How to write subparagraphs correctly in articles. Rules for the design of text documents
The text of the document, with its significant volume, requires division into smaller logically related structural elements. For scientific and technical texts, document texts, such elements can be: sections, subsections, clauses, subclauses, parts, chapters, paragraphs, etc. A heading is a system of document headings and subsections (headings) headed by them, expressing a logical or other connection and subordination the parts of the text designated by them (sections, chapters, paragraphs, etc.).
Sections and subsections must have headings. The heading of a section (subsection) consists of a number or letter and a thematic part verbally defining the content or topic of the heading, for example:
1. General requirements to equipment
Paragraphs, as a rule, do not have headings.
Do not put a period at the end of a heading placed on a separate line... After the heading in the selection with text, a dot is needed. The rest of the punctuation marks (ellipses, exclamation points, question marks) are retained. In the heading of two independent, syntactically unrelated sentences, a dot is put between them, and at the end, by general rule, the point is omitted.
Sections should have serial numbers throughout the document, indicated by arabic numerals without a dot (requirement of GOST 2.105-95) and written with paragraph indentation. Subsections should be numbered within each section. A subsection number consists of the section and subsection numbers, separated by a dot. At the end of the subsection number, a full stop is not put (see Note)
Note
In other sources (for example, A.E. Milchin, L.K. Cheltsova. Reference book of the publisher and author. Editorial and publishing design of the publication. 2nd edition, revised and supplemented. - M .: OLMA-Press, 2003) the need to set a point after the serial number of the section and subsection.
Sections, like subsections, can consist of one or more items.
If the document has no subsections, then the numbering of paragraphs in it should be within each section. The item number must consist of the section and item numbers, separated by a dot. There is no full stop at the end of the item number (see Note).
If the document has subsections, then the numbering of clauses must be within a subsection and the clause number should consist of the numbers of the section, subsection and clause, separated by dots.
If a section or subsection consists of from one point, it is also numbered.
If the text of the document is subdivided only for items, they are numbered with serial numbers within the document. Clauses, if necessary, can be divided into sub-clauses, which must be sequentially numbered within each clause, for example: 4.2.1.1, 4.2.1.2, 4.2.1.3, etc.
3. Test methods(third section)
3.1. Apparatus, materials and reagents (first subsection of the third section)
3.1.1. (paragraph of the first subsection of the third section of the document)
3.2. Preparing for the test (second subsection of third section)
3.2.1. (paragraphs of the second subsection of the third section of the document)
3.2.2. ...
3.2.2.1. (subparagraphs of the second subsection of the third section of the document)
3.2.2.2. ...
3.2.3. (paragraphs of the second subsection of the third section of the document)
Enumerations may be given within clauses or subclauses. Each item of the enumeration is preceded by a hyphen or, if necessary, a link in the text of the document to one of the enumerations, a lowercase letter followed by a parenthesis. For further detailing of the enumerations, it is necessary to use Arabic numbers, after which a parenthesis is placed, and the entry is made with paragraph indentation, eg:
and) text
b) text
1) text
2) text
c) text
Each paragraph, subparagraph and listing is written with paragraph indentation.
6.2.3 Sections, subsections, clauses and subclauses should be numbered in Arabic numerals and written with paragraph indentation. Sections should be sequentially numbered throughout the entire text, with the exception of annexes.Example - 1, 2, 3, etc. The subsection or clause number includes the section number and the subsection or clause ordinal number, separated by a dot. Example - 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, etc. The subclause number includes the number of the section, subsection, clause and the ordinal number of the subclause, separated by a dot. Example - 1.1.1.1, 1.1.1.2, 1.1.1.3, etc. After the number of the section, subsection, paragraph and subparagraph in the text, do not put a full stop.If the text of the report is subdivided into paragraphs only, they should be numbered, with the exception of annexes, by serial numbers within the entire report. If a section or subsection has only one paragraph or the paragraph has one subparagraph, then it should not be numbered. 6.2.4 Sections, subsections should have headings. Paragraphs, as a rule, do not have headings. Headings should clearly and concisely reflect the content of sections, subsections. 6.2.5 Headings of sections, subsections and paragraphs should be typed with paragraph indentation with a capital letter without a period at the end, without underlining. If the title consists of two sentences, separate them with a period. 6.3 Numbering of Report Pages6.3.1 The pages of the report should be numbered with Arabic numerals, observing sequential numbering throughout the text of the report. The page number is put in the center of the bottom of the sheet without a dot. 6.3.2 The title page is included in the overall page numbering of the report. Page number on title page do not affix. 6.3.3 Illustrations and tables located on separate sheets are included in the general page numbering of the report. Illustrations and tables on a sheet of A3 format are counted as one page. 6.4 Numbering of sections, subsections, clauses, subclauses of the report6.4.1 Sections of the report should have serial numbers throughout the entire document, designated by Arabic numerals without a period and written with paragraph indentation. Subsections should be numbered within each section. A subsection number consists of the section and subsection numbers, separated by a dot. A full stop is not put at the end of a subsection number. Sections, like subsections, can consist of one or more items. 