Water pollution of the marine environment. Sources of pollution of sea waters. Violation of the regime of specially protected natural areas and natural objects

Recently, the phenomenon of progressive pollution of the seas and the World Ocean in general has caused great concern. The main sources of pollution are local household and industrial waste water, oil and radioactive substances. A particular danger is posed by oil and radioactive contamination, covering vast areas of the World Ocean.

Local pollution of the seas by household and industrial wastewater. The gravitation of people for the settlement of the sea coasts that existed for a long time has led to the fact that at present 60% of all large cities with a population of over a million people are located in coastal zones.

On the shores of, for example, the Mediterranean Sea there are countries with a population of 250 million people. Every year, enterprises of coastal cities throw thousands of tons of various untreated waste into the sea, and untreated sewage waters are discharged here. Huge masses of toxic substances are carried into the sea by large rivers. It is not surprising that in 100 ml of sea water taken near Marseille, 900 thousand E. coli associated with feces were found. In Spain, it is forbidden to use many beaches and coves for swimming.

With the rapid growth of coastal cities and industries in them, the discharge of industrial and domestic wastewater into the seas reached such a volume that the sea was not able to process the entire mass of waste. As a result, vast zones of pollution were formed in the areas of cities. Poisoning of aquatic organisms, depletion of fauna, decline in fishing, destruction of natural landscapes, recreation areas of resorts and beaches occurs under the influence of pollution. This is most pronounced in bays and bays, where the exchange of water with the open sea is limited.

To combat sea pollution near cities, in many of them, wastewater is thrown out through special multi-kilometer pipelines far from the coast and at great depths. However, this measure does not provide a radical solution to the issue, since the total amount of pollution dumped into the sea does not decrease from this.

General pollution of the oceans with oil and radioactive substances. The main sea pollutant, the importance of which is rapidly increasing, is oil. This type of pollutant enters the sea in different ways: when water is released after washing oil tanks, in case of ship accidents, especially oil carriers, during seabed drilling and accidents at offshore oil fields, etc.

The scale of pollution can be judged by the following indicators. About 5-10 million tons of oil are discharged into the World Ocean per year. A few miles from Santa Barbara in California, during the drilling of the seabed (1969), an accident occurred, as a result of which the well began to throw up to 100 thousand liters of oil into the sea per day. For several days, thousands of square kilometers were covered with oil. Such accidents are not uncommon; they occur in certain regions of the World Ocean almost regularly, significantly increasing the pollution of the latter.

The pollution of the seas and oceans is causing great harm. Oil kills many aquatic animals, including crustaceans and fish. Very often, fish that remain alive cannot be used due to the strong oil smell and unpleasant taste. Oil kills millions of waterfowl every year; their number only off the coast of England reaches 250 thousand. There is a known case when 30 thousand long-tailed ducks died as a result of oil pollution off the coast of Sweden. There is an oil slick even in Antarctic waters; seals and penguins die from it here.

Oil "floating islands" roam the oceanic and sea currents or swim to the coast. Oil makes beaches unusable, turns the coasts of many countries into deserts. Many parts of the western coast of England, where the Gulf Stream brings oil from the Atlantic, have become such. Oil has ruined many European resorts.

In order to prevent the progressive pollution of the waters of the World Ocean, the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization on Maritime Shipping (IMCO) has developed an International Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Oil, which was signed by the main maritime powers, including Russia. According to the convention, in particular, all sea areas within 50 miles from the coast are prohibited areas where oil discharge into the sea is not allowed.

However, in the field of protection of sea waters, there are many unresolved issues related mainly to the neutralization of coastal wastewater and the further equipment of ships with devices and systems for collecting waste (oil residues, garbage, etc.) and their delivery to floating and onshore facilities for treatment, disposal and destruction.

Pollution of the World Ocean with active substances is a great danger. Experience has shown that as a result of the explosion of a hydrogen bomb in the Pacific Ocean (1954), an area of \u200b\u200b25 thousand 600 km 2 had lethal radiation. For half a year, the area of \u200b\u200binfection reached 2.5 million km 2, this was facilitated by the current.

Plants and animals are susceptible to radioactive contamination. In their organisms there is a biological concentration of these substances, transferred to each other through the food chain. Infected small organisms are eaten by larger ones, resulting in dangerous concentrations of the latter. The radioactivity of some planktonic organisms can be 1000 times higher than the radioactivity of water, and some fish, which are one of the highest links in the food chain, even 50 thousand times.

Animals remain infected for a long time, as a result of which plankton can be infected in clean water. Radioactive fish swim very far from the site of infection.

The Moscow Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Underwater, concluded in 1963, stopped the progressive massive radioactive contamination of the World Ocean. However, the sources of this pollution have survived in the form of plants for the purification of uranium ore and the processing of nuclear fuel, nuclear power plants, and reactors. An important problem is the method of disposal of radioactive waste. It has been established that seawater is capable of corroding containers, and their dangerous contents spread through the water. Additional research is needed and the development of methods for neutralizing radioactive contamination in water bodies.

In addition to the above types of pollution, there is also pollution of the world's oceans with plastic household waste.

Under the influence of currents, accumulations of plastic waste form special garbage spots in the World Ocean under the influence of currents (Fig. 7.) At the moment, five large accumulations of garbage spots are known - two each in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, and one in the Indian Ocean.

Figure: 7. Location of sea currents in which "garbage" islands are formed.

These waste cycles are mainly made up of plastic waste from discharges from the densely populated coastal areas of the continents. Marine Research Director Kara Lavender Lo of the Sea Education Association (SEA) objects to the term "slick" because it is inherently scattered small pieces of plastic. Plastic garbage is also dangerous because marine animals often cannot see transparent particles floating on the surface, and toxic waste gets into their stomach, often causing death.

Practical methods for combating this type of pollution have not yet been developed and pollution monitoring is underway.

Section 250. Water pollution

The main immediate object- public relations in the field of environmental safety, protection and rational use of waters. Additional, immediate object there are relationships for the protection of human life and health (parts 2 and 3).

Thing crimes - surface or underground waters, sources of drinking water supply.

the waters of the internal seas and the territorial waters of the Russian Federation are not the subject of this crime. Water storage facilities that have no environmental significance (sedimentation tanks, pools, reservoirs, wells, etc.) are also not included in the subject of the crime in question.

Water protection relations are regulated by the Law on Environmental Protection, the Law on Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare, VK; other federal laws; the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; regulatory legal acts that must be applied in accordance with the VC. Specific standards for maximum permissible concentrations of emissions and discharges of pollutants into water bodies are approved by specially authorized federal executive bodies in the field of environmental protection and sanitary and epidemiological supervision. Outside of permissible levels, pollution becomes dangerous and entails criminal or administrative liability (Articles 8.13 - 8.16 of the Administrative Code).

Objective side crime constitutes pollution, clogging, depletion surface or groundwater, sources of drinking water supply or other change their natural properties.

Pollution water bodies - discharge or entry in another way into water bodies, as well as the formation of harmful substances in them, which deteriorate the quality of surface and ground waters, limit their use or negatively affect the condition of the bottom and banks of water bodies. Clogging - discharging or otherwise entering into water bodies of objects or suspended particles that worsen the condition and hinder the use of water bodies for drinking. Exhaustion of waters - sustainable reduction of reserves and deterioration of the quality of surface and ground waters (Art. 1 VC).

Pollution, clogging, depletion of surface or underground waters, sources of drinking water supply or any other change in their natural properties (Article 250 of the Criminal Code) may be the result of violation of not only the rules for water use, but also other rules in the field of environmental protection and nature management (in particular, transportation , storage, use of mineral fertilizers and preparations).

