What is an object of cultural heritage. Cultural heritage: annually and officially. Cultural heritage of Russia

Cultural heritage objects are immovable objects of cultural value for the population of Russia, as well as being included in the world cultural heritage.

The concept of the objects under consideration

These objects have a special legal status. The category of objects under consideration includes:

real estate with an integral part of the painting;
scientific and technical objects;
objects of arts and crafts;
sculptures;
other cultural objects, which are of value from the standpoint of various sciences, technology and social culture, are monuments and serve as evidence of the initial birth of culture and its subsequent development.

Cultural heritage objects include: built-in real estate (memorial apartments), buildings located separately, as well as ensembles and complexes of various buildings, structures and other structures. At the same time, these objects can be completely preserved, or they can be partially destroyed or be an integral part of objects of a later period.

Legal basis of the objects under consideration

The laws on cultural heritage objects in force in our country include:

Federal Law No. 73-FZ.
Law of the RSFSR, adopted in 1978 in part that does not contradict modern legislative framework RF.
Regulations of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the protection and use of historical and cultural monuments" of 1982 in the same part.
Instruction No. 203 of the USSR Ministry of Culture of 1986, in the same part.

Features of the objects under consideration

Cultural heritage sites Russian Federation must have the following features:

Real estate. Thus, movable property a priori does not apply to the objects under consideration.
Historical and cultural value. If we take into account only the attribute "real estate", then the objects under consideration include all apartments, cottages, garages that are available in the country. Therefore, the subject of interest to us includes objects that have a certain scientific and technical interest (value) for different sciences and social culture. This value is determined in the process of implementation by historical and cultural expertise, which is carried out at the initiative of the state.
Age. In addition to memorial apartments and houses, which were recognized as objects in question as a result of the fact that prominent personalities lived there, other monuments are included in the register of cultural heritage objects after at least 40 years have passed since their creation or the occurrence of events of historical value.
special status. This status is acquired in a certain order by being included in the state register and state list by decision of certain executive authorities.

The presence of these 4 signs in the complex makes it possible to speak of the object in question as an object of cultural heritage.

Classification

All considered historical and cultural monuments are divided into places of interest, ensembles and monuments.

Ensembles are a group of cultural heritage objects that arose at the same time or supplemented each other in the process of historical development in the same territory, as a result of their combination a single composition is formed.

Ensembles include monuments and structures located in areas that can be unambiguously localized in territories that have developed historically, including those with religious purposes, as well as fragments of various settlements (buildings and layouts) that belong to urban planning ensembles; parks, boulevards, squares, gardens, as well as necropolises.

Places of interest include:

creations that were created anthropogenically or with the participation of nature;
the same fragments that can be classified as ensembles;
centers of historical settlements;
various places associated with the formation of ethnic groups on the territory of our country;
ruins of ancient settlements and sites;
places where various kinds of rituals related to religion were performed;
reserves recognized as objects of cultural heritage.

Varieties of monuments

Monuments have a more complex classification. Let's consider it in more detail.

Monuments as objects of cultural heritage emerged as a result of certain historical events. At the moment, they are evidence of civilizations, eras when culture began to emerge and develop.

In this form, the following subspecies are distinguished:

free-standing various buildings with the territories on which they are located historically;
separate premises of various religious denominations;
individual burials and mausoleums;
traces of human existence under the ground or water, which may be completely or partially hidden, as well as movable objects related to them;
scientific and technical facilities, including military ones;
works of monumental art;
memorial apartments.

In addition, the monuments are classified into monuments of history, urban planning and architecture, archeology. Their belonging to one of the varieties is determined during the preparation of state accounting documents for these objects and is established during the approval of the list of acceptance of these objects for protection.

Examples of considered objects in the world

Examples of cultural heritage sites are cities (Athens, Rome, Venice, Prague, Jerusalem, Mexico City), ancient palaces, temples, religious centers (for example, the Taj Mahal), the Great Wall of China, the Egyptian pyramids, Stonehenge, Olympia and Carthage (their ruins ).

Russian national cultural heritage

There are a huge number of federal objects in our country. These include, for example, the Likhachevs' house in Tatarstan, the Vladimir Church in Cheboksary, the complex of the Caucasian Riviera sanatorium in Sochi, the building of the women's gymnasium in Krasnoyarsk, people's house in Vladivostok, the building of the State Bank in Khabarovsk, the Trinity Church in Bryansk, Ivanovo, Kirov, the ensemble of the Resurrection Church in the Vladimir region, many residential buildings in the Vologda region and Irkutsk, the Lutheran church in Voronezh, the ensemble of St. Basil's Church in Kaluga and a huge number of others located , including in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

There are also many regional and local facilities. Each subject of the federation has its own register of cultural heritage objects, in which they are listed.

World cultural heritage sites in our country

There are 16 UNESCO sites in Russia.

There are not so many of these objects, so let's consider them in more detail.

One of them is transboundary: the Struve Geodetic Arc (the Baltic states, Moldova, Russia, Belarus, Norway, Sweden, Ukraine, Finland).

The center of St. Petersburg, which has preserved its historical appearance with a group of monuments associated with it. This includes many canals, bridges, the Admiralty, the Hermitage, the Winter and Marble Palaces.

Kizhi Pogost is located in Karelia on the islands of Lake Onega. There are two wooden churches of the 18th century here. and a wooden bell tower of the 19th century.

