definition, is characterized by excessive growth of glandular tissue in the mammary glands, due to which there is an increase in the mammary glands that produce milk.
• Diffuse fibro-osseous mastopathy, characterized by a predominance of the cystic component in the accompanying processes. In particular, this form of mastopathy is manifested by the formation of small cavities containing fluid (that is, bubbles with fluid), which are otherwise defined as cysts.
• Diffuse fibrous cystic mastopathy with a predominant fibrous component (fibrous mastopathy). In this case, mastopathy is accompanied by a predominance of connective tissue in the mammary gland.
• Mixed fibrocystic mastopathy. This form of mastopathy is characterized by the proliferation of connective tissue with the simultaneous appearance of cysts (cavities) in the mammary gland.

In nodular forms of the disease, the mammary glands are affected locally (that is, the mammary gland is not completely affected, but only in certain segments of it). Considering the peculiarity of the lesion in nodular mastopathy, the areas of compaction are limited in nature, and these compactions develop after the diffuse form of mastopathy that precedes them. The most common form of nodular mastopathy is fibroadenoma. This formation has a round shape, it is quite dense and mobile. Most fibroadenomas develop in women at a young age. This formation is benign; its elimination is carried out mainly through surgical intervention.

Let us summarize the main points regarding the types of mastopathy. Nodular mastopathy is mastopathy, the symptoms of which appear against the background of single lumps; fibrocystic mastopathy - symptoms appear against the background of the development of cysts, as well as fibroadenomas and papillomas (intraductal); cystic mastopathy - symptoms appear against the background of the formation of cysts; diffuse mastopathy– symptoms appear against the background of the appearance of many lumps in the mammary glands. In general, fibrous mastopathy is a mastopathy, the symptoms of which indicate the relevance of a benign process in which cysts, fibrosis and dense nodes are formed in the mammary glands. Let us dwell in more detail on the symptoms of mastopathy, in which we will highlight some features inherent in each of the varieties of its forms.

Mastopathy: symptoms

The most common signs of mastopathy are the following manifestations of this disease:

• soreness noted in the mammary glands, which has a constant or periodic nature of manifestation, and this soreness often intensifies at the beginning of menstruation, and subsides towards its end;
• discharge from the nipples (reminiscent of colostrum, etc.);
• feeling of a lump appearing in the mammary gland;
• the appearance of nodular formations in the gland.

Most often, the manifestations of the disease in question consist in the appearance of compactions in the area of ​​the gland tissue, their nature is tumor-like (a relevant feature of nodular mastopathy). Another form of the disease, diffuse mastopathy, is characterized by the fact that the breast tissue is painful and somewhat dense to the touch. Fibrocystic mastopathy combines the changes indicated in the previous options. As a rule, changes that occur in the gland are detected from its upper part.

Features of fibrous cystic mastopathy is that its course, unlike, for example, a disease such as breast cancer, involves damage to both glands at once (in cancer, only one of the glands is predominantly affected). As can be determined directly from the definition of this form of mastopathy (fibrocystic mastopathy), the changes that occur with it are fibrous and cystic in nature, with one of these components predominating.

When considering these components in particular, the following picture emerges. Thus, the predominant fibrous component is characterized by the appearance of compaction. If the cystic component predominates, then the gland tissues in this case contain many cysts in the area of ​​the milk ducts (that is, microcysts). The onset of the disease in this case is accompanied by such small formations that they cannot be recognized either by palpation (palpation) or by ultrasound - the nature of the changes can be traced in this case only with the use of a microscope for this purpose.

Let's move on to a more detailed consideration of the listed symptoms.

• Breast tenderness

The pain that appears with mastopathy can be described as aching in nature, in some cases accompanied by a feeling of heaviness, concentrated, as is understandable, in the mammary glands. Increased pain occurs during the premenstrual period (which we have already noted earlier in one of the two phases of the cycle, against the background of increased estrogen production). With mastopathy, the pain is not only local, but also often radiates (spreads) to the shoulder blade or to the arm, neck.

Pain is one of the main symptoms indicating mastopathy, however, despite this, about 10-15% of patients do not experience it. In this case, palpation and examination determine the same changes that accompany the course of the disease in those women who experience pain. Such a course of the disease can be explained, for example, by a difference in the threshold of pain sensitivity, individual for each patient.

Pain in mastopathy is due to the fact that the processes relevant to the disease lead to compression of the nerve endings by cystic formations and connective tissue while simultaneously involving these nerve endings in the sclerotic tissue.

About 10% of patients experience enlarged lymph nodes due to mastopathy (they are affected in the axillary region), as well as a certain degree of pain.