The question of recognizing harm essential is decided in each specific case based on the factual circumstances of the case.

Between the act and the consequences must be established causal relationship. Corpus delicti material... The crime is considered finished from the moment of the onset of criminal consequences.

Subject crimes - a sane individual who has reached the age of 16. Both officials or persons performing these functions in a commercial or other organization, as well as other persons who have committed this crime (ordinary workers, citizens) can be brought to criminal liability.

FROM S.S. crime can be like willful, so and careless. The person is aware of the social danger of the performed action (inaction), foresees the possibility or inevitability of the onset of the consequences specified in the law and wants their occurrence (direct intent) either realizes the social danger of the performed action (inaction), foresees the possibility of such consequences occurring, does not want to, but consciously admits them or treats them indifferently (indirect intent).

With a careless form of guilt, the person does not foresee the possibility of these consequences, although with the necessary care and foresight he should and could have foreseen them (negligence), either foresees these consequences, but without sufficient reason presumptuously counts on their prevention (frivolity).

Qualifying featuresnamed: causing harm to human health, mass death of animals, the commission of the acts specified in part 1 of this article on the territory of a reserve or a wildlife reserve or in an ecological disaster zone or an ecological emergency zone.

Has material composition and finished from the moment such harm occurs. These acts committed in an ecological disaster zone or in an ecological emergency zone have formal composition. The crime finished from the moment of their commission.

FROM S.S. these crimes can also be willful and careless.

Particularly qualifying feature Part 3: Causing negligent death of a person (one or more) as a result of the acts specified in parts 1 and 2 of this article.

The commented article competes with Art. Art. 8.13, 8.14 of the Administrative Code.

Section 251 ... Air pollution

Main direct an object - public relations in the field of environmental safety, protection and rational use of the atmosphere. Additional direct an object (parts 2 and 3) - relations to protect human life and health.

Thing crime - atmosphere. Relations on the protection of atmospheric air are regulated by the Law on Environmental Protection, the Law on Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare, Federal Law of 04.05.1999 N 96-ФЗ "On Protection of Atmospheric Air" (as amended on 25.06.2012) and other regulatory legal acts.

FROM O.S. a crime is characterized by a violation of the rules for the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere or a violation of the operation of installations, structures and other objects.

Typical violations of the rules for the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere or the rules for the operation of installations, structures and other facilities are exceeding the established standards for emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere; exceeding the standards of physical influences; emission of pollutants into the atmosphere without the permission of specially authorized state bodies; harmful physical impact on the atmosphere without the permission of such a body, when it is necessary to obtain it in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Effects crimes - pollution or other change in the natural properties of the air.

Pollution - This is the release into the air or the formation of pollutants (soot, dust, gases, acids, other chemicals) in concentrations exceeding the hygienic and environmental standards for the quality of atmospheric air established by sanitary and environmental legislation. Other change in the natural properties of air - this is an excess of the permissible effects of noise, vibration, ionizing radiation, a change in the electromagnetic, thermal properties of air.

The crime has material composition and is considered finished from the moment the specified consequences occur. Subject crimes - special - a sane individual who has reached the age of 16, is responsible for the operation of installations, treatment facilities and other facilities and facilities, or has violated the rules for the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere.

FROM S.S. the crime can be committed as deliberately, so and by negligence.

Qualifying feature - causing harm to health by negligence. especially qualifying feature - causing death to a person by negligence.

Wines in crimes provided for in parts 2 and 3, in relation to causing harm to health or death of a person, be just careless.

criminal liability for air pollution occurs only in cases when the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere, as well as the level of harmful physical effects on the atmospheric air, exceed the established standards, as a result of which harm has been caused or could have been caused to human health. In other words, it was not the pollution itself or another change in the properties of the air that could be criminal, but only one that created a real threat of harm to human health or led to such consequences.

Section 252 ... Marine pollution

Direct object of the crime - relations to ensure global environmental security and in the field of protection of waters and living resources of the sea. Safe conditions for the use of sea waters are fixed in a number of international treaties to which Russia is a party, as well as in the Law on the Continental Shelf; Federal Law "On internal sea waters, the territorial sea and the contiguous zone of the Russian Federation", the Law on environmental protection, etc. Thing crime is the marine environment.

The crime scene is territorial sea, high seas, inland seas, maritime exclusive zone, continental shelf.

O.S. crime is expressed in the pollution of the marine environment. The crime can be committed by action (for example, by dumping pollutants) or by omission (for example, by failing to take measures to prevent pollution). Solid or liquid radioactive materials should also be considered as pollutants. As sources pollution, the commented article names coastal sources, vehicles, structures erected at sea.

Breaking the rules discharge substances and materials specified in the commented article are considered finished, if substances and materials are immersed in the sea, the discharge of which is inadmissible under any circumstances, or other substances in an amount exceeding the permissible limits, either at a distance from the coast less than the established limit, or in places prohibited for discharge, or without appropriate protection.

Breaking the rules burial, unlike dumping, it involves immersion in water of harmful substances and materials previously placed in any container (container, barrel, flooded vessel), or burying them in the depths of the seabed, or placing them in the folds of the bottom relief - cracks, depressions, canyons etc.

Under preventing pollution from the lawful use of the natural environment refers to, for example, oil pollution of recreation areas and beaches; destruction, damage to the places where molluscs are grown, destruction of fish stocks; spoilage of the taste of fish, which prevents its use for food; damage to or destruction of commercial seaweed plantations, etc. acts that make it impossible or difficult to use the marine environment.

The crime is considered finished since the pollution of the marine environment. Subject crimes - a sane person who has reached the age of 16: a captain, another member of a Russian or a foreign ship or other floating vehicle located in the waters of the Russian Federation, or an employee of a platform or other structures artificially constructed in the sea, whose job duties include preventing the discharge of harmful substances into the sea, the pilot-in-command of the aircraft, as well as an employee of coastal enterprises and structures, regardless of the form of ownership, and another person, through whose fault the pollution of the marine environment occurred, special.

the qualifying feature is causing significant harm to legally protected interests.Concept significant harm to other legally protected interests was revealed in the analysis of Art. Art. 246, 247 CC. It seems that, when assessing the extent of harm, it is necessary to take into account the persistence of pollution, the type of pollutant, the area of \u200b\u200bpollution, the number of dead living organisms, the value of the polluted sites in the ecological respect (nature reserve, wildlife sanctuary, spawning place), the amount of material costs required to eliminate pollution, and etc.

The crime is considered finished, when substantial harm is caused to the interests named in the law. Between the act and the resulting consequences, it is necessary to establish the presence causal relationship. Corpus delicti material.

A particularly qualifying sign of a crime is called death of a person by negligence... The corpus delicti in this case is also material, careless guilt.

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LECTURE 1. STAGES AND MEASURES OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ON FORMING THE UNIVERSAL CONVENTION MARPOL 73/78 ONPROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AT THE SEA

Lecture plan

1.1 Characteristics of modern society

1.2 Objectives of the discipline "Fundamentals of ecology and environmental protection"

1.3 Negative environmental impact of ships

1.4 International Convention Marpol 73/78

1. 1 Charactertheristics of modern society

Modern society is characterized as a society that is characterized by accumulation and consumption, and regardless of the socio-political, ethical and state structure. This is one of the most obvious and negative differences from a sustainable development society. This contradicts the principle of ecology and human interaction with the natural environment around him. Hence, as a consequence of the violation of the fundamental principle of ecology, recent cataclysms and problems:

Lack of oxygen and drinking water;

Degradation of the ozone layer;

Creation of conditions for the "greenhouse effect";

Environmental pollution with chemical, physical, biological and radioactive contaminants;

Intensive depletion of non-renewable energy sources, which will lead to an energy crisis and military-political conflicts;

Reduction of areas of forests, fertile lands;

- "acid" rain;

Population explosion of human population;

A decrease in the level of the human immune system, the emergence of new diseases, against which rational ways of their localization and treatment have not yet been found.