Red Square with the Kremlin located on it in Moscow.

Historical monuments of V. Novgorod and suburbs with many medieval monuments, monasteries, churches.

Complex of history and culture of the Solovetsky Islands. Here is the largest monastery in the north, built in the 15th century, as well as churches of the 16th-19th centuries.

Monuments made of white stone and located in Suzdal and Vladimir, consisting of many religious buildings of the XII-XIII centuries.

Trinity-Sergius Lavra (architectural ensemble) is a monastery with features of a fortress. The tomb of B. Godunov is located in the Assumption Cathedral. The icon of A. Rublev "Trinity" is located in the laurel.

The Church of the Ascension (Kolomenskoye, Moscow) is one of the first churches in which the tent is made of stone, which influenced the subsequent development of church architecture in Russia.

The Kremlin in Kazan is a complex of history and architecture. There are several historical buildings of the XVI-XIX centuries. Civil buildings are adjacent to Orthodox and Muslim churches.

Ferapontov Monastery (ensemble) - a monastery complex of the XV-XVII centuries. in the Vologda region.

Derbent with fortress walls, Old city and the Citadel - was a strategically important object until the 19th century.

Novodevichy Convent (ensemble) - was created in the XVI-XVII centuries. and was part of the defense system of Moscow. It belongs to the masterpieces of Russian architecture, representatives of the Romanovs were placed here, where they were tonsured and then buried, as well as representatives of noble boyar and noble families.

The Struve geodetic arc includes geodetic "triangles", which were laid by Struve, who for the first time measured the great arc of the earth's meridian with their help.

Yaroslavl (historical center) - many churches of the 17th century, the Spassky Monastery of the 16th century.

The Bulgar complex is located on the banks of the Volga south of Kazan. It is evidence of the existence in the VII-XV centuries. the city of Bulgar. Here one can trace the historical continuity and difference between different cultures.

Tauric Chersonese with a choir - located on the territory of the Crimea, was destroyed in the XIV century, after which it was hidden under the ground, in the XIX century. excavations began.

Office for the Protection of Cultural Heritage Sites

In various subjects of our country, these departments are called differently. So, in the Oryol region it is called the Office for the State Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects, the Ministry of Culture and National Policy - in Bashkortostan, the Department of Culture and Art - in the Kirov Region, etc.

In general, all of them are institutions (or, in particular, perform the functions of departments) for the protection of cultural heritage sites.

These bodies are regional, which carry out executive, administrative and supervisory functions in the field of protection of the above objects, contribute not only to their preservation, but also to popularization.

Finally

The objects considered in the article include various monuments that can be located singly or assembled in ensembles, as well as places of interest. In our country there are federal, regional and local in relation to national sites, in addition, in different parts of the country there are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Work on the preservation of cultural heritage objects is assigned to the relevant departments, departments, committees in the regions, and for federal objects - the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation with its territorial offices.

The system of Russian legislation on the protection of historical and cultural heritage is a set of legal acts regulating this area.

Constitution of the Russian Federation

"Everyone has the right to take part in cultural life and use cultural institutions, to have access to cultural property."
"Everyone is obliged to take care of the preservation of historical and cultural heritage, to protect historical and cultural monuments."

Separate general rules are contained in Fundamentals of Legislation on Culture of the Russian Federation, approved by the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation on 10/09/1992 No. 3612-1 (last edition of 07/23/2008).
Thus, in accordance with the specified regulatory legal act, the cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation is material and spiritual values created in the past, as well as monuments and historical and cultural territories and objects that are significant for the preservation and development of the identity of the Russian Federation and all its peoples, their contribution to world civilization.
The fundamentals of the legislation on culture also determine the legal regime of especially valuable objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation.

basic law in the field of conservation, use and state protection of objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) is the Federal Law of June 25, 2002 No. 73-FZ "On objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation (last edition of July 23, 2008, as amended on 12/17/2009) .
Federal Law No. 73-FZ is aimed at the implementation of the above constitutional rights and obligations, as well as the implementation of the rights of peoples and other ethnic communities in the Russian Federation to preserve and develop their cultural and national identity, protect, restore and preserve the historical and cultural habitat, protect and preservation of sources of information about the origin and development of culture.
In accordance with this law, cultural heritage sites (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation are of unique value to the entire multinational people of the Russian Federation and are an integral part of the world cultural heritage.
Federal Law No. 73-FZ establishes that the Russian Federation guarantees the preservation of cultural heritage sites (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation in the interests of the present and future generations of its multinational people.
At the same time, in accordance with the specified law, the state protection of cultural heritage objects is one of the priority tasks of the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments.

relations arising in the field of conservation, use and popularization of cultural heritage objects (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation;
features of possession, use and disposal of cultural heritage objects (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation as special kind real estate;
the procedure for the formation and maintenance of a unified state register of objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation;
general principles of state protection of cultural heritage objects (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation.