6.4.2 If the document does not have subsections, then the numbering of clauses in it should be within each section, and the clause number should consist of the section and clause numbers, separated by a dot. There is no full stop at the end of the item number. 7 Example 1 Types and basic dimensions 1.1 1.2 Numbering of paragraphs in the first section of the document 1.3 2 Technical requirements 2.1 2.2 Numbering of paragraphs of the second section of the document 2.3 If the document has subsections, then the numbering of clauses should be within the subsection and the clause number should consist of the section, subsection and clause numbers, separated by dots, for example: 3 Test methods 3.1 Apparatus, materials and reagents 3.1.1 3.1.2 Numbering of clauses in the first subsection of the third section of the document 3.1.3 3.2 Test preparation 3.2.1 3.2.2 Numbering of clauses in the second subsection of the third section of the document 3.2.3 \ 6.4.3 If a section consists of one subsection, then the subsection is not numbered. If a subsection consists of one item, then the item is not numbered. The presence of one subsection in a section is equivalent to their actual absence. 6.4.4 If the text of the report is subdivided into paragraphs only, then they are numbered with serial numbers within the entire report. 6.4.5 Clauses, if necessary, can be divided into sub-clauses, which should be sequentially numbered within each clause, for example 4.2.1.1, 4.2.1.2, 4.2.1.3, etc. 6.4.6 Enumerations may be given within clauses or subclauses.Each enumeration should be preceded by a hyphen or, if necessary, a link in the text of the document to one of the enumerations, a lowercase letter (except for e, z, o, z, b, and, s, b) followed by a parenthesis. For further detailing of enumerations, it is necessary to use Arabic numerals, after which a parenthesis is placed, and the entry is made with paragraph indentation, as shown in the example. Example and)___________ b) ___________ 1)_____ 2)_____ in) ___________ 6.4.7 If the report consists of two or more parts, each part must have its own serial number. The number of each part should be entered in Arabic numerals on the title page under the indication of the type of report, for example, "Part 2". 6.4.8 Each structural element of the report should begin with a new sheet (page).6.4.9 The numbering of the pages of the report and the annexes included in the report should be continuous. 6.5 Illustrations6.5.1 Illustrations (drawings, graphs, diagrams, computer printouts, diagrams, photographs) should be placed in the report immediately after the text in which they are mentioned for the first time, or on the next page. Illustrations can be computer-generated, including color.All illustrations should be referenced in the report.6.5.2 Drawings, graphs, diagrams, diagrams, illustrations placed in the report must comply with the requirements of the state standards of the Unified System for Design Documentation (ESKD). 8 It is allowed to execute drawings, graphs, diagrams, diagrams by using computer printing.6.5.3 Photographs smaller than A4 size should be pasted on standard sheets of white paper.6.5.4 Illustrations, with the exception of illustrations of the annexes, should be numbered with Arabic numerals continuously. If there is only one picture, then it is designated "Picture 1". The word "picture" and its name are placed in the middle of the line. 6.5.5 It is allowed to number illustrations within the section. In this case, the illustration number consists of the section number and the serial number of the illustration, separated by a period. For example, Figure 1.1. 6.5.6 The illustrations, if necessary, can have a name and explanatory data (figure text). The word "Figure" and the name are placed after the explanatory data and arranged as follows: Figure 1 - Details of the device. 6.5.7 The illustrations of each annex are designated by separate numbering in Arabic numerals with the addition of an appendix before the number. For example, Figure A.3. 6.5.8 When referring to illustrations, write “... in accordance with Figure 2” with continuous numbering and “... in accordance with Figure 1.2” with numbering within the section. 6.6 Tables6.6.1 Tables are used for better clarity and ease of comparison of indicators. The name of the table, if any, should reflect its content, be precise and concise. The table name should be placed above the table on the left, without indentation, in one line with its number separated by a dash. When transferring a part of the table, the title is placed only above the first part of the table, the lower horizontal line limiting the table is not drawn. 6.6.2 The table should be placed in the report immediately after the text in which it is mentioned for the first time, or on the next page. 6.6.3 All tables should be referenced in the report. When referring, you should write the word "table" with an indication of its number. 6.6.4 A table with a large number of lines may be transferred to another sheet (page). When transferring a part of a table to another sheet (page), the word "Table" and its number are indicated once on the right above the first part of the table, over the other parts they write the word "Continuation" and indicate the number of the table, for example: "Continuation of table 1". When transferring a table to another sheet (page), the title is placed only above its first part. A table with a large number of graphs can be divided into parts and placed one part under another within one page. If the rows and columns of the table go beyond the page format, then in the first case, the head is repeated in each part of the table, in the second case - the side. If the text repeated in different lines of the table column consists of one word, then after the first spelling it is allowed to replace it with quotes; if from two or more words, then at the first repetition it is replaced with the words "The same", and then with quotation marks. It is not allowed to put quotation marks instead of repeating numbers, marks, signs, mathematical and chemical symbols. If digital or other data are not given in any row of the table, then a dash is put in it. 6.6.5 Digital material is usually presented in the form of tables. An example of the table design is shown in Figure 1.