• Enlargement of mammary glands in volume

This manifestation of symptoms consists of periodic engorgement of the glands, which, as we noted earlier, is associated with the same menstrual cycle. Such engorgement occurs due to venous stagnation, as well as swelling to which the connective tissue is susceptible. On average, the enlargement of the mammary glands occurs within 15%, which is also accompanied by increased sensitivity of the mammary glands (this consists in the characteristic discomfort noted when palpating), and, again, pain. In some cases, the sensations are accompanied by abdominal discomfort and headaches, anxiety and general nervous irritation. Such symptoms generally define premenstrual syndrome.

• Nipple discharge

The nature of discharge from the nipples during mastopathy can be very different. So, they can be abundant (which means their independent manifestation) or situational (that is, appearing only during pressure on the nipple). Discharge from the breast can be clear or whitish or brown. A particular danger lies in the appearance of bloody discharge - such a manifestation in mastopathy indicates the transition of the process to a malignant form of the course. It is important to understand that regardless of the color, nature and consistency of discharge from the breast, you must immediately visit the appropriate specialist!

• Appearance of a node/nodes in the chest

In the case of nodular mastopathy, a node (or nodes) is identified that has fairly clearly palpable contours. As for the size of such a node, they can reach different limits. It is often quite difficult to determine what exactly is relevant in a particular case, nodular mastopathy or breast cancer. Accordingly, additional diagnostic measures are used to clarify in detail the nature of such a neoplasm.

Diagnosis

Various methods are used to diagnose the disease; we highlight them below:

• Palpation (palpation) of the glands. This research method allows you to make a primary diagnosis yourself, which provides the possibility of early detection of the disease in question. Palpation means, as noted, palpation, respectively, with its help you can determine the features of the structure of the mammary glands, as well as determine whether there are lumps in the breast, whether pain appears. The doctor also performs palpation, which is done to establish a preliminary diagnosis with subsequent guidance on additional diagnostic measures.
• Mammography. It consists of a study in which an x-ray of the glands is taken. Mammography allows you to determine even the presence of small compactions in the glands, the identification of which by palpation is not possible.
• Ultrasound. Using this procedure, it is possible to detect changes that the mammary glands are subject to in a particular case (diffuse, nodular changes). Combining this method and the previous one, mammography, makes it possible to determine mastopathy with the greatest efficiency using the diagnostic measures already discussed.
• Puncture. Used to study nodular neoplasms. The use of this method makes it possible to determine with a fairly high degree of accuracy the nature of the structure inherent in the node, as well as to carry out simultaneous differential diagnosis (to distinguish mastopathy from a number of other diseases relevant to the mammary glands, for example, this may apply to breast cancer, etc.) . A syringe is used for puncture; the game is inserted into the mammary gland node, which is done to remove its cells and for subsequent study under a microscope.

If there are certain difficulties in diagnosing, then additional measures are used, for example, ductography, Doppler sonography, etc.

Breast examination is especially important for women who have crossed the age threshold of 35 years, because it is from this time that these kinds of hormonal changes become relevant, which subsequently develop quite dangerous diseases. In particular, it is necessary to pay attention Special attention on their own health in this regard for those women who were previously diagnosed with breast cancer among their immediate relatives (mother, aunt, sister).

Primary self-examination for mastopathy is carried out after the end of menstruation - it is during this period that signs of the development of mammary gland diseases appear in their most pronounced form.

• Self-examination in a supine position:
• the chest is mentally divided into four parts (sides, bottom, top part);
• Each of the departments is palpated in detail to detect any seals or nodules in it.
• Self-examination in front of a mirror.
• it is necessary to raise your hands up and evaluate the features of the external contours of the breasts and nipples: no depressions should appear on the breast itself, the nipples must correspond in shape to the correct characteristics;
• Each of the nipples is carefully pulled back in turn, thereby making it possible to verify the absence/presence of discharge.

The following signs indicate that breast diseases are developing:

• the appearance of folds on the skin of the mammary glands;
• palpation of seals;
• detection of skin retractions;
• presence of pain, incl. with their spread to the shoulder blade, arm or neck;
• changes in the shape of the nipples, their color, discharge from them.

For detailed information on how to independently conduct a primary examination, please see below.

Treatment

The basic principles used in the treatment of the disease we are considering are to normalize the state of hormonal levels (that is, normalize the ratio of sex hormones in the blood), as well as to eliminate stress while simultaneously increasing the body’s resistance to stress. In addition to this, of course, local treatment of glandular tissue is also performed. As noted in the description above, nodular mastopathy (fibroadenoma) is predominantly subject to surgical removal (such surgery is defined as sectoral resection).