In Federal Law No. 73-FZ, objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation are officially defined. In accordance with Art. 3, these include: "immovable property objects with related works of painting, sculpture, arts and crafts, objects of science and technology and other objects of material culture that arose as a result of historical events, which are of value from the point of view of history, archeology, architecture , urban planning, art, science and technology, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology, social culture and are evidence of epochs and civilizations, true sources of information about the origin and development of culture.
It should be noted that the relevant legislation of the Russian Federation (in particular, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) is applied to relations related to the possession, use and disposal of cultural heritage objects as real estate objects, taking into account the specifics established by Federal Law No. 73-FZ.

objects of cultural heritage of federal significance - objects of historical and architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, of particular importance for the history and culture of the Russian Federation, as well as objects of archaeological heritage;
objects of cultural heritage of regional significance - objects of historical and architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, which are of particular importance for the history and culture of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation;
objects of cultural heritage of local (municipal) significance - objects of historical and architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, which are of particular importance for the history and culture of the municipality.

Article 7 of Federal Law No. 73-FZ details the rights of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons in the field of conservation, use, promotion and state protection of cultural heritage sites.
Thus, the citizens of the Russian Federation are guaranteed the preservation of cultural heritage in the interests of the present and future generations of the multinational people of the Russian Federation in accordance with this Federal Law. Everyone has the right to access cultural heritage sites in the manner prescribed by paragraph 3 of Article 52 of the said Federal Law. Everyone has the right to unimpeded receipt of information about a cultural heritage object in the manner prescribed by Federal Law No. 73-FZ, within the limits of the data contained in the unified state register of cultural heritage objects (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation.

Article 8 establishes the powers of public and religious associations, which are granted the right to assist the federal executive body, specially authorized in the field of state protection of cultural heritage objects, in the preservation, use, promotion and state protection of cultural heritage objects in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The powers of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments in the field of conservation, use, promotion and state protection of cultural heritage objects. It should be noted that since 2007 the majority of federal powers have been delegated to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with Federal Law No. 258-FZ of December 29, 2006.
Financing of measures for the preservation, promotion and state protection of cultural heritage sites, including benefits provided to individuals or legal entities that have invested their funds in the preservation of cultural heritage sites.
Issues of formation and maintenance of the Unified State Register of Cultural Heritage Objects (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation
State Historical and Cultural Expertise
State protection of cultural heritage objects, its goals and objectives, measures to ensure the safety of a cultural heritage object during construction and other works.
Preservation of cultural heritage objects, which is understood as repair and restoration work aimed at ensuring the physical safety of a cultural heritage object, including the conservation of a cultural heritage object, repair of a monument, restoration of a monument or ensemble, adaptation of a cultural heritage object for modern use, as well as research , survey, design and production work, scientific and methodological guidance, technical and architectural supervision.
Features of possession, use and disposal of the object of cultural heritage included in the register, and the identified object of cultural heritage.
Essential terms of a lease agreement and an agreement for the gratuitous use of a cultural heritage site. In particular, it establishes the obligation for the tenant/user to have a security obligation.
Features of the legal regime of historical and cultural reserves and historical settlements.
Responsibility for violation of Federal Law No. 73-FZ, as well as final and transitional provisions.

It should be emphasized that in order to fully implement the provisions of Federal Law No. 73-FZ, it provided for the adoption by the Government of the Russian Federation of separate by-laws that disclose certain basic provisions of the law.

The following by-laws have been adopted so far:

Regulations on the State Historical and Cultural Expertise (Approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 15, 2009 No. 569).
Regulations on the zones of protection of cultural heritage objects (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation (Approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 26, 2008 No. 315).
Regulations on the unified state register of cultural heritage objects (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation "(Approved by Order Federal Service on Supervision of Compliance with Legislation in the Field of Cultural Heritage Protection dated February 27, 2009 No. 37)
Cultural heritage object passport form (Approved by the Order of the Federal Service for Supervision of Compliance with Legislation in the Field of Cultural Heritage Protection dated February 27, 2009 No. 37)
Regulations on the procedure for issuing permits (open sheets) for the right to carry out work to identify and study archaeological heritage sites (Approved by Order of the Federal Service for Supervision of Compliance with Legislation in the Field of Cultural Heritage Protection dated 03.02.2009 No. 15).

However, many by-laws remained unaccepted:

The procedure for exercising state control in the field of conservation, use, promotion and state protection of cultural heritage objects.
Methodology for determining the total amount of funds provided in the Federal Compensation Fund in the form of subventions to the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the implementation of delegated powers in the field of state protection of cultural heritage sites.
The procedure for establishing a preferential rent in relation to objects of cultural heritage that are in federal ownership
The procedure for payment to an individual or legal entity that is the owner of a cultural heritage object of federal significance included in the unified state register of cultural heritage objects (monuments of history and culture)
The procedure for submitting proposals for the inclusion of objects of cultural heritage of federal significance in the World Heritage List of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
The procedure for organizing a historical and cultural reserve of federal significance.

Federal Law No. 258-FZ of December 29, 2006 also initiated the process of delimiting property on objects of cultural heritage that were immovable monuments of history and culture of state (all-Union and republican) significance before December 27, 1991 between the Russian Federation and its subjects.

List of individual objects cultural heritage of federal significance, the powers for the state protection of which are carried out by Rosokhrankultura. (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 1, 2009 No. 759-R).
Differentiation of forms of state ownership of cultural heritage sites. St. Petersburg.(Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2008 No. 651-R, Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 31, 2008 No. 2057-R, Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 19, 2009 No. 680-R).
Differentiation of forms of state ownership of cultural heritage sites. Sverdlovsk region.(Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 7, 2008 No. 437-R).
Differentiation of forms of state ownership of cultural heritage sites. Kaliningrad region. (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 30, 2009 No. 1048-R).
Differentiation of forms of state ownership of cultural heritage sites. Kaluga region.(Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 2, 2009 No. 1412-R).