To stop this process, international agreements have been signed, and in many countries government regulations have been developed to prevent pollution of the seas.

Prevention of pollution of water bodies by ship wastes is an important component of the general problem of environmental protection. During the operation of ships, pollution occurs with sewage, dry garbage, food waste, as well as oil products in case of emergency spills, tank cleaning, etc. The most unfavorable situation develops in places of congestion of ships, for example, in ports.

Along with this, exhaust gases of diesel engines, which contain soot and components of incomplete fuel combustion, cause great harm to the environment.

Much attention is paid to the prevention and elimination of oil spills from ships, special technical means of removing them from the water surface. An increasingly acute problem is the reduction of harmful emissions from the exhaust gases of power plants.

1 . 2 Objectives of the discipline "Fundamentals of ecologyogy and environmental protection "

Ecology is a science that tries to get answers to the questions of interaction between living and inanimate nature. The Greek word oikos means house, dwelling, and logos means a word, a teaching.

Ecology is the study of living organisms in their own "home", or the environment, which includes all external conditions and factors acting on the organism, both living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic). Scientists study different interactions by examining different ecosystems: forests, deserts, steppes, rivers, lakes, oceans, or any other set of organisms that interact with each other and with their abiotic environment.

An ecological system is a system consisting of living and nonliving elements of the environment, between which there is an exchange of matter, energy and information (the ecological system of Europe, country, region, region, enterprise).

The fundamental object of studying ecology is the interaction of five levels of organization of matter: 1) living organisms; 2) populations; 3) communities; 4) ecosystems; 5) ecosphere.

1. A living organism is any form of vital activity. There are three to 20 categories of living organisms. For simplicity, they are divided into three categories:

Plants;

Animals;

Destroyers-reducers (sizes vary from microscopic sizes of bacteria to fungi).

2. A population is a group of organisms of the same species (all perches in a pond, the population in a particular country, or the population of the Earth as a whole).

3. Communities (species) - a set of populations of individuals, representatives of which actually or potentially interbreed with each other in natural conditions. There are from 3 to 30 million species of living organisms in the world. Each organism or population has its own habitat: terrain. When several populations of different types of living organisms live in one place and interact with each other, they create a so-called community, or biological community.

4. Ecosystems are the interconnection of communities with chemical and physical factors that create an inanimate environment. It is an ever-changing (dynamic) network of biological, chemical and physical interactions that keep communities alive and help them adapt to changing environmental conditions.

5. The ecosphere includes all ecosystems of the Earth.

The planetary collection of living and dead organisms interacting with each other and with the inanimate environment (energy and chemicals) is called the ecosphere.

The purpose of the study of ecology is: 1 - the formation of the ability to understand, analyze and act in various ecological systems; 2 - individual awareness and, on this basis, the ability to make confident and effective decisions.

The objectives of the discipline "ecology" are to study:

The main sources of air pollution, water basin and lithosphere;

Ways to improve technological processes, equipment, apparatus and machines that reduce the negative impact on the natural environment;

Technology and equipment for cleaning, utilization of industrial waste;

Principles of preventing environmental pollution from water transport facilities and ships.

The cycle of chemicals in nature;

Stages of development of life on Earth;

The concept of sustainable development of society.

The history of the development of environmental problems. Stages of development of life on Earth.

The age of the planet is 9-12 billion years.

There are three main periods in the development of life on Earth:

Prebiological;

The emergence of the biosphere;

Formation of the noosphere.

The prebiological period covers from the emergence of the Earth to the appearance of life on it, i.e. the smallest microorganisms existed due to organic matter synthesized under abiotic conditions. During this time, the Earth's atmosphere contained other toxic gases. There was practically no free oxygen in the atmosphere. However, thanks to ultraviolet radiation, chemical reactions became possible, which led to the formation of complex organic molecules - amino acids. They, in turn, served as material for the construction of the simplest living organisms. The increase in oxygen content due to abiotic processes and the presence of ultraviolet radiation gave impetus to the formation of a protective ozone layer around the planet. This ensured reliable protection of living organisms from the destructive effects of the sun's ultraviolet rays.

With the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere up to 3%, the first multicellular microorganisms appeared. This was about 600 million years ago.

Further, during the development of vegetation, it provided the release of a large amount of oxygen and nutrients, which in turn ensured the evolution of animals. Living organisms in the course of their life have transformed part of the bowels and the surface layer of the land, changed the qualitative and quantitative composition of the water and air basins.

The second stage of development is characterized by the emergence of the biosphere - the sphere of life. Over a long period of time, organisms in the course of their life have significantly changed the circulation of substances, natural processes, and also provided the emergence of new directions of the circulation of substances. The energy of the planet has changed, as well as the composition of its near-surface part. The process of evolution of living organisms led to the emergence of a higher biological species - man.

The third stage is characterized by the appearance of a person. At this time, the formation of the noosphere - the sphere of reason - is taking place. In this period of the planet's development, a number of stages are distinguished, differing in the nature of the interaction between society and nature.

At the first stage, the products created by nature were appropriated by people using the means of labor created by them. The main source of energy during this period is human muscle strength. During this period, a person was completely dependent on nature, his behavior and consciousness can be characterized as the unity of society and nature.

At the second stage, the main way of obtaining livelihoods was agriculture and cattle breeding. At this stage of development, society largely depended on climatic and other natural conditions, and man did not oppose himself to nature, considering it an integral part, and the behavior and consciousness of people of this period can be characterized as interaction with nature.

The third stage is characterized by the transition from an agricultural economy to an industrial one. A distinctive feature of this period is that society and nature are presented as two independently existing sides, opposing each other and developing apart from each other.

The history of the development of society shows that its interaction with nature can lead to the emergence of environmental crises, which until now were of a local nature. The history of the development of society shows that technological progress leads to an increase in the intensity of the harmful effects on the environment. At the same time, with the transition to a higher level of development of society, prerequisites were always created for the emergence of more severe environmental crises.

The development of civilization reduces people's dependence on the elemental forces of nature. But by influencing nature, society created a new secondary environment - the technosphere.

In connection with the global pollution of the natural environment, another important problem arises - the adaptation of living organisms to new conditions. Unlike the process of changing the quality of the natural environment, which occurs as a result of human anthropogenic activities, the evolution of living organisms and humans is a very slow process.

1 . 3 Negative impactimpact of ships on the environment

Dealing with the threat of a global environmental crisis has become an international problem. It cannot be solved within the framework of individual countries. Environmental protection measures taken by some states will not be effective if others do not support them. Currently, this problem has become a global one.

The negative impact of ships on the environment.

The main aspects of environmental protection measures.

During the operation of ships, household and industrial waste is generated, the discharge of which into a reservoir causes significant damage to nature. At the same time, all pollution generated on the ship can be divided into two main groups:

1 - remnants of transported cargo resulting from incomplete unloading, washing of the deck and holds, tanks, etc .;

2 - pollution resulting from the vital activity of the crew and passengers (sewage and household waste), as well as from the operation of ship mechanisms (oily bilge water or bilge water, industrial waste).

At present, unfortunately, there are quite frequent cases of emergency oil spills during bunkering of ships and as a result of various emergencies.