Treatment of mastopathy should be comprehensive, and its greatest effectiveness is achieved using a number of endocrine drugs. For example, these are homeopathic preparations (plant-based), in particular the following types are used:

• Mastodinon. This drug is non-hormonal, its use ensures the normalization of prolactin levels in the blood, as well as reducing the severity of pain, and preventing the development of premenstrual syndrome. Used in the form of drops (twice a day, 30 drops diluted in water) or in the form of tablets (take: morning and evening, 1 piece). The course of such treatment is 3 months.
• Cyclodinone. A non-hormonal drug that helps reduce the production of the hormone prolactin while normalizing the menstrual cycle and reducing concomitant soreness of the mammary glands. It is used in the form of drops (40 drops diluted in water every morning) or tablets (taking time is the same as taking drops, 1 tablet each). The duration of treatment in any variant is 3 months.
• Mamokalm – non-hormonal herbal preparation based on kelp (seaweed). The drug is saturated with iodine, due to which it has an appropriate effect aimed at ensuring the normalization of the functions characteristic of thyroid gland. In addition, the drug is also aimed at reducing the manifestation of breast tenderness and pain accompanying menstruation. The drug Mamocalm is used in the form of tablets (1-2 tablets, 2-3 times a day). Considering that the drug contains iodine, it should be taken with extreme caution by patients with relevant thyroid dysfunction. The use of this drug, like the drugs listed earlier, must be agreed with your doctor.

Diffuse mastopathy can be cured through hormonal therapy in the case of a fairly late stage of the disease, which is especially necessary in the presence of other forms of hormonal disorders of the body. Antiestrogens, drugs that promote the absence of ovulation, and drugs aimed at reducing prolactin levels (in addition to the previously noted mastodinone) are also used in the treatment of mastopathy.

Severe pain requires limiting the intake of coffee, tea, cocoa and chocolate. In addition, it is important to follow a certain diet, avoiding smoked and fatty foods, including as many vegetables and fruits as possible in your diet. An important role in the treatment of the disease is also played by vitamin therapy, in which particular attention should be paid to vitamins that belong to groups A and E. By taking vitamins, the inherent functions of the liver are improved; this organ is extremely important in providing it with metabolic hormonal processes.

Forecast

When a disease is detected on early stage, cure is possible in 99% of all cases. Treatment of mastopathy requires clinical observation, which, depending on the specific form of mastopathy and other factors accompanying the course of the disease, is about 3-6 months.

If you have symptoms indicating mastopathy, you should contact a mammologist or your treating gynecologist. In any case, treatment of mastopathy should not be delayed or ignored as a necessity, and should not be done independently.

Mastopathy - symptoms and treatment

What is mastopathy? We will discuss the causes, diagnosis and treatment methods in the article by Dr. M. E. Provotorov, a mammologist with 10 years of experience.

Definition of disease. Causes of the disease

In the structure of breast diseases, the following pathology has a specific weight: fibrocystic mastopathy(hereinafter referred to as FCM or simply mastopathy). With this disease, there is a violation of the ratio of epithelial and connective tissue components of the tissue in the structure of the mammary gland, as well as wide range proliferative (associated with the accelerated formation of new cells, leading to tissue proliferation) and regressive changes. As practice shows, this disease is quite common among the fertile (fertile) half of the female population. According to various authors, up to 70% of women may have FCM pathology.

Mastopathy is a consequence of hormonal imbalance: the main role in the development of this disease is played by the hormones estrogen, its metabolites, and progesterone. Changes in the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroid hormones, prolactin levels and many other reasons can also contribute to the development of the disease.

The main factors leading to hormone imbalance:

• early menarche (early onset of the menstrual cycle) - due to the renewal of hormonal levels, it is difficult for the body to quickly adapt to changes; this, in turn, affects the tissue structure of the mammary glands;
• late onset of menopause - the main role is played by the long-term effect of hormones (especially estrogens) on gland tissue;
• no history of pregnancy;
• abortion, which provokes sudden changes in hormonal levels;
• lack of lactation or an extremely short period of breastfeeding;
• stress;
• disorders associated with metabolic processes -, diabetes, liver dysfunction;
• endocrine system disorders - hypo- or hyperthyroidism, thyrotoxicosis;
• diseases of the genitourinary system, reproductive dysfunction (female and);
• uncontrolled use of hormonal drugs, including contraceptives.

If you notice similar symptoms, consult your doctor. Do not self-medicate - it is dangerous for your health!

Symptoms of mastopathy

The main symptoms of mastopathy are:

• pain;
• compaction of the mammary gland structure;
• discharge from the nipples (may be clear or resemble colostrum, the fluid that is released before and immediately after childbirth).

Upon palpation, large and small formations with a granular surface can be detected. Pain can be of varying nature and intensity. In addition to soreness of the mammary glands, engorgement, swelling and an increase in breast volume are felt. The pain can be radiating and spread to the armpit, shoulder and shoulder blade, and also disappear in the first days of menstruation. However, some women are constantly bothered by breast tenderness, regardless of the phase of the menstrual cycle.

Pain syndrome can occur both in response to touching the gland, and in the form of constant discomfort, intensifying during menstruation. As the disease progresses, the symptoms become more pronounced, the pain is more noticeable, and tissue compactions can be detected regardless of the frequency of the cycle.