| name | |||||||
| Graph headers |
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| Subheadings graph |
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| Rows (horizontal rows) |
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| Outset | (column | (columns) |
Picture 1
9 6.6.6 Tables, with the exception of annex tables, should be numbered with Arabic numerals sequentially.It is allowed to number tables within a section. In this case, the table number consists of the section number and the table number, separated by a dot. The tables of each annex are designated by separate numbering in Arabic numerals with the addition of an application designation before the number. If there is one table in the document, then it must be designated "Table 1" or "Table B. 1" if it is given in Appendix B. 6.6.7 The headings of columns and rows of the table should be written with a capital letter in the singular, and the subheadings - with a lowercase letter, if they form one sentence with a heading, or with a capital letter, if they have an independent meaning. At the end of the headings and subheadings of tables, periods are not put. 6.6.8 Tables on the left, right and bottom are usually delimited by lines. It is allowed to use a font size smaller in the table than in the text. It is not allowed to separate the headings and subheadings of the sidebar and the graph with diagonal lines.Horizontal and vertical lines delimiting the rows of the table may not be drawn if their absence does not complicate the use of the table. As a rule, graph headers are written parallel to the table rows. If necessary, the perpendicular arrangement of the headings of the columns is allowed. The head of the table should be separated by a line from the rest of the table.6.6.9 The presentation of tables in the report must complyGOST 1.5 and GOST 2.105. 6.7 Notes6.7.1 The word "Note" should be typed with a capital letter from the paragraph and not underlined.6.7.2 Notes are given in documents if explanations or reference data are needed to the content of text, tables or graphic material. Notes should not contain requirements. 6.7.3 Notes should be placed immediately after the text, graphic material or in the table to which these notes refer. If there is only one note, then a dash is placed after the word "Note" and the note is printed with a capital letter. One note is not numbered. Several notes are numbered in Arabic numerals without a period. A note to the table is placed at the end of the table above the line indicating the end of the table. Example Note -______________________________________________________________________ Several notes are numbered in Arabic numerals in order.Example Notes1_______________________________________________ 2_______________________________________________ 3_______________________________________________ 6.8 Formulas and Equations6.8.1 Equations and formulas should be separated from the text on a separate line. Above and below each formula or equation must be left at least one free line. If the equation does not fit on one line, then it must be wrapped after the equal sign (\u003d) or after the plus (+), minus (-) signs, multiplication (x), division (:), or other mathematical signs, and the sign in the beginning of the next line is repeated. When transferring a formula on the sign symbolizing the multiplication operation, use the sign "X". 6.8.2 An explanation of the meanings of symbols and numerical coefficients should be given directly under the formula in the same sequence in which they are given in the formula. 6.8.3 Formulas in the report should be numbered by sequential numbering throughout the entire report in Arabic numerals in parentheses in the extreme right position on the line. Example A \u003d a: b, (1) 10 B \u003d c: e. (2) One formula is designated - (1).6.8.4 Formulas placed in annexes should be numbered separately in Arabic numerals within each annex with the addition of an annex designation before each digit, for example, formula (B.1). 6.8.5 References in the text to ordinal numbers of formulas are given in parentheses. Example -... in formula (1).6.8.6 Numbering of formulas within the section is allowed. In this case, the formula number consists of the section number and the ordinal number of the formula, separated by a dot, for example (3.1). 6.8.7 The order of presentation in the report of mathematical equations is the same as for formulas.6.8.8 In the report, it is allowed to execute formulas and Equations by handwriting in black ink. 6.9 Links6.9.1 References to this document, standards, specifications and other documents are allowed in the report, provided that they fully and unambiguously define the relevant requirements and do not cause difficulties in using the document. 6.9.2 Reference should be made to the document as a whole or its sections and appendices. References to subsections, clauses, tables and illustrations are not permitted, except for subsections, clauses, tables and illustrations of this document. 6.9.3 When referring to standards and specifications, only their designation is indicated, while it is allowed not to indicate the year of their approval, provided full description standard in the list of used sources in accordance with GOST 7.1 . 6.9.4 References to the sources used should be given in square brackets. 6.10 Title page6.10.1 The title page contains the details:- the name of the superior organization or other structural entity, the system of which includes the executing organization, the name of the organization (including the abbreviated one); - UDC index, VKG code of the All-Russian Classifier of Products (OKP) (for reports on R&D preceding the development and modernization of products) and the state registration number of R&D, affixed by the executing organization, as well as the inscription “Inv. № "- these data are placed one below the other; - special marks (if there are numerical data on the properties of substances and materials in the report, the abbreviation GSSSD is used in this part - civil service standard reference data); - approval stamp, approval stamp.The stamp of approval consists of the word "APPROVED", position indicating the name of the organization, academic degree, academic title of the person who approved the report, personal signature, its transcript and the date of approval of the report. The seal of the organization that approved the report is also affixed here. The approval stamp consists of the word "AGREED", position indicating the name of the organization, academic degree, academic title of the person who approved the report, his personal signature, its decoding, date of approval, seal of the coordinating organization. If the approval was carried out by letter, the abbreviated name of the approving organization, the outgoing number and the date of the letter should be indicated. In the requisites "approval stamp" and "approval stamp", component parts consisting of several lines are printed at 1 line spacing, and the component parts themselves are separated from each other by 1.5 line spacing. Signatures and dates of signature should be in black ink or ink only.Date elements are given in Arabic numerals in one line in the following sequence: day of the month, month, year, for example: the date April 10, 2000 should be drawn up on April 10, 