In this regard, it is also necessary to note the peculiarities of the privatization of historical and cultural monuments, which is currently possible in relation to those objects for which the process of property delimitation has been completed.
Federal Law "On Privatization of State and Municipal Property" there are a number of special provisions applicable to the privatization of historical and cultural monuments. Thus, objects of cultural heritage can be privatized only if they are encumbered with obligations for maintenance, preservation and use (protection obligations).
At the same time, the security obligation must contain requirements for the maintenance of a cultural heritage object, the conditions for access of citizens, the procedure and terms for carrying out restoration, repair and other work, as well as other requirements ensuring the safety of such an object.

in relation to objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of federal significance- the federal executive body responsible for the development of state policy and legal regulation in the field of historical and cultural heritage;
in relation to objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of regional significance, identified objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) - authorized in the field of protection of objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in whose territories these objects are located;
in relation to objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of local (municipal) significance - by the local governments of the municipalities in whose territories these objects are located.

The specified law also contains a clause that if the interior of the internal premises of a cultural heritage object is not the subject of protection of this object, ensuring the access of citizens to the internal premises of the cultural heritage object cannot be made the responsibility of the owner of the cultural heritage object.
The law also provides that in the event of the sale of a cultural heritage object at a competition, the conditions of the competition may provide for restoration work.

It should also be noted that the legislation on the protection of historical and cultural heritage is under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its subjects. Special laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, supplementing Federal Law No. 73-FZ, have been adopted in almost all regions of Russia. Laws and other normative acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation adopted on issues of joint jurisdiction may not contradict federal legislation.

Responsibility for violations of legislation on the protection of historical and cultural heritage is established by the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation and the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
Thus, in accordance with the Code of Administrative Offenses, violation of the requirements for the preservation, use and protection of cultural heritage objects (monuments of history and culture) of federal significance, included in the State Register of Cultural Heritage Objects (List of objects of historical and cultural heritage of federal (all-Russian) significance), their territories, as well as non-compliance with the restrictions established in the zones of their protection, shall entail the imposition of an administrative fine on citizens in the amount of one thousand to one thousand five hundred rubles; on officials - from two thousand to three thousand rubles; on the legal entities- from twenty thousand to thirty thousand rubles.

Carrying out excavation, construction, reclamation, economic and other works without the permission of the state body for the protection of cultural heritage objects in cases where such permission is required;
Conducting archaeological reconnaissance or excavations without a permit (open sheet) obtained in accordance with the established procedure or in violation of the conditions stipulated by the permit (open sheet);
Illegal acquisition of land plots on specially protected lands of historical and cultural purpose;
Evasion of the transfer of cultural values discovered as a result of archaeological field work for permanent storage in the state part of the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation.

the head of the federal executive body exercising control over compliance with the rules for the protection and use of historical and cultural monuments, and his deputies;
heads of authorized structural subdivisions of the said federal executive body and their deputies;
heads of territorial bodies of the said federal executive body and their deputies;
heads of executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation exercising state control over compliance with the rules for the protection and use of historical and cultural monuments, and their deputies.

For more serious violations, liability is provided for in article 243 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. In accordance with this article, the destruction or damage of monuments of history, culture, natural complexes or objects taken under the protection of the state, as well as objects or documents of historical or cultural value, is punishable by a fine in the amount of up to two hundred thousand rubles or in the amount of wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of up to eighteen months or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to two years. The same acts committed in relation to especially valuable objects or monuments of national importance, shall be punishable by a fine in the amount of 100,000 to 500,000 rubles, or in the amount of the wage or salary, or any other income of the convicted person for a period of one to three years, or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to five years. years.

The Russian Federation has also ratified a number of European conventions, which have become integral part Russian legislation on the protection of historical and cultural heritage, namely¹:

1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and Executive Regulations	August 7, 1956	The Convention was ratified by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on December 12, 1956. The instrument of ratification of the USSR was deposited to CEO UNESCO January 4, 1957
First Protocol of 1954 to the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict	August 7, 1956	The protocol was ratified by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on December 12, 1956. The instrument of ratification of the USSR was deposited with the Director General of UNESCO on January 4, 1957.	Federal Constitutional Law of January 30, 2002 No. 1-FKZ "On Martial Law" Federal Constitutional Law of May 30, 2001 No. 3-FKZ "On the State of Emergency"
1999 Second Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict	March 9, 2004	Protocol by Russia NOT RATIFIED	Federal constitutional law of January 30, 2002 No. 1-FKZ "On martial law"
Convention of 1970 "On measures aimed at the prohibition and prevention of illegal import, export and transfer of ownership of cultural values"	April 24, 1972	The Convention was ratified by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated February 2, 1988 No. 8423-XI. The instrument of ratification of the USSR was handed over to the Director General of UNESCO on April 28, 1988.	Law of the Russian Federation of April 15, 1993 No. 4804-I "On the export and import of cultural property"
1972 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage	December 17, 1975	The Convention was ratified by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated March 9, 1988 No. 8595-XI. The instrument of ratification was deposited with the Director-General of UNESCO on October 12, 1988. The Convention entered into force for the USSR on January 12, 1989.	1978 "On the protection and use of monuments of history and culture" (as amended on January 18
2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage	It has not entered into force. 20 ratifications needed, currently 14		Federal Law of June 25, 2002 No. 73-FZ "On objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation" with amendments Federal Law of July 31, 1998 No. 155-FZ "On Internal sea waters, territorial sea and contiguous zone of the Russian Federation"
2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage	April 20, 2006	Convention NOT RATIFIED by Russia
2005 Convention on the Protection and Promotion of Cultural Expressions	March 18, 2007	Convention NOT RATIFIED by Russia	Law of the Russian Federation of October 9, 1992 No. 3612-I "Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on Culture" (as amended on June 23, 1999, December 27, 2000, December 30, 2001)
1995 UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen and Illegally Exported Cultural Property	July 01, 1998	The Convention was signed by Russia in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 29, 1996 N 350-rp, but NOT RATIFIED	Law of the Russian Federation of April 15, 1993 No. 4804-I "On the export and import of cultural property", the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
European Convention (Revised) 1992 for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage	May 25, 1995	The Convention was signed by Russia on January 16, 1992 on the basis of the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated January 14, 1992 No. 69-r "On the signing of the European Convention for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (revised)". Convention NOT RATIFIED by Russia
1985 European Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe	January 1, 1987	The convention was ratified by the USSR. The Convention entered into force for the USSR on March 1, 1991.	Federal Law of June 25, 2002 No. 73-FZ "On objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation" with amendments