Oily waters. During the operation of ship mechanisms, a special type of waste is formed - oil-containing waters under the seam, which accumulate under the shale (bilges) of the engine rooms. The main reasons for the ingress of contaminants are - water leakage from pipelines, casing plating and bottom fittings, leakage of oil products during the repair of mechanisms, fuel and oil equipment, etc. The amount of oil products largely depends on the technical condition of the equipment and on the implementation of the rules for its operation. The average daily accumulation of oily water is mainly determined by the power of the main engine.

When released into water, oil products form an emulsion. Its stability increases if emulsifiers are present in such waters; they prevent the coarsening and floating of oil particles. The ions of various metals and salts contained in seawater can also contribute to the formation of an emulsion. It is much more difficult to remove emulsified oil products from water than coarsely dispersed ones. Therefore, if possible, you should exclude the factors contributing to their formation.

Wastewater. When using water for drinking and household needs, waste water accumulates on the ship. The problem of removing wastewater from ships has arisen since the launch of the first ship and until recently it was solved by dumping this water overboard without any treatment, hoping for a certain degree of self-purification of the reservoir. However, the ability to self-purify depends, first of all, on the initial purity of the water and on the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water.

Therefore, despite the fact that the total amount of wastewater from ships is much less than that discharged by city sewers, they still cause significant damage to water bodies. This is especially felt in places of congestion of ships. At the same time, the hydrochemical indicators of water deteriorate, such as BOD5, the amount of suspended solids, coli-index, pH, transparency, and others.

Garbage (household and industrial waste). In the process of domestic and industrial activities on the ship, a number of solid and liquid wastes are generated that must be disposed of. Solid waste includes paper, rags, packaging materials, and food waste. Usually it should be collected in special containers placed at the stern of the vessel. Food waste should not be mixed with household waste.

In addition to solid waste, ships also accumulate liquid waste, which can be divided into two groups: 1 - sludge from wastewater treatment plants, including crushed food waste. They accumulate in a special tank; 2 - sludge from fuel and oil separators. There is a classification of garbage according to the degree of its interaction with the aquatic environment:

Sinking - pollutes the bottom of the reservoir, which harms the bottom fauna, spawning and feeding grounds for fish;

Dissolving - absorbs oxygen from the water of the reservoir for its oxidation, changes its color, taste, etc.

Household solid waste makes up the majority of the accumulated waste. The main problems in garbage processing are associated with the heterogeneity of the composition of household waste and significant fluctuations in the volume of their accumulation, depending on the purpose of the vessel, the nature of the voyage, etc.

1 . 4 International conventioniya MARPOL 73/78

In 1973, the International Maritime Organization (IMO), which is a UN body, adopted the International Convention MARPOL 73, which defines technical requirements for the prevention of marine pollution from ships. The initiators of such a convention were a number of countries concerned about the severe pollution of marine waters. These requirements are set forth in the Protocol to the MARPOL 73 Convention and adopted at the International Conference held in February 1978. The provisions of MARPOL 73 and the 1978 Protocol constitute a single document, briefly called the MARPOL 73/78 Convention, which includes five annexes (for all types of ship pollution):

Appendix 1. "Rules for the Prevention of Oil Pollution";

Appendix 2. "Pollution Control Rules for the Carriage of Poisonous Liquid Substances in Bulk";

Appendix 3. "Rules for the Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packages, Cargo Containers, Removable Tanks or Road and Rail Tank Cars":

Appendix 4. “Rules for the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships”;

Appendix 5. "Rules for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships".

State requirements for the prevention of pollution of water bodies by ship wastes are determined mainly by the relevant sanitary rules, as well as by the rules developed by various supervised departments. The requirements related to the determination of ship-generated waste into water bodies, set out in these documents, differ from those defined by the International Convention MARPOL 73/78.

Pollution of sea and river waters entails, first of all, civil (property), administrative, disciplinary or even criminal liability of persons directly responsible for the pollution.

Questions for self-examination.

1. What is ecology? Concept, definition.

2. Name the levels of interaction of matter.

3. Define an ecosystem.

4. What are populations, communities.

5. Describe the global environmental problems.

6. Characteristics of the main features of the development of society in the 20th, early 21st century.

7. What is the "greenhouse" effect and what is the impact on the environment.

8. What is the ecosphere? Give a definition and characterization.

9. What is the essence of the International Convention MARPOL 73/78. What are the objectives of the convention.

LECTURE 2. REGULATORY, ORGANIZATIONAL AND TECHNICAL MEASURES FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY HARMFUL SUBSTANCES THAT ARE TRANSPORTED BY SEA IN PACKAGING, FREIGHT CONTAINERS, REMOVABLE TANKS, BAGS M OR IN AUTODOROONE AND RAILWAY SYSTEMS

Lecture plan

2.1 State of the quality of the hydrosphere

2.2 Indicators of wastewater quality

2.3 Basic requirements of environmental protection measures

2.4 Fee for restoration and protection of water bodies

Basic theoretical provisions

2.1 State of the quality of hydrospheress

The Earth's hydrosphere can be roughly divided into two categories - salt and fresh waters. Fresh water, along with air and food, is the most important source of human life support.

Transport is one of the largest consumers of fresh water. A large number is used by all modes of transport for various technological and technical purposes (steam for turbines, for cooling engines, liquids for washing and equipping rolling stock and other processes). Water transport directly affects the degree of water pollution.

Ballast water, water used for washing cargo tankers, sub-seam waters containing oil products are discharged directly from the vessel into the water.

The oil film traps ultraviolet radiation by 35-40% and thereby reduces the rate of photosynthesis and the formation of biomass in the ocean. It also complicates the exchange of oxygen between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. Oil slick reduces the volatility of water and therefore reduces the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn increases the likelihood of droughts and other adverse events.

In addition, man-made noise, vibration and electromagnetic influences are energetic environmental pollutants. Mechanical vibrations occur in almost all mechanisms with different amplitudes and frequencies, so they can be mono-, bi- and polyharmonic, random with a wide frequency range. Vibration dramatically affects the immune, cardiovascular systems, blood composition of a person and the development of an occupational disease - vibration disease.

Vibrations occurring on board are categorized as general hull vibration and local vibration. The main sources of local vibration are: a propeller (mechanical and hydrodynamic imbalance), shafting, main and auxiliary power plants (diesel, mechanisms, compressors, pumps, electric motors), sea waves (with waves of 3 points, the periodic forces increased by 30%, with strong waves - 3-5 times) and shallow water, the process of flowing water around protruding parts (vibrations occur as a result of the breakdown of vortices) and the rudder.

The intensity of noise over the past 300 years in developed countries has doubled every 5-10 years, i.e. grew faster than energy consumption increased. Intense noise adversely affects labor productivity, well-being and human health, as well as animals and even plants.

The main sources of external noise are transport, construction and production processes. Noise depends on the type of engine, speed of movement, operating mode, technical condition of the vehicle and a number of other factors, and its intensity can vary significantly.

Large sea and river vessels during movement do not create significant external noise. Sources of external noise on ships are exhaust ducts, propellers, water noise, flowing hull, as well as auxiliary vehicles installed on open decks and working mainly in ports during loading and unloading or during maintenance and repair of ships.

All vehicles have warning sirens, horns or whistles that emit sounds of significant intensity. The most powerful signaling systems are installed on sea and large river vessels, which they use mainly when driving in fog and in other dangerous situations, although due to the low tone, sounds from such sirens are perceived with less irritation than from sharp beeps of locomotives.

In addition to external noises, vehicles generate internal noises affecting passengers and service personnel (ship mechanics, etc.). In the engine rooms of ships, where the main engines (usually diesel engines) operate, the noise reaches 80-100 dBA, and in the immediate vicinity of the engines it is even higher.