2000; - document type - lowercase letters with the first capital, the name of the research work - in capital letters, the name of the report - in lower case letters in parentheses, the type of the report (intermediate or final) - in lower case letters with the first capital (if the name of the research and development project coincides with the name of the report, then it is printed in capital letters); - the code of the state scientific and technical program, the code of the work assigned by the organization-11 performer;- positions, academic degrees, academic ranks of the heads of the organization-executing research work, heads of research work (if printed in several lines, then print after 1 line spacing), then leave a free field for personal signatures and place the initials and surnames of the persons who signed the report below the personal signatures are dated for signing (if all the necessary signatures are not placed on the title page, then it is allowed to transfer them to the next page); - city \u200b\u200band year of release of the report.6.10.2 Examples of cover pages design are given in Appendix B. 6.11 List of artists6.11.1 Surnames and initials, positions, academic degrees, academic titles in the list should be in a column. On the left indicate positions, academic degrees, academic titles of performers and co-performers (if printed in several lines, then print after 1 line spacing), then leave a free field for genuine signatures, on the right indicate the initials and surnames of performers and co-performers. The number of the section (subsection) and the actual part of the work prepared by a specific performer should be indicated in brackets near each surname. For co-executors, the name of the co-executing organization should also be indicated. 6.11.2 An example of the design of the list of performers is given in Appendix B. 6.12 List of designations and abbreviations, conventions, symbols, units of physical quantities and termsThe list should be in a column. On the left, in alphabetical order, abbreviations, conventions, symbols, units of physical quantities and terms are given, on the right - their detailed decoding. 6.13 List of sources usedInformation about sources should be arranged in the order in which references to sources appear in the text of the report and numbered with Arabic numerals without a period and printed with paragraph indentation. 6.14 Applications6.14.1 The appendix is \u200b\u200bdrawn up as a continuation of this document on its subsequent sheets or issued as an independent document. 6.14.2 All attachments should be referenced in the text of the document. Appendices are arranged in the order of references to them in the text of the document, with the exception of the reference appendix "Bibliography", which is the latter. 6.14.3 Each application should start with new page indicating at the top in the middle of the page the word "Application", its designation and degree. The application should have a title that is written symmetrically relative to the capitalized text on a separate line. 6.14.4 Applications indicate in capital letters of the Russian alphabet, starting with A, with the exception of the letters E, Z, I, O, H, L, Y, b. The word "Application" is followed by a letter indicating its sequence. It is allowed to designate applications with letters of the Latin alphabet, with the exception of the letters I and O.When full use letters of the Russian and Latin alphabets are allowed to designate applications with Arabic numerals. If a document has one attachment, it is referred to as "Appendix A".6.14.5 The text of each annex, if necessary, can be divided into sections, subsections, clauses, subclauses, which are numbered within each appendix. The number is preceded by the designation of this application. 6.14.6 Annexes shall have consecutive page numbering in common with the rest of the document. If necessary, such an application can have "Content". 6.14.7 Applications or parts issued in the form of an independent document, the designation is assigned as part of the document, indicating its serial number in the document code. 12
APPENDIX A
(required)
An example of drawing up an abstract for a research report
abstract
Report 85 pp., 2 hours, 24 figures, 12 tables, 50 sources, 2 app. FLOW METERS, PISTON FLOW METERS, TACHOMETRIC FLOW METERS. MEASUREMENT, LARGE FLOWS, GASES The object of research is piston installations for accurate reproduction and measurement of large gas flows. The purpose of the work is to develop a methodology for metrological research of installations and non-standard equipment for their implementation. In the process of work, experimental studies of individual components and the total error of the installations were carried out. As a result of the research, for the first time, two piston reversible flow metering units were created: the first for flow rates up to 0.07 m 3 / s, the second - up to 0.33 m 3 /from.Main design and technical and operational indicators: high measurement accuracy at high gas flow rates. The degree of implementation - the second unit according to the developed methodology is certified as exemplary.The efficiency of installations is determined by their small influence on the course of the measured processes. Both units can be used for calibration and verification of industrial rotary gas meters and tachometric flow meters. 13APPENDIX B
(required)
Examples of cover pages design
Example 1 Title page of a research reportMinistry of General and vocational education Russian Federation
UFA STATE AVIATION
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
APPROVED
Vice-rector of the University
for scientific work
______________ N. S. Zhernakov
"___" _________ ______
REPORT
ON SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH WORK
Socio-economic problems of training military specialists
in civil universities of Russia
5.3.1. Sections, subsections, points, sub-points of the thesis should be numbered with Arabic numerals with a dot.
5.3.2. Subsections are numbered within a section. The number consists of a section number and a subsection number, separated by a dot.
5.3.3. Clauses should be sequentially numbered within each section and subsection. The item number includes the section number and the serial number of the subsection or item, separated by a dot.
The subclause number includes the number of the section, subsection, clause and the ordinal number of the subclause, separated by a dot.
for instance:
5.3.4. The names of sections (subsections) should be written without the word "section" (subsection).
for instance:
| 1. METHODS FOR CALCULATION OF RETURNS FOR SECURITIES |
Tables
5.4.1. The table should be placed in the work as close as possible to the paragraphs containing the first link to it and formatted in accordance with the scheme:
| Table 1 | ||||||||||
| (Numbering heading) | ||||||||||
| Wage bank branch employees | ||||||||||
| (Subject heading) | ||||||||||
| Branch | Salary, rub. | Number of employees | Wage fund, rub. | |||||||
| Subject | ||||||||||
| Strings | Predicate | |||||||||
| Total | ||||||||||
| Graphs | ||||||||||
5.4.2. The main requirements for the content and design of tables are materiality, completeness of indicators characterizing a process, object or phenomenon, clarity and clarity of presentation, efficiency, uniformity.