Pathogenesis of mastopathy

Dyshormonal disorders play an important role in the development of mastopathy. Of particular importance are:

• relative or absolute hyperestrogenism (excess estrogen);
• progesterone deficiency state (lack of progesterone).

Relative hyperestrogenism is accompanied by a change in the level of estrogen relative to progesterone, but, in turn, these hormones are still within normal limits. Absolute hyperestrogenism characterized by an increase in the target level of estrogen.

Thus, with an increase in estrogen, proliferation occurs - the growth of the ductal alveolar epithelium, while progesterone tries to interfere with this process thanks to its abilities: it reduces the expression of estrogen receptors and reduces the local level of active estrogens. These properties of progesterone limit the stimulation of breast tissue proliferation.

With hormonal imbalance (excess estrogen and deficiency of progesterone), edema and hypertrophy of intralobular connective tissue occurs in the breast tissue, and proliferation of the ductal epithelium leads to the formation of cysts. If any progesterone-deficient states Excessive concentration of estrogen leads to the proliferation of breast tissue and disruption of the receptor apparatus.

It is worth noting that the results of studies of the content of these hormones in blood plasma cannot always confirm this pathogenetic process. Most scientists were able to detect a lack of progesterone in mastopathy, but in other studies its level was within normal limits.

In the development of FCM, an equally important role is played increased prolactin levels in the blood, which is accompanied by engorgement, soreness of the mammary glands and swelling. These symptoms are more pronounced in the second phase of the menstrual cycle.

Medical research has proven connection between diseases of the mammary glands and genitals. It was found that in 90% of cases of inflammatory diseases of the genitals, pathological changes occur in the mammary glands. And provided that uterine fibroids are combined with, the risk of nodular forms of mastopathy increases.

It should be noted that inflammatory diseases of the genitals do not act as a direct cause of the development of FCM. However, they can have a direct impact on its development through hormonal imbalances.

Women suffering from adenomyosis and endometrial hyperplasia are at especially high risk of developing breast diseases.

Classification and stages of development of mastopathy

IN modern medicine There are several classifications of FCM.

Currently, the most common of them is the classification of Rozhkova N.I. It identifies those forms of mastopathy that can be identified on x-rays and using morphological examination. These include:

• diffuse mastopathy with a predominance of the fibrous component (characterized by swelling, an increase in interlobular connective tissue septa, their pressure on the surrounding tissue, narrowing or complete occlusion of the lumen of the ducts);
• diffuse mastopathy with a predominance of the cystic component (one or more elastic cavities with liquid contents appear, which are clearly demarcated from the surrounding tissue of the gland);
• diffuse mastopathy with a predominance of the glandular component (characterized by swelling and proliferation of glandular tissue);
• mixed mastopathy (with this type, the number of glandular lobules increases and the connective tissue interlobar septa grow);
• sclerosing adenosis (frequent nagging pain occurs, a dense neoplasm forms);
• nodular mastopathy (characterized by the formation of clearly defined nodes).

There is a classification of mastopathy, which is based on the degree of proliferation. Degree I includes FCM without proliferation, degree II includes mastopathy with epithelial proliferation without atypia, and degree III includes mastopathy with atypical epithelial proliferation. Grades I and II are precancerous conditions.

Complications of mastopathy

It is important to remember about relapse of the pathology, which is possible after conservative therapy or in the presence of undetected hormonal imbalances, cyst suppuration and, as a consequence, mastitis, which does not allow performing surgery with an aesthetic approach. At the same time, rough postoperative scars can also contribute to discomfort in the mammary gland.

It can also be considered a complication of mastopathy, but it occurs quite rarely.

Diagnosis of mastopathy

When visiting a doctor, patients most often complain of chest pain and engorgement of one or both mammary glands, which intensifies several days before the onset of menstruation. Almost all women experience mild pain before the onset of menstruation. However, if breast tenderness is a consequence of a pathological condition of the mammary glands, then the pain becomes more pronounced and asymmetrical. However, 15% of patients do not experience pain in the chest area, and the reason for their visit to the doctor is compaction in the glands.

Diagnosis of FCM is carried out in stages:

• puncture of nodular formations and morphological examination of punctates and discharge from the nipples (cytological examination);

• study of hormonal levels;
• gynecological examination.

When palpating the mammary glands, it is important to pay attention to the consistency, presence or absence of cords, compactions, space-occupying formations, assess the density of the strands, their adhesion to the skin, etc. Palpation of the axillary, subclavian and supraclavicular lymph nodes is mandatory.

Treatment of mastopathy

First of all, treatment consists of finding and eliminating the causes of mastopathy: nervous disorders, ovarian dysfunction, gynecological diseases, liver diseases, etc.