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Speaking about the state system for the protection of monuments, I would like to start with history and understand what played the main role in the preservation of cultural heritage sites at various stages of the development of society.

How did the attitude towards antiquity develop in Russia and what explains the numerous domestic losses? In the pre-Petrine era and even in the 18th century. the concept of "monument" has not yet been formed, and the main impetus for the preservation of antiquity was religion. Antiquities, which became religious shrines, were revered and protected. Thus, thanks to the deep ecclesiastical and popular veneration of Orthodox shrines, the precious remnants of antiquity of the 11th-17th centuries have come down to us. - temples of Kyiv, Chernigov, Novgorod, Vladimir, Moscow, miraculous icons and church utensils, manuscripts and personal belongings of metropolitans, patriarchs, abbots of monasteries, etc. Despite frequent disasters, our ancestors preserved the miraculous icons of the Vladimir and Don Mother of God, closely connected with the fate of Russia and Moscow.

Many monuments of church antiquity, as well as samples of ancient weapons, jewelry, symbols of princely and royal power, household items were carefully kept in churches and monasteries, palaces, the Kremlin Armory - a kind of ancient Russian museum.

But this is only a small fraction of the total number of works of ancient Russian art. Wars, invasions of enemies, fires were a terrible scourge for Russian cities. But a significant role in tragic destinies ancient monuments were played by the people themselves. Sharp turns in state policy, ideological and taste preferences, as a rule, had a detrimental effect on the preservation of monuments.

The state began to deal with the protection of antiquities only from the beginning of the 18th century. Decrees of Peter I in 1718 and 1721 ordered to collect ancient items, "curious things", "which is very unusual." At the same time, the break of Peter I and his followers with centuries-old traditions, the dominance of Western European architecture led to the oblivion and destruction of entire layers of church antiquity: chapels, house churches, cemeteries. The remains of antiquity in ancient Russian cities did not attract the attention of the enlightened class. For the construction of a huge palace in the Kremlin in the 1770s. By decree of Catherine II, some churches and part of the wall with towers were demolished. At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century. For the sake of the improvement of the city, the authorities destroyed dozens of churches. Russian society of that era completely broke away from ancient Russian traditions. It is no coincidence that the legislative acts of the 1820s. concerned the ancient and Muslim buildings of the Crimea. The 19th century was the time for Russian society to overcome blind imitation of the West and return to forgotten national traditions. In the era of Nicholas I, a number of decrees were issued prohibiting the destruction of fortified architecture. The theory of official nationality, the constituent parts of which were Orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationality, to a large extent contributed to awakening the interest of the general public in their past. It was in the 30s-70s. 19th century include the first attempts to restore or recreate monuments: the House of the Romanov boyars, the chambers of the Printing House, the interiors of the Terem Palace in Moscow, the chambers of the Romanovs in the Ipatiev Monastery.

The most significant role in the protection of monuments in pre-revolutionary Russia belonged to various societies, primarily the Odessa Society for the History of Antiquities (1839), the Archaeological Commission (1859), and the Moscow Archaeological Society (1864). The latter made a huge contribution to the study and protection of monuments. At the archaeological congresses held by the society (since 1869), projects for the protection of valuable structures throughout Russia were repeatedly discussed. Largely due to the activity of members of the society, various departments of the empire issued decrees prohibiting unauthorized restorations and excavations. The society also developed a classification of monuments (architecture, history, painting, writing, sculpture, etc.). The activities of the Society for the Protection and Preservation of Monuments of Art and Antiquities in Russia, founded in 1909 in St. Petersburg, were of a lesser scale. The chairman of the society was Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich, members - V.V. Vereshchagin, N.K. Roerich, A.V. Shchusev, N.K. Wrangell.

Gradually towards the end of the 19th century. a network of institutions and organizations was formed in the localities, in whose activities the protection of monuments occupied an important place. Among them are local museums, provincial statistical committees (since the 1830s), church archaeological societies, committees and ancient repositories (since the 1870s), provincial scientific archival commissions (since the 1880s), societies for the study of local the edges. In most Russian provincial cities, these organizations united connoisseurs and lovers of local antiquity.