5.4.3. Tables are numbered with Arabic numerals in two ways:
· Within work sections.
In the second case, the number consists of two digits: the first designates the section, and the second - the ordinal number of the table within this section.
for instance:
If there is one table in the document, then it is not numbered and the numbering heading is not indicated.
5.4.4. The thematic heading can be omitted if the table is needed only during reading, that is, in tables with auxiliary meaning. A thematic heading is not required when the table is the whole of the section's content: in this case, the section heading (subsection) replaces the table's topical heading.
The subject heading should be centered above the table.
5.4.5. Subject headings, headings and subheadings of table columns should be in the singular, without arbitrary abbreviation. The plural is used only when among the text indicators of the graph there are indicators in the plural.
There is no full stop at the end of the heading, inside the text there are punctuation marks according to the rules of punctuation.
5.4.6. With a two- and multi-tiered subject, the headings of the upper tier are written with a capital letter, the headings of the subsequent tiers - with uppercaseletters, if they are not grammatically subordinate to the heading of the upper tier above them, and with lowercaseif they are grammatically subordinate to the heading above them.
When positioning headings horizontally, they are formatted in the middle, when positioned vertically (not recommended) - from the bottom edge of the column.
Diagonal rulers in the subject of the table with posting the headings of vertical columns on both sides of the diagonal are not allowed.
5.4.7. If the lines and columns of the table go beyond the format of the page, it is divided into parts, placing one part under another or next to it, while in each part the headings of the columns and lines are repeated. When dividing a table into parts, it is allowed to replace its headers with the number of columns or lines, respectively, numbered with Arabic numerals the columns and (or) lines of the first part of the table. When dividing the table above the table, a record is made according to the example: 2 (Continuation of table 2) or Continuation, if there is only one table. Subject and numbering headings should be written only at the beginning of the table.
5.4.8. When printing the text of tables and text divided into columns, their text should not merge with vertical and horizontal rulers.
5.4.9. Columns "Number in order" and "Units of measurement" are not included in the tables.
If numbering of parameters in a line is necessary, then serial numbers through a dot are attached to the side headers, eg: 1. The sequence of operations.
5.4.10. Initial words given in the columns of the table text material always capitalize. Do not put a full stop at the end of the text in columns.
5.4.11. Records placed in the columns on the right should begin to be printed at the level of the last line of text in the main column, if these records are placed on one line, and at the level of the top line, if records are placed on two or more lines.
If there is no data in the column, a dash is put, if there is no information about their size - an ellipsis.
The text repeated in the graph, if it consists of one word, can be replaced with quotes. If the repeating text consists of two or more words, then during the first repetition it should be replaced with the words "The same", and then with quotation marks. Quotation marks are not allowed in place of repeating numbers, mathematical signs and chemical symbols.
5.4.12. If all parameters in the table have a common unit of measurement, then the abbreviation of the unit of measurement should be placed in the thematic heading of the table or placed in the upper right corner above the table.
When the table contains parameters of mainly one dimension, but there are indicators with other units of measurement, the prevailing dimension is indicated in the subject heading, and information about other units of measurement is given in the headings of the corresponding columns.
Units of measurement are used in abbreviated form without brackets and preposition. for instance: Power, kWt.
5.4.13. Numerical values homogeneous quantities are arranged in graphs so that units are under ones, tens under tens, etc. for instance:
Numerical values heterogeneous values \u200b\u200bare turned off in the columns
in the center. for instance:
IN mixed graph (from individual numbers and numbers-limits), the values \u200b\u200bare given according to the sample:
Numerical values \u200b\u200bin one column must have the same number of decimal places. for instance: 0.12; 6.35; 7.00 (with the same unit).
5.4.14. Total and Total headings are spacing, bold, italic, or capitalized, but consistently throughout the document, and formatted to the right.
The heading "Total" is used for frequent, subtotals (summing up a part of the terms of the sum), the heading "Total" is used for general totals that sum up all the terms.
5.4.15. The headings "Including", "Of them" are required in cases where the rows of the table show not all the terms, but only some of them. Headings "Including", "Of them" should be written with a capital letter, and headings after them - with a lowercase letter. for instance:
5.4.16. The words “more”, “no more”, “less”, “not less”, “within” should be placed next to the name of the corresponding parameter (after the dimension) in the side of the table or in the heading of the column. for instance: Salary, rub., No more.
5.4.17. Notes in the form of a separate column are advisable if most of the lines need them, that is, provided that a significant part of the column is filled with data, and also if voids will not form in the table due to inequality in the number of lines of the note and table elements, to to which the note applies.
Notes below the table are useful:
· If they refer only to an insignificant part of the lines;
· If they comment, explain, supplement this or that place of the table, individual numbers or text elements;
· If they are large in volume and can lead to the formation of voids inside the table;
· If they refer to the entire table.
Notes below the table are associated with the table using footnotes. It is desirable that footnote marks for sub-table notes differ from footnote marks for footnotes or subscript bibliographic references.