The main objectives of the treatment of mastopathy: reduce pain syndrome, reduce cysts and fibrous tissue in the mammary gland, prevent relapses of tumors and oncopathology, and also correct hormonal status (after detecting hormonal disorders and consulting a gynecologist-endocrinologist).

If the patient’s body has concomitant inflammatory diseases of the female genital area, endocrine diseases (hypothyroidism, nodular goiter, diabetes mellitus, etc.), then treatment must be carried out together with a gynecologist, endocrinologist and therapist.

Treatment of mastopathy can be divided into two main types - conservative (drug) and operative (surgical) treatment. Most often, conservative treatment of MFC is performed. In the event that there are large cysts and significant compactions that are not amenable to conservative treatment or if therapy is unsuccessful, surgical treatment is performed.

Conservative treatment

The usual tactics for managing women suffering from mastopathy were developed back in the 60s and 70s, so at the moment they are not very effective. New drugs introduced into practice have increased the effectiveness of treatment at the initial stage. However, these drugs turned out to be ineffective for women with fibrocystic mastopathy who had a history of close relatives (mother, grandmother, sister, aunt) suffering from breast cancer.

For drug treatment, the following drugs are used:

Hormone therapy

This treatment method is prescribed in complex cases of FCM. Normalization of hormonal balance is aimed, first of all, at eliminating pain. Stabilizing the condition of the endocrine glands and gastrointestinal tract helps prevent the appearance of new formations, reduce the size of existing ones, and reduce or eliminate pain. However, proliferative forms of fibroadenomatosis and fibrocystic or fibromatous mastopathy do not respond well to this method of treatment.

The use of hormonal drugs is prescribed individually and is carried out under the supervision of the attending physician. Medicines are used in the form of tablets, injections or gels that are applied to the mammary gland. Patients of reproductive age may be scheduled for an appointment hormonal contraceptives. Systemic hormone therapy should be carried out by a highly qualified specialist who can monitor hormonal status.

Hormonal therapy involves the use of antiestrogens, oral contraceptives, gestagens, androgens, prolactin secretion inhibitors, gonadotropin releasing hormone analogues (LHRH). Treatment with analogues

LHRH is applicable to women with mastodynia (breast pain) in the absence of effective treatment with other hormones. The action of gestagens is based on an antiestrogenic effect at the level of breast tissue and inhibition of the gonadotropic function of the pituitary gland. Their use in complex therapy of mastopathy increased the therapeutic effect to 80%.

For the treatment of mastopathy in women under 35 years of age, oral monophasic combined estrogen-progestogen contraceptives are used. Their contraceptive reliability is almost close to 100%. Most women, while using these drugs, experience a significant reduction in pain and engorgement of the mammary glands, as well as restoration of the menstrual cycle.

Currently, quite a few are used in the treatment of mastopathy. effective drug external use. It contains micronized progesterone of plant origin, identical to endogenous. The drug is released in the form of a gel. Its advantage lies precisely in its external use - this way the bulk of progesterone remains in the tissues of the mammary gland, and no more than 10% of the hormone enters the bloodstream. Thanks to this influence side effects problems that occurred when taking progesterone orally are absent. In most cases, continuous application of the drug 2.5 g to each mammary gland is recommended, or its application in the second phase of the menstrual cycle for 3-4 months.

Non-hormonal therapy

Methods of non-hormonal therapy are: diet correction, correct selection of a bra, the use of vitamins, diuretics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that improve blood circulation. Latest Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been used for a long time in the treatment of diffuse mastopathy.

Indomethacin and brufen, used in the second phase of the menstrual cycle in the form of tablets or suppositories, reduce pain, reduce swelling, promote the resorption of lumps, and improve the results of ultrasound and x-ray examinations. The use of these drugs is especially indicated for the glandular form of mastopathy. However, for most women, homeopathy or herbal medicine may be sufficient.

Conservative treatment of mastopathy should consist not only of long-term use of sedatives, but also of vitamins A, B, C, E, PP, P, since they have a beneficial effect on breast tissue:

• vitamin A reduces cell proliferation;
• vitamin E enhances the effect of progesterone;
• vitamin B reduces prolactin levels;
• vitamins P and C improve microcirculation and reduce local swelling of the mammary gland.

Since mastopathy is considered a precancerous disease, long-term use of natural antioxidants is required: vitamins C, E, beta-carotene, phospholipids, selenium, zinc.

In addition to vitamins and sedatives, patients are advised to take adaptogens for four months or more. After a four-month course, the use of the drug is stopped for a period of two months, and then the treatment cycle is resumed for four months. A total of at least four cycles must be carried out. Thus, the full course of treatment may take approximately two years.

Diet food

When treating mastopathy, it is necessary to improve the functioning of the digestive system. Therefore, recovery can be accelerated by following special diet. To do this, you need to reduce your calorie intake by eliminating carbohydrates. First of all, it is important to completely get rid of the consumption of easily digestible carbohydrates (sugar, honey, jam and flour products) and increase the proportion of vegetables, unsweetened berries and fruits consumed.