Although before the revolution it was not possible to adopt state legislation in the field of the protection of monuments of art and antiquity, thanks to public opinion and the activities of various institutions and societies, the destruction of the national heritage was generally stopped. The imperial family, the church, state institutions, city authorities, the nobility and merchants took part in the preservation of churches, monasteries, palaces, estates, fortifications, city mansions, museums and galleries.

The revolutionary upheavals of 1917, the civil war and subsequent events radically changed the attitude towards monuments of art and antiquity. The destruction of the old state system, the total nationalization and destruction of private property, the atheistic policy of the Bolshevik authorities put the monuments of antiquity in a difficult situation. The division and spontaneous pogroms of estates began, numerous monasteries and house churches were closed and occupied by various organizations, etc. It was urgent to save the priceless cultural heritage of Russia. Under the auspices of the People's Commissariat of Education (People's Commissar A.V. Lunacharsky) in 1918 - 1920. the state system of protection of monuments took shape, headed by the Department for Museum Affairs and the Protection of Monuments of Art and Antiquity (Museum Department).

Under the provincial and some county departments of public education, sub-departments or commissions for museums and the protection of monuments of art and antiquity arose. In 1918, a restoration commission was created under the leadership of I.E. Grabar, later known as the Central State Restoration Workshops, which had branches in Petrograd and Yaroslavl. Active work was launched in the first post-revolutionary years by local museums and local history societies. Unfortunately, in new system protection of monuments, there was no place for the Moscow Archaeological Society, provincial scientific commissions, archival commissions and diocesan church-archaeological societies - all of them were abolished shortly after the revolution. The methods of protecting monuments were very different: the removal of historical and artistic values from the nationalized estates, estates and monasteries and the creation of new museums on their basis; registration of architectural monuments and supervision of their condition (repair and restoration); issuance of letters of protection to owners of private collections.

The opening of museums in estates (Arkhangelsk, Kuskovo, Ostankino, Astafyevo), monasteries (Donskoy, Novodevichy, Voskresensky, in New Jerusalem) contributed to their preservation. In the 1920s the monuments of the Moscow Kremlin, Yaroslavl, Central Asia, and the Crimea were restored. A significant role in the study of local historical and cultural relics in the field was played in the 20s. local history.

Later, due to the deterioration of the political situation in the country and the ideologization of all aspects of life, an increasingly negative attitude towards the historical and cultural heritage began to appear. In the late 20's - first half of the 30's. The previously created system for the protection of monuments in the country was liquidated: the Museum Department of the People's Commissariat of Education, local provincial and district authorities for the protection of monuments were abolished, the activities of the Central State Restoration Workshops, local history societies ceased, and many museums in estates and monasteries were closed. The sale of museum art values abroad has become widespread.

Everywhere, the authorities closed and demolished churches and entire blocks of old buildings for the sake of beautifying cities. Only in Moscow in the 30s. Dozens of ancient buildings and temples have disappeared, including such masterpieces as the Kitai-Gorod wall with towers and gates, Triumphal and Red Gates, Chudov and Ascension monasteries, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, the Church of the Assumption on Pokrovka, etc.

Timid attempts to protect the monuments by legislative acts failed in the 30s. stop the wave of destruction. The Great Patriotic War caused irreparable damage to the cultural heritage of the USSR. As a result of hostilities, remarkable buildings in the Moscow region, the vicinity of Leningrad, Novgorod, Ukraine, Belarus and the Crimea were badly damaged.

However, it was during the war, and especially in the first post-war years, that the attitude towards the historical and cultural heritage changed. Various state management committees began to deal with the protection of monuments, the Department of Museums and the Protection of Monuments was formed under the Ministry of Culture, and local protection of monuments was entrusted to the departments of culture of local Soviets. In 1966, the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments was formed - social organization, uniting numerous devotees in the field. In the following decades, thousands of historical and cultural monuments were identified and registered, but the state allocated little money for their repair and restoration. Ideology has ceased to influence the selection of monuments. Numerous restoration workshops, museums, the State Scientific Research Institute of Restoration, the Russian Institute of Cultural Studies, etc., deal with the issues of finding and certification of monuments, their description and restoration.

Thanks to the selfless work of the restorers, monuments of ancient architecture in Kizhi, Suzdal, Vladimir, Rostov Veliky, Novgorod and other cities have returned to life. Literally from the ruins rose palaces in Pavlovsk, Petrodvorets, Pushkin near St. Petersburg. Today we have the opportunity to admire ancient Russian icons, paintings by famous masters of painting, frescoes, monumental paintings.

In recent years, in connection with the revision of the ideological principles of state policy, the return of temples and monasteries to the church, the economic development of cities, attention has been growing towards historical and cultural monuments, their restoration and rational use.

At present, we can talk about the protection of monuments as a system of legal, organizational, financial, logistical and other measures for the preservation and updating of heritage. It is carried out in order to prevent the natural destruction, damage or destruction of the monument, changing its appearance and violating the order of use.

At this stage, there are several definitions of the concept of "monument", considering it from a historical and legal aspect:

A sign that refers to a certain phenomenon that took place in the past, for the implementation of the act of transferring or updating socially significant information.

A status given to cultural and natural heritage sites of particular value to society.

In accordance with the Federal Law of June 25, 2002 No. 73-FZ "On objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation", monuments are divided into: single objects, ensembles and places of interest.