5.4.18. All tables in the text should be referenced, while the word "Table" in the text should be written in full if the table does not have a number, and abbreviated if it has a number. for instance: see table, in table. 1, see table. 7 and 8.
Illustrations
5.5.1. Pictures, graphics, photographs, diagrams can be used as illustrations.
The number of illustrations should be sufficient to explain the text presented, that is, each illustration should correspond to the text, and the text should correspond to illustrations.
5.5.2. All illustrations, if there is more than one in the document, should be numbered within the section in Arabic numerals. The illustration number consists of the section number and the sequential number of the illustration, separated by a dot. for instance: Fig. 1.1, Fig. 1.2.
Numbering of illustrations within the entire document is allowed. If there is only one illustration in the document, then a number is not assigned to it and the word "drawing" is not written.
5.5.3. Each illustration is provided with a caption. The design of figure captions should be uniform throughout the document.
Caption captions can be located under the picture itself or next to the picture (depending on how the illustration is positioned).
An illustration caption usually has four main elements:
· The name of the graphic plot, denoted by the abbreviated word "Fig.";
· The serial number of the illustration in Arabic numerals without the sign No.;
· Thematic title of the illustration (after a period with a capital letter);
· Explication (decoding of the figure), which explains the figure. A colon is placed in front of it, a semicolon is placed between the elements of the explication.
Dot at the end of the subject heading in the absence of explication,
and also at the end of the figure caption is not put. for instance:
Without explication
Figure: 2. Segments of the financial market
With explication
Figure: 3. Reliability and profitability ratio:
1 - government securities; 2 - shares of young
risky companies
5.5.4. All illustrations in the text must be referenced.
· From the conventional name and serial number with the necessary context, turn of speech. for instance: “As can be seen from fig. 3 ... "; “... presented in the figure-
ke 5.1 ". You can make a link in parentheses (Fig. 5). When re-referring to the figure, the abbreviation "see" is used. for instance: (see fig. 4);
· From the conventional name of the illustration, the serial number and the letter or verbal designation of its part. for instance: (Fig. 1, a; Fig. 2, top, etc.).
Formulas
5.6.1. Formulas are included in a sentence as its equal element, therefore, at the end of the formula and in the text, punctuation marks are placed in front of them in accordance with the rules of punctuation.
The set of formulas throughout the document should be uniform in the use of fonts and characters; the way the formulas are arranged, the use of indices, etc.
Formulas can be placed inside text lines and / or typed on separate lines.
If formulas are numbered, then the numbering should be continuous throughout the document. All numbered formulas should be placed on separate lines, the formula number should be written in Arabic numerals and placed in parentheses at the right border of the line. In a multi-line formula, place the number at the last line level. The ellipsis (dash) between the formula and the number is not inserted.
Punctuation marks should be placed immediately after formulas, up to their number. A semicolon is placed between consecutive formulas. After such cumbersome mathematical expressions as determinants and matrices, it is allowed not to put punctuation marks.
5.6.3. In formulas, symbols should be written in letters of only the Latin or only Russian alphabet.
Latin designations, except for stable forms, type names: max, min, cos, sin, tg, log, etc., are recommended to be typed in italics.
Russian, Greek designations, numbers, fractions are typed straight
font.
5.6.4. The root sign (radical) should be written so that its horizontal line completely covers the entire radical expression. for instance:
5.6.5. The ellipsis within the formula is applied as three dots on the bottom line of the line. Commas, addition, subtraction and equal signs are placed before and after the abstraction. for instance: n t (t \u003d 1, 2, ..., N); t \u003d 1 + 2 + ... + 10.
5.6.6. The sequence of decoding the letter designations (explication) of the values \u200b\u200bmust correspond to the sequence of the locations of these designations in the formula. If part of the formula is a fraction, then the numerator values \u200b\u200bare explained first, then the denominator values.
After the formula, a comma should be put before the explication, then the word "where" (without a colon) is typed on a new line without indentation from the left edge, followed by the designation of the first value in the same line, after a dash - its decoding and, if necessary, through comma unit of measure. Each next designation and its decoding are typed as a continuation of this line or (the best option) on a new line. It is recommended to put a semicolon at the end of each decryption, and a period at the end of the last decryption. for instance:
When repeating in subsequent formulas the values \u200b\u200bfound in the above formulas, it is allowed to repeat their decoding.
5.6.7. Unit designation physical quantity should be placed in a mathematical formula only after substitution of the numerical values \u200b\u200bof the quantity in the formula and after the final result of the calculation.
for instance:
The amount of the discount withheld by the bank:
D \u003d S - P \u003d 100,000 - 96,250 \u003d 3,750 rubles.
5.6.8. All numbered formulas must be referenced. for instance: in the formula (3.7); from equation (5.4), etc.
units of measurement
5.7.1. Abbreviated designations of units of measurement should be used only with numbers. The exception is designations in the subject of tables, in formulas.
5.7.2. Abbreviated designations of units of physical quantities are typed in lowercase letters, except for units whose names are formed by the names of scientists. for instance: A (ampere), V (volts), etc.
The dot after the abbreviation of the unit of physical quantity
not put. for instance: 5 m (meters), 10 minutes (minutes), 2 hours (hours).
5.7.3. In case of several quantities of the same dimension, as well as when specifying the limits of quantities, the designations of the units of measurement are placed after the last quantity. for instance: 10, 15 and 40 rubles., 20-30 pcs.