In case of mastopathy that has developed as a result of problems with the thyroid gland, it is necessary to limit the consumption of meat dishes, since protein stimulates the release of thyroid hormones, on which the level of the female sex hormone, estrogen, depends.

If mastopathy appears against the background of hypertension, then it is necessary to limit the consumption of fats, especially butter and lard to reduce hormonal stimulation of the breast.

To provide the body with the necessary amount of calcium, which regulates the functions of the hormonal glands and has an anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous effect, you should consume kefir, yogurt and cottage cheese. Among other things, it is advisable to include seafood in your diet that contains iodine - fish, squid, shrimp and seaweed. This trace element is also present in large quantities in walnuts and mushrooms.

In addition to the general course of treatment, you can also take herbal decoctions that help improve sleep and relieve pain, have a diuretic effect, contain iodine and other beneficial elements.

Surgery

If conservative treatment of mastopathy does not bring results, then the pathology must be eliminated surgically. Surgical removal of affected tissue is prescribed in the following cases:

• rapid growth of the tumor;
• impossibility of drug treatment due to diabetes mellitus;
• malignant degeneration of mastopathy detected by biopsy;
• genetic predisposition to.

During the operation, a separate sector of the mammary gland is removed, in which cysts and lumps are found (sectoral resection). The operation lasts 40 minutes under general anesthesia.

After surgery, antibiotics and vitamins are prescribed. If necessary, pain relief and sedatives are administered. Hormone therapy may be used to prevent relapses. In this case, patients need to treat the underlying disease that caused the imbalance of hormones.

For large cysts, it is possible to laser coagulation these formations. This technique is quite young and not widely used due to expensive equipment. For this procedure, a modern BioLitec laser device is used, which allows coagulation of the cystic formation without incisions or anesthesia. Also, with this procedure there is no risk of infection; a stay in an inpatient department is not required.

Thermal procedures, including physiotherapy, are not recommended for the treatment of FCM, as they can intensify inflammatory processes.

Forecast. Prevention

A favorable prognosis boils down to a timely visit to a mammologist and periodic ultrasound of the mammary glands. All this will help protect yourself from the unpleasant consequences of mammary gland pathology. There is no need to be afraid of the symptoms of the disease and its treatment, you should be afraid of the consequences. Mastopathy can go away without a trace; all that is required is attention to your own health.

It is worth remembering that excess weight is a harbinger of many hormonal disorders. If, after 50 years, a woman’s clothing size changes from 50 to 56, then this should be regarded as a warning about danger emanating from the human hormonal system. This, in turn, indicates the need for examination.

Online Tests

• Test for the degree of contamination of the body (questions: 14)

  There are many ways to find out how polluted your body is. Special tests, studies, and tests will help you carefully and purposefully identify violations of the endoecology of your body...

Cystic mastopathy

What is Cystic mastopathy -

Cystic mastopathy is a disease characterized by an imbalance of hormones in a woman’s body and accompanied by excessive tissue growth with the formation of cysts. The disease occurs in women aged 30 to 50 years.

What provokes / Causes of Cystic mastopathy:

Among the causes of cystic mastopathy, several provoking factors are named. First of all, this is a hereditary predisposition, environmental factors, and poor nutrition. These factors and many others are reflected in hormones, which are present in a certain amount in the female body.

Typical causes of cystic mastopathy of the breast:

Lack of sexual intercourse (women who do not have regular intimate relationships, do not receive satisfaction during sexual intercourse, have psychological aversion to sexual relations)

Disorders of reproductive function (the disease is typical for women who cannot conceive a child, for those who have had several abortions, for those with menstrual irregularities; also at risk are women who did not breastfeed the newborn, or the feeding period was short)

Metabolic disorders (diabetes, presence excess weight, diagnosis of hyperthyroidism)

Psychological discomfort (constant stress, conflicts at home or at work)

Hereditary predisposition (mother or immediate relatives are diagnosed with mastopathy)

Long-term diseases of the reproductive system (adnexal cysts, endometritis, salpingoophoritis)

(+38 044) 206-20-00

If you have previously performed any research, Be sure to take their results to a doctor for consultation. If the studies have not been performed, we will do everything necessary in our clinic or with our colleagues in other clinics.

You? It is necessary to take a very careful approach to your overall health. People don't pay enough attention symptoms of diseases and do not realize that these diseases can be life-threatening. There are many diseases that at first do not manifest themselves in our body, but in the end it turns out that, unfortunately, it is too late to treat them. Each disease has its own specific signs, characteristic external manifestations - the so-called symptoms of the disease. Identifying symptoms is the first step in diagnosing diseases in general. To do this, you just need to do it several times a year. be examined by a doctor, in order not only to prevent a terrible disease, but also to maintain a healthy spirit in the body and the organism as a whole.