By form of ownership: state, municipal and private.

Typologically, monuments are divided into:

Monuments of urban planning:

Architectural monuments:

Monuments of history:

Monuments of archeology:

Monuments of art:

The Russian Museum Encyclopedia states that the Intangible Heritage is a collection of forms of cultural activity of the human community based on tradition, which form a sense of identity and continuity among its members. Along with the term "non-material" in foreign museological literature, the term "intangible" is often used, emphasizing that we are talking about objects that are not materialized in an objective form.

Forms of intangible heritage.

Museum historians distinguish 3 categories of intangible cultural heritage:

Aspects of culture and traditions of a certain human community expressed in physical form (ceremonies, features of life, folklore, etc.).

Forms of expression that are not enclosed in a physical form (language, songs, oral folk art).

Symbolic and metaphorical meanings of objects that make up the material cultural heritage.

The forms of intangible heritage include language, literature, oral epos, music, dance, games, mythology, rituals, customs, crafts, traditional forms of communication, traditional ecological representations, signs, symbols, etc.

The problem of preserving intangible heritage.

Back in the 19th century, ethnographic expeditions were carried out with the aim of fixing and recording folklore.

In the 20th century, in connection with the processes of modernization and globalization, many forms of non-material culture were doomed to oblivion and death, because in society, the attitude to the preservation of tradition, necessary for the existence of tradition, disappears. The international community has recognized that many forms of intangible heritage are now on the verge of extinction and outlined ways to preserve them in their natural environment. . In the last years of the 20th century, the fate and the problem of preserving intangible heritage objects became the center of attention of the world community. The threat of the complete disappearance of many forms of culture important for human self-identification required discussion of this problem at major international forums and the development of a number of international documents. The museum is considered today as the most important institution capable of preserving and updating many objects of intangible heritage. The inclusion of intangible heritage objects in the sphere of museum activity today requires changes in the basic museological concepts, the development of principles and methods for working with a new range of museum objects.

Currently, more and more people are talking about the problems of privatization of monuments, for Russia these problems are especially acute. This process mainly began in the 1990s, when the law on the nationalization of monuments was passed.

In 2001, the subject of protection and security duties were determined (maintenance of the object, conditions for access of citizens, the procedure and properties of restoration and other works)

Cultural heritage is an important part of the life of every nation. For this reason, one should know what cultural heritage is and why its preservation is so important. It helps to better learn and understand the history of the formation of modern society.

What is cultural heritage

Nature and culture together form the human environment. The skills and knowledge acquired by mankind from the beginning of time are accumulated and multiplied over the centuries, forming a cultural heritage. There is no single definition of what cultural heritage is, since this term is considered from different points of view.

From the point of view of cultural studies, this is the main way of existence of culture. Heritage objects preserve and pass on to future generations values that carry an emotional aspect. History considers cultural heritage primarily as a source of information about the development and formation of modern society. The legal point of view does not take into account the emotional value, but determines the degree of informativeness and relevance of this or that object, as well as its ability to influence society.

If we combine these concepts, then cultural heritage can be defined as a set of material and non-material values created by nature and man during previous historical eras.

social memory

Social memory should be understood as the basis of social cognition. The experience and knowledge accumulated by mankind are passed down from generation to generation. The development of modern man is possible only based on the knowledge of ancestors.

Cultural heritage and social memory are concepts that always go hand in hand with each other. Heritage objects are the main means of transferring knowledge, thoughts and worldviews to future generations. This is irrefutable evidence of the existence of certain people, events and ideas. In addition, they guarantee the authenticity of social memory, preventing it from being distorted.

Social memory is a kind of library where all useful knowledge is stored that can be used and improved by society in the future. Unlike the memory of one person, social memory has no end and belongs to every member of society. Ultimately, heritage determines the basic elements of social memory. Those values that are not part of the cultural heritage, sooner or later lose their meaning, are forgotten and excluded from social memory.

Organization UNESCO

UNESCO is a UN agency dealing with education, science and culture (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). One of the goals of UNESCO is to unite countries and peoples to preserve the world's cultural values.

The organization was formed in November 1945 and is based in Paris. To date, more than two hundred states are members of UNESCO.

In the field of culture, the organization is engaged in the preservation and protection of the cultural and natural heritage of mankind. The Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted in 1972, became the basis for this area of activity. During the first session, the main provisions and tasks of the World Heritage Committee were adopted.

The Committee also determined the natural and cultural criteria for assessing objects, according to which they were included or not included in the list of protected. The preservation of cultural heritage is an obligation undertaken by the state that has this or that object, with the support of UNESCO. Today, the register includes more than a thousand protected objects.

world heritage

The 1972 Convention gave a clear definition of what cultural heritage is and divided it into categories. Cultural heritage means:

monuments;
ensembles;
places of interest.

Monuments include all works of art (painting, sculpture, etc.), as well as objects of archaeological significance (rock inscriptions, burials) created by man and valuable for science, history and art. Ensembles are architectural groups harmoniously inscribed in the surrounding landscape. Places of interest are human creations separate from nature or together with it.

The Convention also outlined the criteria for natural heritage. It includes natural monuments, places of interest, geological and physiographic formations.