5.7.4. The dimension of the same parameter within the same document or related documents must be constant (in one of the established units). for instance: 30 s or 0.5 min. In some cases (if this does not complicate understanding), parallel to the main name is allowed.
5.7.5. Special signs (… ′,… ″,… ’;… o) are written together with the last digit.
Signs
5.8.1. Mathematical signs should be used only in formulas, in the text, write in words.
Correctly
With inflation equal to 18%.
Wrong
With inflation \u003d 18%.
The exception is plus (+) and minus (-) signs in combination of numbers.
for instance: the temperature varied from +20 to -15 o C.
The plus sign is not put if only positive signs quantities.
5.8.2. Signs №, (o),% are put in front of numbers. for instance: No. 1, no more than 6 o, by 10%. Without numbers, write these signs only in words, for example: paragraph number,
a few percent.
The indicated signs for the designation of the plural are not doubled or repeated. for instance:№ 2, 4, 5.
Sign No. in the ordinal numbering of paragraphs, sections (subsections), parts, page options, tables, appendices, notes, figures, positions in business documents is not put. for instance:P. 4.1, app. 3, option 1, sect. 2
etc.
Numbers
5.9.1. Numbers with dimensions should be written only in Arabic numerals, the preposition in or dash before numbers. for instance: total amount
5 million rubles
5.9.2. It is recommended to write quantitative and ordinal numbers up to ten without dimension in words. for instance:one month.
5.9.3. If a numeral denotes a number, then write it only in numbers. for instance: sect. 2, adj. 6 .
5.9.4. It is recommended to divide numbers in digital form by spaces into groups (three digits each) from right to left. for instance: 35 784, 5 825, 8 201 794. Digits in numbers denoting a number are not divided into groups. Do not use a period in spaces between numeric groups.
5.9.5. To ordinal numbers written in numbers, case endings should be added through a hyphen: one-letter, if the penultimate letter is a vowel; two-letter if the penultimate letter is a consonant. for instance:
One or two numbers in a row:
10th or 15th section; 10th or 15th section; 10th, 15th stages; 10th,
15 stages;
Three or more numerals in a row:
10th, 15th or 20th section; 10th, 15th or 20th section; 10th, 15th, 20th stages; 10, 15, 20 stages.
5.9.6. Compound adjectives, the first part of which is a numeral denoted by a number, should be written with a hyphen. for instance:
10 meter, 200th anniversary, 20% (or 20%, 20%, 20%).
5.9.7. The case ending is not put:
In cardinal numbers in digital form, eg: in 3 copies;
in 5 versions;
In ordinal numbers, if they come after nouns,
which include, eg: in item 5, but in the 5th item;
With Roman numerals, eg: III century, IV quarter;
5.9.8. When specifying limits, an en dash (without spaces) is used between values. for instance: 10-15 pcs.
Dates
5.10.1. In dates (years and days of the month), the case ending is not put.
for instance:
In 1994-1995 or in 1990-1995.
In the 1994/95 academic year, in the 1980-1990s.
5.10.2. If the word "year" or the name of the month is omitted or placed before a number, it is recommended to increase the case ending. for instance: in May, on the 20th; The 20th; year 1920; from May 15th to 20th.
It is required to omit the word "year" when it is numbered on the title page, on the cover, in the bibliographic description, when numbered when the dates are in parentheses: the date of birth next to the name of a person, the date of the event or publication of the work after its name, etc. .P.
5.10.3. In documents, the date should be written according to the sample:
The term of introduction is set from 01.01.1995, from 08.10.2000 (without full or abbreviated word year).
Abbreviations
5.11.1. Words and phrases of the same type should be shortened equally or not throughout the text.
5.11.2. For all grammatical forms of the same word, the same abbreviation should be used, regardless of gender, number, case and time.
5.11.3. Abbreviations of the type: piece, piece, app., Note, item, item, section, figure, table, hour, year, year only used in conjunction with numbers. for instance: 5 pcs., 100 copies, h. 3. Without numbers, these words are written in full.
5.11.4. Abbreviations like vm are not allowed. (instead of), ur-tion (equation), f-la (formula), p.h. (because), approx. (about) and others.
5.11.5. It is necessary to put a point:
· When a word shortened by cutting off the final part is pronounced in full, and not in an abbreviated form when reading. for instance, the abbreviation r is read as a year, not as ge;
In abbreviations without vowels (million, billion) in indirect cases as a sign of contraction, since the last letter of the abbreviated word is no longer
in these cases, the last letter of the word in its full form: m (and) l (lio) n, but:
m (s) l (lyo) n (s), therefore 41 million (without a dot at the end) and 55 million (with a dot at the end of the reduction).
5.11.6. The dot is not put:
At the end of the abbreviation, if the abbreviated phrase is pronounced abbreviated during reading, eg: RCC;
In the middle of a doubled one-letter abbreviation, eg: years, pp.
5.11.7. The hyphen is put when the middle part of the word is discarded (the hyphen replaces it), but the initial and final parts of it are preserved. for instance: publishing house, qty.
5.11.8. Abbreviations are not allowed: etc., etc., etc., etc. in the middle of a sentence if a consensus word follows. for instance: ... and other documents (not other documents).
5.11.9. If the abbreviated word refers not to one, but to a series of numbers, names, then it is indicated only before this row or after it. for instance: tab. 3, 4, 5; worth 5, 10, 15 rubles.