If you want to ask a doctor a question, use the online consultation section, perhaps you will find answers to your questions there and read self care tips. If you are interested in reviews about clinics and doctors, try to find the information you need in the section. Also register on the medical portal Eurolab to stay up to date latest news and information updates on the website, which will be automatically sent to you by email.

Other diseases from the group Diseases of the endocrine system, nutritional disorders and metabolic disorders:

The term “mastopathy” is probably familiar to many women firsthand. Can mastopathy be considered a “disease” in the literal sense of the word? What consequences can mastopathy have? And what to do to forget about this trouble forever? We tried to answer these questions taking into account modern scientific knowledge.

So, mastopathy is fibrocystic changes in the tissue of the mammary glands caused by hormonal imbalance. The causes of mastopathy have not been fully elucidated. Today, the accepted point of view is that the development of mastopathy is facilitated by increased level estrogen and decreased progesterone levels. Estrogens stimulate the “proliferation” of mammary gland tissue, secretion and dilation of the ducts. The dilation of the ducts, in turn, leads to the formation of cysts. An increased level of prolactin in the blood, a hormone from the pituitary gland, which under physiological conditions stimulates the development of mammary gland tissue and lactation, also has an adverse effect. Another unfavorable factor is decreased thyroid function, hypothyroidism.

Age-related physiological changes in mammary gland tissue are known. Often the border between physiological and pathological changes is very transparent, however, any symptom that appears for the first time in the mammary glands requires immediate examination.

Mastopathy is benign changes. During a clinical examination, it is necessary to confirm that we are talking about mastopathy, and not about the main malignant “double” - breast cancer. Thus, regularly performed self-examination at home serves as a preventive measure not only for mastopathy, but also for breast cancer.

« Malignant breast nodules are usually isolated, dense and immobile relative to the surrounding tissue. With mastopathy, on the contrary, we are talking about a benign change that manifests itself in the form of a nodule or cyst“explains Prof. Dr. Hermann Enzelsberger, Chief Physician of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Steyr, Austria.

Symptoms appear between the ages of 20 and 50, that is, during puberty before menopause, and are more often expressed before the onset of menstruation. There are two main forms of mastopathy - diffuse and nodular. At diffuse form there is a feeling of heaviness, compaction, soreness in the mammary gland. At nodal form, according to the name, separate compactions appear, often painful. Sometimes there is secretion from the nipple area, a serious symptom that requires immediate examination. Mastopathy is more often observed on both sides, less often only one mammary gland is affected. These symptoms distinguish mastopathy from breast cancer, when a painless, one-sided lump occurs.

Drastic preventive measures that completely prevent the occurrence of mastopathy are unknown. You can reduce your risk by maintaining general and sexual health, exercising, proper nutrition and stress prevention.

TIMELY DIAGNOSTICS IS YOUR OWN HANDS...

The most important preventative measure is self-examination. It should be done regularly about once a month after menstruation.

Technique for self-examination of the mammary glands:

• It is better to carry out the examination in front of a mirror in a warm room with good lighting, for example, in the bathroom.
• First, lower your arms freely and carefully examine both breasts. Are both mammary glands symmetrical? Are your nipples symmetrical? Is the shape the same? Are there any unusual skin retractions anywhere?
• With your right hand, gently palpate the area of ​​the left breast and armpit. The fingers are extended, palpation occurs according to the principle of “playing the piano.” You need to mentally divide the area of ​​the mammary gland into four quadrants (upper - outer and inner and lower - outer and inner) and carefully walk vertically and horizontally. Nodes most often form in the upper outer quadrant.
• Then, on the same side, examine the armpit area: first raise your left hand, place your palm in the armpit area right hand, and lower your left hand again. Feel the armpit with gentle movements. Nodes larger than 1 cm should alert you.
• Repeat the same on the right side.
• Repeat the entire algorithm while lying down.

If you find any lumps, you should immediately make an appointment with a doctor. The simplest and most painless method, which is recommended for women under 40 years of age, is ultrasound examination (ultrasound). The method is so safe that its implementation is not contraindicated even for pregnant women. The disadvantage is low resolution when the tumor size is less than 1 cm. If there are no contraindications, then mammography is performed. In doubtful cases, a puncture of the mammary gland with a biopsy is prescribed. To do this, a piece of tissue is removed with a needle for examination under a microscope. In postmenopause, mastopathy practically does not occur due to altered hormonal levels.

CLASSIFICATION

Classification of stages of mastopathy according to Prechtel

Sources: Prechtel K. Mastopathie und altersabhängige Brustdrüsenveränderungen. Forschr. Med. 1971, 89, 1312. Prechtel K. Zytologische Diagnostik des Mammakarzinoms. Med. Welt 1976, 27, 1028

It should be noted that none of the stages should be considered as a directly “precancerous condition”. Stages II and III slightly increase the risk of developing breast cancer, requiring regular monitoring. However, breast cancer develops extremely rarely against the background of mastopathy.