Cultural heritage of Russia

To date, the World Heritage Register includes twenty-seven objects that are located on the territory of Russia. Sixteen of them are selected according to cultural criteria and eleven are natural objects. The first objects were classified as World Heritage in 1990. Twenty-three more objects are on the list of candidates. Of these, eleven are cultural, three are natural and cultural, and nine are natural objects.

Among the UNESCO Member States, the Russian Federation is in ninth place in terms of the number of World Heritage Sites.

Cultural Heritage Days in Moscow - International Day for the Protection of Monuments and Sites (celebrated on April 18) and International Museum Day (May 18). Every year these days in Moscow free access to heritage sites is opened, excursions, quests, lectures are organized. All these events are aimed at popularization of cultural values, familiarization with them.

Legal aspect

The Federal Law (FZ) on cultural heritage objects was adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation in 2002. This law defines the preservation of cultural heritage as a priority for the authorities. The law also establishes the procedure for identifying heritage sites and including them in the register.

This register includes tangible and intangible cultural values that have passed peer review. Each object entered in the register is assigned a registration number and a passport. The passport contains detailed characteristics of the object: name, date of occurrence, photographic materials, description, location information. The passport also reflects data on the expert assessment of the object and the conditions for protecting the object.

According to the Federal Law on objects of cultural heritage, cultural values are recognized as the property of the state. In this regard, the need to preserve them, as well as to popularize and provide access to heritage sites, has been declared. The law prohibits alteration and demolition of objects. Management of cultural heritage objects is a set of measures aimed at the control, preservation and development of cultural objects.

Natural objects of Russia

On the territory of the Russian Federation there are ten objects included in the World Heritage. Six of them, according to the UNESCO classification, should be considered as a phenomenon of exceptional beauty. One of these objects is Lake Baikal. This is one of the oldest freshwater formations on the planet. Thanks to this, a unique ecosystem has formed in the lake.

Volcanoes of Kamchatka are also natural phenomena. This formation is the largest cluster of active volcanoes. The area is constantly evolving and has unique landscapes. The Golden Altai Mountains are unique in their geographical features. The total area of this heritage site is one million six hundred and forty thousand hectares. This is a habitat for rare animals, some of which are on the verge of extinction.

Cultural objects of Russia

Among the objects that represent the cultural heritage of Russia, it is difficult to single out more significant exhibits. Russian culture is ancient and very diverse. These are monuments of Russian architecture, and a colossal project of interweaving the streets and canals of St. Petersburg, and numerous monasteries, cathedrals and Kremlins.

The Moscow Kremlin occupies a special place among the heritage sites. The walls of the Moscow Kremlin are witnesses of many historical events that affect the life of Russia. St. Basil's Cathedral, located on Red Square, is a unique masterpiece of architecture. Churches and monasteries form the main part of the World Heritage Site in Russia. Among them is the ensemble "Solovki Islands", the first settlement of which dates back to the fifth century BC.

Importance of cultural heritage

The value of cultural heritage is very great both for society as a whole and for each person individually. The formation of personality is impossible without knowledge of the traditions and experience of ancestors. Preservation of heritage sites and their enhancement is an important task of every generation. This ensures the spiritual growth and development of mankind. Cultural heritage is an important component of culture, which helps to assimilate the experience of world history.

And other objects of material culture that arose as a result of historical events, which are of value in terms of history, archeology, architecture, urban planning, art, science and technology, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology, social culture and are evidence of eras and civilizations, genuine sources of information about the origin and development of culture.

Types of cultural heritage objects

Cultural heritage objects are divided into the following types:

monuments- individual buildings, buildings and structures with historically developed territories (including religious monuments: churches, bell towers, chapels, churches, kirkhs, mosques, Buddhist temples, pagodas, synagogues, prayer houses and other objects specially designed for worship); memorial apartments; mausoleums, individual burials; works of monumental art; objects of science and technology, including military ones; traces of human existence partially or completely hidden in the ground or under water, including all movable objects related to them, the main or one of the main sources of information about which are archaeological excavations or finds (hereinafter - objects of archaeological heritage);
ensembles- groups of isolated or combined monuments, buildings and structures of fortification, palace, residential, public, administrative, commercial, industrial, scientific, clearly localized in the historically developed territories, educational purpose, as well as monuments and buildings for religious purposes (temple complexes, datsans, monasteries, farmsteads), including fragments of historical layouts and buildings of settlements that can be attributed to urban planning ensembles;
works of landscape architecture and landscape gardening art(gardens, parks, squares, boulevards), necropolises;
places of interest- creations created by man, or joint creations of man and nature, including places of existence of folk art crafts; centers of historical settlements or fragments of urban planning and development; memorable places, cultural and natural landscapes associated with the history of the formation of peoples and other ethnic communities on the territory of the Russian Federation, historical (including military) events, the life of outstanding historical figures; cultural layers, remains of buildings of ancient cities, settlements, settlements, parking lots; places of religious rites.

Categories of cultural heritage sites

Cultural heritage objects are divided into the following categories of historical and cultural significance:

objects of cultural heritage of federal significance- objects of historical and architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, which are of particular importance for the history and culture of the Russian Federation, as well as objects of archaeological heritage;
objects of cultural heritage of regional importance- objects of historical and architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, which are of particular importance for the history and culture of the subject of the Russian Federation;
objects of cultural heritage of local (municipal) significance- objects of historical and architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, which are of particular importance for the history and culture of the municipality.

Literature

Federal Law "On objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation" (No. 73-FZ of June 25, 2002).

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

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