5.11.10. Abbreviations should be written lowercase lettersif they denote common nouns. These abbreviations are read by syllable,
and not by letter, and bow down. for instance: university (s).
5.11.11. Abbreviations must be written in capital letters:
If the abbreviation is an abbreviation of a proper name (organization name), eg: MBSH - Moscow Banking School;
If the abbreviation denoting a common name is readable by the names of letters, eg: PC;
If the abbreviation denoting a common name and readable not by the names of letters, but by syllables, is not inclined, eg: Research Institute.
5.11.12. Letter abbreviations read by syllable:
Declined if the gender of the leading word coincides with the generic form of the abbreviation itself, eg: GOST (the abbreviation is not declined in combination with figures - GOST R 6.30-2003);
Do not decline if the gender of the leading word does not coincide with the generic form of the abbreviation, eg: HPP - the leading word station is feminine, and the abbreviation itself is masculine - not inclined).
Spelled abbreviations are never inflected, eg: RCC.
5.11.13. Letter abbreviations of technical quantities are used only in formulas (t \u003d 45 ° С), in the text they should be written with the words: temperature 45 °.
5.11.14. Common abbreviations most frequently used in documents:
| Self-consumed | ||||||
| incl. | including | book | book | |||
| dr | doctor | qty | quantity | |||
| Assoc. | docent | m-c | month | |||
| publishing house | publishing house | orig. | original | |||
| ed. | edition | per. | translator, translation | |||
| and etc. | other | full collection op. | full composition of writings | |||
| and many others. | and many others | cm. | look | |||
| etc. | And so on | those. | i.e | |||
| etc. | etc | since | because | |||
| Cand. | candidate | |||||
| Used only with numbers | ||||||
| c., c. | century, century | fig. | drawing | |||
| year, years. | year, years | rub. | ruble, rubles | |||
| ch. | chapter | from | second | |||
| l. | sheet | from. | page | |||
| Min | minute | p. | line | |||
| Million | million | tab. | table | |||
| million | million | t. | Tom | |||
| Billion | billion | thous. | thousand | |||
| billion | billion | h | hour | |||
| pos. | position | h. | part | |||
| n., n. | item, items | PCS. | pieces | |||
| adj. | attachment | copies | copy | |||
| sect. | section | |||||
Notes
5.12.1. Notes should be placed in the document if it is necessary to clarify the content of the text, table, illustrative material... Notes are placed immediately after the paragraph, tables, illustrations to which they refer, and are typed with a capital letter with paragraph indentation.
5.12.2. Multiple notes should be numbered in Arabic numerals with a period.
5.12.3. Footnotes in the text are indicated by asterisks: *, **, *** (no more than three on one page) or numbers: 1, 2, 3, etc.
· A footnote is placed before the following punctuation marks: period, comma, semicolon, colon, dash. for instance: Word 1. Word 2, word 3; word *: Word 5 -.
· The footnote mark is placed behind the punctuation marks: ellipsis, exclamation and question marks. for instance: Word ... 1 Word! 2 Word? *.
· A footnote mark is placed after the quotation if the explanatory text precedes the quotation or is included in its middle. for instance:
· It is preferable to put a footnote after the explanatory text if it follows the quotation.
Indexes
When designating complex indices with a combination of simple ones, they combine:
· Two or three abbreviated Russian words, which are separated from each other by dots, do not put a full stop after the last reduction. for instance: to s. in;
· Numbers, letters of the Latin or Greek alphabet and abbreviated Russian words that are not separated by punctuation marks. for instance: I zrg;
· Several numbers in digital form, separating one from the other with a comma.
for instance: i 1, 2, 3;
· A decimal fraction and an abbreviated word or letter, while the fraction is separated from the abbreviated word or letter by a semicolon. for instance: p 0.2; pl
5.13.2. Indexes do not include a space from the designation, word or group of words to which they refer.
In the text in square brackets indicate the ordinal number of the source
in the bibliographic list and the page number from which the material was borrowed. for instance: .
· A subscript link containing the surname and initials of the author (or authors), source name, place of publication, publisher, year of publication, page, is given at the bottom of the page. The link is indicated by a number. If there are several references to the same work on one page, then the full bibliographic description should be given in the primary link, and the words “in the same place” should be given in the repeated ones, indicating the page. for instance:
Applications
5.15.1. The appendix is \u200b\u200bdrawn up as a continuation of this document on the following sheets.
Each appendix should start on a new page with the word APPENDIX in the upper right corner of the first sheet (in capital letters). Write the title of the application symmetrically to the text, also in capital letters.
The text of each application can be divided into sections, subsections
and items numbered separately for each application.
Numbering of sheets of the document and attachments should be continuous. Illustrations and tables are numbered within each appendix.
If there is more than one annex in the document, they are numbered in Arabic numerals. for instance: APPENDIX 1, APPENDIX 2.
All annexes in the main body of the document should be referenced, and the table of contents lists all annexes with their number and title.
5.15.2. If, as an application in the thesis, a document is used that has an independent meaning and is drawn up in accordance with the requirements for a document of this type, it is invested in thesis without changes in the original. The word APPENDIX is printed on the title page and its number is put down, and the pages on which the document is placed are included in the general page numbering of the document.