Nowadays, they are increasingly talking about a new type of planetary pollution - thermal. Heat losses in various motors and installations are sources of "heating" the environment due to imperfect methods of energy conversion.

Thus, water transport pollutes the biosphere: chemically - exhaust gases of diesel engines into the atmosphere and hydrosphere; physically - garbage, sewage, ash., dust, soot, etc .; noise, vibration and heat pollution.

The negative impact of ships on the environment. The main aspects of environmental protection measures.

2. 2 Wastewater quality indicators

During the operation of ships, waste is generated, which can be divided into two groups:

1.waste generated as a result of incomplete unloading of ships, water treatment of decks, holds and tanks.

2. Wastes generated as a result of the vital activity of the crew and passengers (household, fecal wastewater and household waste), as well as as a result of the operation of ship mechanisms (sub-bed, oily water, industrial waste).

Cases of accidental oil spills during bunkering of ships, various emergencies, as well as military-industrial conflicts are frequent.

Average daily accumulation of HB is mainly determined by the main engine power. The concentration of petroleum products in LP varies widely - from fractions of% to 100%. After a short settling, the average value of the concentration of oil products is in the range of 200-500 mg / dm3.

Currently, both shipboard and off-ship cleaning of oil products from oil products are used. The transfer of NW to floating treatment facilities is carried out with the help of an assembly vessel or by the delivery vessel itself. Floating sewage treatment plants provide cleaning of oil products up to 5-15 mg / dm3 of oil products. The capacity of treatment plants reaches 200 m3 per day. Oil products in HB are in a coarse and finely dispersed state and this is called an emulsion. She is on the surface of the water. It is easier to remove coarse oil products from water than finely dispersed ones.

Wastewater. They are formed when using water for industrial, drinking and household needs on board. Until recently, these waters were discharged into reservoirs without preliminary treatment, because it was believed that they do not damage water bodies. A particularly unfavorable situation is observed in places of congestion of ships in ports. Therefore, wastewater generated on ships is accumulated in specially designed collectors and then pumped out to floating treatment plants for purification and neutralization. The volume of average daily wastewater accumulations can be determined by: cargo fleet 200-250 l / person, for passenger fleet 250-300 l / person.

The choice of a wastewater treatment method and its effectiveness depend on the composition of the wastewater. The mixture of sewage and domestic water entering the tank collection tanks of the vessel contains pollution in the form of coarse suspension and colloidal particles, as well as in a dissolved state.

The degree of wastewater pollution can be judged by the following indicators:

BOD5 - biochemical oxygen consumption for 5 days. It means the oxygen consumption required for the decomposition of organic matter for 5 days at a temperature of 20 ° without access to light and air, measured in mg / dm3.

BB is the amount of suspended solids contained in 1 dm3 of waste water; The increased content of explosives in the discharged wastewater leads to an increase in the turbidity of the water and, subsequently, to the disruption of the "food chain" of the reservoir.

Coli-index - the number of bacteria of the "coli" group (Escherichia coli) contained in 1 dm3 of waste water, measured in pieces per 100 ml.

pH - pH value characterizing the amount of hydrogen ions in solution.

Transparency - allows you to indirectly assess the degree of wastewater pollution.

The composition of the ship's wastewater accumulating in the collecting tank is not constant, the ratio of waste and domestic water changes during the day, depending on the operating mode of the vessel.

The maximum permissible discharge (MPD) of substances into a water body is the mass of a substance in wastewater, the maximum permissible discharge at a given point per unit of time in order to ensure water quality standards at a control point. Maximum permissible discharge, MPD, mg / hour, is determined by the expression

PDS \u003d Сi. M

where Сi is the concentration of the harmful component in wastewater, mg / dm3;

M is the mass of wastewater generated on the ship, dmz / hour;

For each enterprise, a MPD standard is established, above which a fine is levied.

Garbage - divided into household and industrial. There is a classification of garbage according to the degree of its interaction with water:

Floating - leads to pollution of the water surface and coastline;

Sinking - pollutes the bottom of the reservoir, causes particular harm to fish spawning grounds;

Dissolving - absorbs oxygen from the water of the reservoir for its oxidation, changes its color and taste.

Household solid waste makes up the majority of the accumulated household waste. The main problems are the heterogeneity of the composition of household waste, significant fluctuations in its volumes. The volume of industrial solid waste depends primarily on the capacity of the ship's power plant and on the state of the mechanisms.

On average, about 20 kg of all types of waste (excluding sewage sludge) are accumulated on a cargo ship every day, and about 400 kg on a passenger ship. For passenger ships, the main share is household waste.

If the vessel is not equipped with treatment facilities, then special tanks are installed on board for collecting and storing separately oily and waste water.

In addition to material waste from ships, energy, in particular, thermal pollution of the environment is possible.

An increase in the temperature of the hydrosphere increases the rate of chemical and biochemical reactions, which contributes to the efficiency of wastewater treatment. On the other hand, with an increase in temperature, the solubility and, consequently, the concentration of oxygen in water decreases, without which self-purification is impossible, the essence of which is reduced to the oxidation of organic substances with oxygen during the life of aerobic bacteria.

When discharging the chilled water of the power plant (ESP) of the vessel, even if the water is not contaminated, there is a temperature limitation.

2 . 3 Basic requirementsenvironmental protection measures

In 1973, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the International Convention Marpol-73, which defines the requirements for the prevention of pollution from ships. With the growth of oil transportation from production areas to the place of processing and consumption, cases of severe accidents of large-capacity tankers (collisions, grounding, explosions, fires) have become more frequent, resulting in oil spills.

In 1978, a Protocol was adopted, which, in addition to 1973, is called the Marpol 73/78 Convention, which includes five Annexes.

To prevent pollution of the aquatic environment by sub-seam waters from ships, the Marpol 73/78 Convention provides for the following decisions:

There are three options of equipment for compliance with the Appendix of the Marpol Convention 73/78:

Collection tank;

Holding tank and oil filtering equipment, providing a degree of purification up to 15 ppm, automatic closing of valves when exceeding 15 ppm, oil products in waste water;

Holding tank and separation equipment with cleaning efficiency up to 100 ppm.

Wastewater.

In accordance with the requirements of the Marpol 73/78 Convention, the discharge of wastewater is prohibited in the coastal zone 12 nautical miles wide, unless it has been previously purified and decontaminated in a special ship installation (SOSV) to the following indicators:

BOD5, mg / dmz 50

BB mg / dmz 100 + x,

where x is the concentration of explosives in the wash water, mg / dm3

Coli-index, pcs 2500

Under wastewater, the Convention provides:

Drains from all types of toilets, urinals, toilets;

Drains from sinks, baths, showers;

Runoff from premises where animals are located;

According to Annex 1U of the MARPOL 73/78 Convention, each vessel is subject to the following types of survey:

Initial (before commissioning);

Periodic (at intervals not exceeding 5 years);

Intermediate - in the period between periodic through an interval not exceeding 30 months.

Garbage - all types of food, household or operational waste.

Limitations of Marpol when dumping garbage:

Dumping of all types of plastics into the sea is prohibited;

Outside the 12-mile area, shredder rubbish can be disposed of up to 25mm in size;

To draw up acts on violation of the rules for the prevention of water pollution, in the prescribed manner to bring the perpetrators to justice.

2 . 4 Payment for the restoration and protection of water bodies

Responsibility for pollution of water bodies:

Administrative;

Disciplinary;

Criminal.

Questions for self-examination.