TREATMENT

In most cases radical treatment not required. Painkillers are prescribed, including local ones in the form of gels or ointments. If gestagens are prescribed for oral administration, then treatment follows a cyclic regimen, usually from days 16 to 25 of the cycle. Sometimes gonadotropin antagonists, such as danazol, are useful.

The operation - removal of the mammary gland - is performed only in in some cases. Indications are a woman’s fear of a malignant tumor, breast cancer in the patient’s relatives, III degree of mastopathy.

In general, the prognosis for mastopathy is good: for the most part these are benign changes that require only observation or drug treatment.

The problem of mastopathy does not exclude a psychosomatic component. This means that a healthy lifestyle, self-realization, harmony with the outside world and the joy of being are encouraged. Motherhood and breastfeeding are excellent prevention of mastopathy.

Ph.D. Dr. Sophia Rothermel

What is the danger of mastopathy if it is not treated, women who are faced with this diagnosis for the first time are interested. Mastopathy is a benign formation in the mammary gland, which can cause various complications in the absence of proper therapy.

Causes and symptoms

Mastopathy is characterized by pathological growth of connective and glandular tissue in the breast, the formation of cysts, cavities, seals, and nodules in them.

There are diffuse and forms of the disease, the first being the most common.

The main reason for the appearance of mastopathy is a disruption of the normal hormonal balance in the body. Factors that can provoke the development of the disease:

• diseases of the pelvic organs;
• infections;
• sexually transmitted diseases;
• abortions;
• late birth;
• refusal of breastfeeding;
• mammary gland injuries.

It is impossible to name the exact reasons that caused mastopathy. Diagnosis should be made by a doctor, who must be contacted without delay when the first signs of the disease appear.

The following symptoms may indicate the development fibrocystic mastopathy mammary glands in a woman:

• the appearance of chest pain - before, during or after menstruation;
• pain on palpation of the breast;
• swelling of the mammary glands;
• seals that are detected by palpation;
• discharge.

What is the danger of mastopathy if it is not treated?

What will happen if mastopathy is not treated, what are the consequences and prognosis for the patient? Mastopathy is a benign tumor. In the initial stages, it responds well to drug treatment. However, the lack of proper therapy significantly increases the risk of the neoplasm becoming malignant.

So is mastopathy dangerous or not and what does this disease lead to? Contacting a mammologist when the first signs of pathology appear will help stop the progression of mastopathy, eliminate symptoms, and improve well-being.

Thus, ignoring the diagnosis of mastopathy leads to a significant increase in the risk of breast cancer. You can avoid this by visiting your doctor in a timely manner and undergoing a breast examination.

What does the tumor affect?

The opinion that mastopathy affects only the mammary glands is erroneous.

The presence of pathological foci has negative impact throughout the body and causes certain symptoms:

• On the nervous system: headaches, constant fatigue, low mood occur.
• On the digestive tract: possible nausea, stomach problems.
• On endocrine system: There may be problems with the thyroid gland.
• On the reproductive organs: manifested by menstrual irregularities, decreased libido, and the appearance of pain in the ovaries.

What to do?

– only the right way solve the problem of. It is recommended to consult a doctor as early as possible if you suspect the development of the disease.

At the initial stages it is prescribed drug treatment, which includes the necessary medications, as well as vitamins. The patient is given recommendations regarding diet and choosing the right underwear.

In advanced forms of mastopathy, surgical intervention may be prescribed.

Video about the dangers of mastopathy

Prevention measures

It is much easier to prevent a disease than to treat it later. This rule is also relevant for mastopathy.

Prevention measures include regular breast examinations. For women over the age of 35, it is necessary to undergo mammography once every 2 years; after 50 years, this must be done annually.

• regular breast self-examination;
• balanced diet and avoidance of harmful foods;
• healthy lifestyle;
• physical activity;
• compliance with the work and rest regime;
• correct bra size.

How dangerous is mastopathy if it is not treated? Refusal of therapy leads to the possibility of developing cancer. The risk is quite high and is about 60%. Only timely consultation with a doctor, treatment and compliance with the doctor’s recommendations will allow you to get rid of the disease and return to a healthy and fulfilling life.

We recommend reading

Tablets

How many grams are in a tablespoon or teaspoon?

Tablets

How many grams are in a tablespoon or teaspoon?

Android instructions

Steam cutlets in a slow cooker Steamed pumpkin cutlets recipe

Windows instructions

Cottage cheese casserole with porridge in a slow cooker

Tablets

Soup dumplings - recipes for every taste

Tablets

Dijon mustard: recipe