1. Organization of environmental protection services in water transport.

2. Requirements for the prevention of pollution from ships.

3. Legal aspects of the protection of water bodies from pollution by ship wastes.

4. Requirements for the prevention of pollution from ships. Marpol International Convention, 73/78

5. State requirements for wastewater treatment from ships and liability for water pollution.

LECTURE 3. METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE CONSEQUENCES OF OPERATIONAL OR ACCIDENTANIMAL POLLUTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

Lecture plan

3.1 Formation of oily water on board ships

3.2 State requirements for the prevention of the marine environment by ship-generated waste

3.3 Responsibility of officials for pollution of the hydrosphere

Basic theoretical provisions

3 . 1 Formation of oily water on ships

In accordance with article 15 of MARPOL 73/78, any annex enters into force 12 months after the date on which at least 15 States become parties (states that have ratified this annex) with a total gross tonnage of merchant ships of at least 50 % of the gross tonnage of the world merchant marine.

These five annexes of the Convention, according to the rules existing in IMO, are combined into three groups and are adopted (ratified) by states simultaneously: 1st group of annexes 1 and 2; 2nd group - Appendices 3 and 5; 3rd group - Appendix 4.

Oily waters. Each vessel engaged in international voyages must be equipped in accordance with the requirements of Annex 1 of the MARPOL 73/78 Convention, which is confirmed by the issuance by the Register of each country to these vessels of International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificates. The Convention considers the following technical means to prevent pollution of the aquatic environment by bilge (sub-seam) waters from ships:

Prefabricated tanks;

Oil filtering equipment with a purification capacity of the undershaft waters up to the oil content level in the discharge of no more than 15 ppm;

Automatic device for closing the drain valves when the oil content of the treated water discharged overboard exceeds 15 ppm;

Oil separation equipment with a purification capacity of up to 100 ppm.

The MARPOL 73/78 Convention stipulates the need to comply with more stringent requirements in special areas - the Mediterranean, Black, Baltic and Red, as well as in the area of \u200b\u200bthe gulfs (Middle East). In special areas, it is allowed to discharge oily waters overboard with an oil concentration of not more than 15 ppm, and it is recommended to equip ships with oil-water filtering equipment of the specified purification depth. At the same time, the vessel must have an automatic device for closing the outboard drain valves, which are dumped if the oil content in the treated water discharged overboard exceeds 15 ppm.

There is an amendment to the Convention which states that vessels operating exclusively in special areas or operating within 12 nautical miles from the nearest coast need to be equipped with a collective tank. In this case, it is assumed that all HB generated on the ship will be accumulated and then transferred to the port reception facilities. The volume of the collection tank, naturally, must be sufficient to guarantee the accumulation of HB during the entire voyage.

Outside the limits of special areas, the MARPOL 73/78 Convention allows the use of oil separation equipment on a ship, which ensures the purification of sub-seam waters to an oil content in the discharge of no more than 100 ppm.

In addition to the technical requirements listed above, the MARPOL 73/78 Convention contains organizational and legal issues.

Organizational requirements, first of all, include the provision of all vessels with the necessary documents: oil logs, International oil pollution prevention certificates, etc.

In the legal part, it is noted that there is a fairly strict control over compliance with certain provisions of the MARPOL 73/78 Convention by foreign courts. In particular, the memorandum adopted by 14 European states in 1982 provides for inspections of third-country vessels for compliance with the above requirements. The Register was instructed to exercise technical supervision over the design, manufacture and operation of marine environmental protection equipment, to resolve the issue of serial production of this equipment and to issue a Type Test Certificate.

The Register has recommended several methods for annual and regular surveys of oil separation and filtering equipment. Analyzes of sub-shale water samples must be carried out in laboratories that have a Certificate of Recognition by the Register.

Wastewater. The requirements of Annex 4 of the MARPOL 73/78 Convention apply to ships making international voyages, including if the gross tonnage of these ships is more than 200 reg.t., as well as to ships of smaller tonnage, if they are allowed to carry more than 10 people.

In accordance with the provisions of the Convention, the discharge of wastewater is prohibited in the coastal zone with a width of 12 nautical miles, unless they have been previously purified and disinfected in a special ship installation to the following parameters:

BOD5, mg / dmz 50

BB, mg / dmz 100 + x

Coli-index, pcs / dmz 2500

(x is the amount of explosives in the wash water, mg / dm3)

The term “waste water” by the Convention means the following:

Drains from all types of toilets, urinals, toilets, as well as scuppers in toilets;

Waste water from sinks, baths, showers and scuppers located in medical facilities;

Runoff from rooms where animals are kept;

Other effluents, if mixed with those listed above.

Outside the 12-mile zone, the discharge of CB is permitted without pre-treatment in any basin (there is no concept of a “special area” for CB), but it is specified that the vessel must move at a speed of at least 4 knots.

In connection with the above, each ship falling under the scope of Annex 4 of the Convention must be equipped with devices to possibly prevent the discharge of untreated CB. Such devices are ship modular tanks, as well as OOSV installations. The specific type of equipment is chosen by the shipowner based on operational or economic considerations. Therefore, at present, the ships brought in accordance with the requirements of Annex 4 of the Convention, according to the degree of equipment, can be divided into three groups:

1. Equipped with collection tanks;

2. Equipped with OOSV installations;

3. Equipped with prefabricated tanks and OOSV installations.

Every ship subject to Annex 4 of MARPOL 73/78 must undergo the following types of survey:

Initially - before commissioning; an International Ship Certificate is issued based on the results of the initial survey;

Periodic - at intervals established by each state (not exceeding 5 years);

Intermediate - in the period between periodic, after a period of time not exceeding 30 months.

According to the current Rules of the Register, all domestic ships making international voyages must undergo a re-examination every year, during which devices are checked to prevent the discharge of untreated CB. In this case, the operability of the mechanisms that make up the device is checked. At the request of the controlling organizations, a series of samples processed by CB can be taken (if there is an OOSV installation on the ship) to assess the efficiency of their processing. Comparison of the results obtained in this case with the IMO standards gives grounds for the decision to extend the validity of the International Certificate.

Rubbish. Annex 5 of the Convention includes rules for the prevention of pollution of water bodies by garbage from ships. In this case, the term "garbage" means all types of food, household or operational waste (with the exception of fresh fish and its remains) that are generated during the normal operation of the vessel, with the exception of substances listed in other annexes of the Convention.

The convention provides for the following restrictions on the discharge of garbage from ships:

Dumping into the sea of \u200b\u200ball types of plastics, including synthetic garbage bags, is prohibited;

Floating upholstery and packing material can be dumped beyond 25 miles offshore;

Outside the 12-mile area, shredder debris can be dumped as long as the milled pieces are no more than 25mm;

In special areas, it is prohibited to dump any kind of garbage other than food waste, which can be dumped outside the 12-mile zone.

If the garbage is mixed with other waste, the discharge of which falls under different requirements, then more stringent requirements are imposed on it.

Thus, in accordance with the requirements of the Convention, every ship on international voyages must have at least one of the following devices: containers for garbage collection; devices for crushing or pressing garbage; incinerator (waste incinerator). In addition, the Convention states that all interested states are obliged to provide their ports and terminals for receiving garbage.

Appendix 6 "Cooperation in Combating Marine Pollution" establishes the procedure for relations between the states - parties to the conventions in cases of emergency spills of oil and other harmful substances at sea. It is required to maintain readiness for such operations by providing ready-to-operate equipment, ships, manpower to work both in coastal and in the open sea areas.

The Convention indicates the need to develop and apply systems for monitoring and mutual notification of significant spills, mutual exchange of information on means of combating emergency spills and on mutual assistance during the elimination of the consequences of accidental spills of oil or other harmful substances.

After the adoption of the Annexes of the MARPOL 73/78 Convention, Regional Conferences were held to address pollution and its prevention in the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas.

In addition to international agreements regulating the discharge of pollution from ships, territorial coastal and fishery marine areas are subject to additional pollution prevention requirements established by internal laws and regulations of states.

3.2 State requirements for pollution preventionmarine environment ship-generated waste

State requirements for the prevention of pollution of water bodies by ship wastes are determined mainly by the relevant sanitary rules, as well as by the rules developed by various regulatory agencies. The requirements related to the disposal of ship-generated waste into water bodies set forth in these documents differ from those determined by the International Convention MARPOL 73/78.

Wastewater. Discharge of untreated CB from vessels (except for high-speed vessels, also having no more than 3 people on board) into inland waters is prohibited. The regulatory documents indicate that the DM to be cleaned and decontaminated should not exceed the following values \u200b\u200bof the controlled indicators, at which their discharge from ships is possible:

BOD5, mg / dmz 50 (for self-propelled ships - no more than 40)

BB, mg / dmz 50

Quantity index, pcs / dmz 1000

As a rule, it is allowed to divert the treated CBs when the vessel is moving at a speed of at least 4 km / h.

At the same time, cleaned NV can be dumped from self-propelled vessels when the vessel is moving at a speed of at least 4 km / h.

Rubbish. In inland waters, it is prohibited to dump any kind of ship's garbage, including food waste.

Legal aspects of protection of water bodies from pollution by ship wastes.

The problem of water basin protection is a complex problem that includes technical, technological, economic, medical and social aspects. All of them are regulated by legal regulations.

The ordinances for the protection of marine basins provide for the obligation of all ministries and departments that have ships and floating equipment to equip ships with separators for the purification of oily water or devices for collecting these waters, other harmful substances, ship wastewater and garbage and delivering them to floating or shore receiving devices ...

Authorized officials within the internal sea and territorial waters have the following rights:

Stop, visit and inspect ships and other floating facilities to find out the reasons and circumstances of the discharge or loss of substances harmful to human health or living resources of water bodies;

Give instructions on how to eliminate violations of the established rules for operations with toxicants;

To detain ships and other floating equipment that have allowed illegal discharge or have not taken the necessary measures to prevent the loss of these substances;

To draw up acts on violation of the rules for the prevention of water pollution, in the prescribed manner to bring the perpetrators to justice.

3. 3 Responsibility of officialsx persons for pollution of the hydrosphere

Responsibility for pollution of water bodies can be:

Civil law (property);

Administrative;

Disciplinary;

Criminal.

Civil liability consists in the obligation of the ship owner to compensate the property damage caused by the ship from pollution of water bodies. There is a list of substances, the discharge of which is prohibited. This list applies to all ships and other floating equipment, regardless of their departmental and national identity, within the sea and territorial waters of the country.

To the administrative individual citizens and officials are held liable. It is envisaged to bring the perpetrators to justice in the form of a fine for water pollution and contamination.

Disciplinaryresponsibility provides for the following penalties: remarks, reprimand, severe reprimand, transfer to a lower-paid job, dismissal. The decision to choose a disciplinary measure is made taking into account the reasons for the violation and its consequences. One of the effective measures of disciplinary responsibility is the deprivation of bonuses for certain categories of workers responsible for the rational use and protection of waters.

Criminalresponsibility provides for imprisonment for a specified period, depending on the type of violation or correctional labor.

The payment for the restoration and protection of water bodies is paid for:

Discharge of wastewater into water bodies, the content of harmful substances in which exceeds the established standards;

Discharge of wastewater into water bodies, the content of harmful substances in which exceeds the established MPD limits;

For the discharge into water bodies of wastewater, the content of harmful substances in which exceeds the established standards, and wastewater of regulatory quality in excess of the established MPD limits, an increased fee is provided.

Questions for self-examination.

1. The negative impact of ships on the quality of atmospheric air.

2. Negative impact of ships on the quality of the hydrosphere and life

3. The negative impact of ships on the pollution of the lithosphere, the impact of the consequences of pollution on the biosphere.

4. The main aspects of environmental protection measures to protect the environment from ships.

LECTURE 4. RULES FOR PREVENTING UPLOADSOIL POISONS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Lecture plan

4.1 Rules for the protection of surface waters from sewage pollution

4.2 Rules for sanitary protection of coastal areas of the seas

4.3 Classification of polluted water treatment methods

Basic theoretical provisions

4 . 1 Surface water protection rules from sewage pollution

protection sea atmospheric pollution

The conditions for the discharge of wastewater into water bodies are regulated by the "Rules for the protection of surface waters from pollution by wastewater" and "Rules for the sanitary protection of coastal areas of the seas". Compliance with the conditions for the discharge of wastewater into water bodies is monitored by sanitary-epidemiological stations and basin departments. The rules establish water quality standards for reservoirs, depending on their functional purpose - fishery, drinking, household and recreational. The rules for the environmental safety of inland and mixed navigation vessels establish clear provisions for supervision, regulate clear requirements for equipment and devices of vessels to prevent pollution of the hydrosphere by oil, wastewater, garbage and treatment facilities (table 1)

Table 1. Classification of polluted water treatment methods

Cleaning method	Classification
1 Removal of solid particles
straining	Metal grilles
upholding	Sand traps - horizontal, with circular movement of water, vertical aerated, combined
Mechanical separation	Open hydrocyclones, pressure hydrocyclones
filtration	Microfilters, electromagnetic filters - constructions Type of material - quartz sand, slag, gravel, anthracite; Single layer, multi layer
2 Cleaning from oil products
upholding	Sediments, oil traps; by types of reagents - Na2CO3, H2SO4, NaCl, Al2 (SO4) 3, NaCl + Al2 (SO4) 3
Mechanical separation	Pressure hydrocyclones
flotation	By the method of bubble formation - pressure, pneumatic, foam, chemical, biological, electroflotation
filtration	Filter material - quartz sand, dolomite, expanded clay, glauconite, polyurethane foam
3 Purification from soluble impurities
Extraction	By types of extractants - benzene, butyl acetate
	Sorbents - activated carbon, ash, peat, sawdust, slag, clay
Neutralization	Types of emitted contaminants - acids, alkalis, reagents - NaOH, KOH, limestone, lime, dolomite, Chalk, marble, magnesite, soda
Electrocoagulation	Emitted contaminants - chromium, other heavy metals, cyanides
Ozonation	By types of emitted contaminants (heavy metals, cyanides, sulfides)
Conditioning	Treatment method - ferric chloride, lime, heat treatment, polyelectrolyte treatment; freezing; electrocoagulation
Dehydration	Drying on sludge beds; vacuum filtration; filter pressing; vibration filtration, thermal drying
4 Purification from inorganic impurities
The use of artificial and natural structures	Treatment method - filtration, irrigation fields, in biological ponds, with natural aeration, with artificial aeration, biological filters, aeration tanks (activated sludge, oxytanks).

The specific capital expenditures for the construction of a primary treatment complex are 1.5-1.8 times less than for secondary treatment, and 8-10 times less than for tertiary treatment. Moreover, water purification up to 99% costs 10 times, and purification up to 99.9% is 100 times more expensive than up to 90%.

...

Pollution of waters, atmosphere, and marine environment (Articles 250, 251, 252 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation)

Water pollution. Article 250 of the Criminal Code establishes criminal liability for pollution, contamination, depletion of surface or underground waters, sources of drinking water supply or other change in their natural properties, if these acts entailed causing significant harm to the animal or plant world, fish stocks, forestry or agriculture (part 1 ), as well as for acts characterized by a higher degree of public danger (parts 2 and 3). In these cases, the qualifying signs are: harm to human health, mass death of animals, water pollution on the territory of a reserve or wildlife sanctuary, in an ecological disaster zone or in an ecological emergency zone, as well as causing human death by negligence.

Article 250 of the Criminal Code provides for criminal liability for crimes of small and medium gravity. All of them are considered completed from the moment of occurrence of any of the specified consequences.

The subject of the crime is surface and underground waters, sources of drinking water supply (main subject); fauna and flora, fish stocks, forestry and agriculture (additional subject).

The objective side of the main corpus delicti includes: a) actions (inaction), consisting in pollution, contamination, depletion, and other changes in the natural properties of waters; b) criminal consequences; c) the causal relationship between the act and the consequences.

Water pollution is actions to discharge or otherwise introduce objects or suspended particles into water bodies that worsen the condition and complicate the use of water bodies (Art. 1 of the Water Code).

Depletion of water is actions consisting in a steady reduction in reserves and deterioration of the quality of surface and groundwater, preventing their normal use by exceeding the water intake limits for industrial, agricultural, municipal and other needs, failure to comply with hydrotechnical measures to preserve water reserves, etc. not naturally recoverable and leading to a deterioration in their quality, loss of self-cleaning ability, etc.

Other changes in the natural properties of waters are a deterioration in the biological diversity of waters, their physical properties (electromagnetic, thermal, medicinal, radiation) by conducting explosive, construction and other works directly on water bodies, their bottom and in water protection zones or on the banks of a water body.

Inaction as an element of the objective side can be expressed in non-installation of water-regulating devices and water-metering devices during the construction of hydraulic structures, failure to take measures to prepare (clean) the reservoir bed for flooding, non-extraction of toxic substances from wastewater before they are discharged into water bodies, etc.

The subject of the crime is a person who has reached the age of 16.

The subjective side of the crime is expressed in the form of indirect intent.

Air pollution. Article 251 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation establishes criminal liability for violation of the rules for the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere, as well as for violation of the operation of installations, structures and other objects that entailed pollution or other changes in the natural properties of air. The qualifying features distinguished by the consequences of these acts are: harm to human health and death of a person by negligence.

The crime is considered completed from the moment of occurrence of any of the specified consequences.

The subject of this crime is atmospheric air, that is, the natural mixture of gases in the surface layer of the atmosphere, formed during the evolution of the Earth.

The objective side of criminal air pollution includes actions (inaction), consisting in violation of the rules for the emission of pollutants or violation of the operation of installations, structures and other objects, the consequences in the form of pollution or other changes in the properties of air, a causal relationship between them.

Violation of the emission rules established by regulatory legal acts consists in actions the commission of which is either directly prohibited by law, or was carried out in violation of the grounds, order, volume, quality composition, time and other conditions of emission established by the rules, or in inaction (failure to fulfill the obligations directly provided for by the relevant procedures and instructions, not taking control measurements, not turning on equipment, etc.).

Violation of the operation of installations, structures and other objects consists either in active actions (untimely replacement of filters, shutdown of equipment, change of operating modes of installations, etc.), or in inaction.

Emissions are emissions from a source to the atmosphere.

Air pollution is the introduction or formation of pollutants in its composition in concentrations that exceed quality standards or levels of natural content. Another change in the natural properties of atmospheric air occurs in the case of an increase in the concentration of chemicals or suspended particles in it, which affects the transparency, the ozone content, which changes the thermal regime, radiation, noise, electromagnetic indicators in excess of sanitary-hygienic and environmental standards for a given region, taking into account the natural background.

The subject of a crime is a special person, that is, a person who, by the relevant acts, is entrusted with the obligation to maintain order and control the emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, over the operation of stationary and mobile installations, structures and other objects, including vehicles.

The subjective side is characterized by indirect intent.

Marine pollution. Article 252 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation establishes criminal liability for pollution of the marine environment from sources located on land, as well as for pollution of the marine environment due to violation of the rules for burial or discharge from vehicles or artificial structures erected at sea of \u200b\u200bsubstances and materials harmful to human health and living resources of the sea or interfering with the lawful use of the marine environment. Qualifying signs are allocated according to the consequences of the indicated criminal acts. These include: causing significant harm to human health, fauna or flora, fish stocks, the environment, recreation areas or other legally protected interests, as well as causing human death by negligence.

A crime is considered completed from the moment of causing any of the consequences listed in the text of the article - pollution of the marine environment (according to part 1), harm to objects protected by criminal law (according to part 2), death of a person (according to part 3).

Article 252 of the Criminal Code contains several elements of a crime:

1.the main composition of pollution of the marine environment with specific regulation of criminal consequences and alternative features of a complexly constructed objective side;
2. qualified compositions of the first degree of public danger with alternative signs on the subject of encroachment;
3. qualified staff of the second (increased) degree of public danger.

The article provides for crimes of small and medium gravity.

The subject of the crime is the marine environment, that is, internal sea waters, territorial sea waters, waters covering the continental shelf of the Russian Federation, the open sea, as well as the living resources of the sea, inextricably linked with the habitat. The objective side includes the act (pollution), the consequences, the causal relationship between them.

Pollution of the marine environment - the introduction of substances and materials into it that deteriorate the quality of the marine environment, restrict its use, leading to the destruction, reduction, depletion or disease of the living resources of the sea.

The objective side of qualified compositions also includes the onset of consequences in the form of significant harm to human health, flora or fauna, fish stocks, i.e. mass death of marine biological resources (fish, marine mammals, other animals and organisms, marine plants, destruction of commercial fish stocks or their food supplies within a certain region (water area), as well as causing significant damage to recreation areas, i.e., coastal strip and sea water area used for recreational purposes, and the causal relationship between the act and the specified consequences.

The subjective side of the crime is characterized by indirect intent (the person who committed the crime was aware of the socially dangerous nature of his action or inaction, foresaw its socially dangerous consequences and deliberately allowed their occurrence.).

The subject of the crime is special. It can be a person who has reached the age of 16, who is entrusted with official (professional) responsibilities for observing the rules for protecting the marine environment from pollution, monitoring compliance with the rules for the burial and discharge of pollutants and materials from transport ships, structures artificially erected at sea. Consequently, the subjects may be the captains and owners of ships, other officials, owners, managers and other officials of structures erected in the sea, officials of enterprises who have allowed pollution of the sea from land.

Marine pollution - the entry into the marine environment of substances or energy that cause or may damage biological resources, human health and his activities at sea (interfering with fishing, reducing the quality of sea water used, deteriorating recreation conditions, and so on). The main pollutants of the oceans are oil and petroleum products, which exacerbate their damage to wastewater, household waste and air pollution.

The main causes of oil pollution in the sea are:

Damage to ships as a result of accidents;

Intentional discharge of oil or oily substances into the marine environment;

Spill of oil products during cargo or bunkering operations;

Small emissions of oil products during the normal operation of ships (washout of oil products from the deck as a result of rains, overflow through the nibs of air pipes)

The largest oil spills in the 21st century

1. In January 2000, a major oil spill occurred in Brazil. More than 1.3 million liters of oil got into the waters of Guanabara Bay, on the banks of which Rio de Janeiro is located, from the Petrobras pipeline, which led to the largest environmental disaster in the history of the metropolis.

2. In November 2002, the Prestige tanker broke and sank off the coast of Spain. 64 thousand tons of fuel oil got into the sea. € 2.5 million was spent on eliminating the consequences of the accident.

3. In August 2006, a tanker crashed in the Philippines. Then were polluted 300 km of coast in two provinces of the country, 500 hectares of mangrove forests and 60 hectares of algae plantations. The Taklong Marine Reserve was also affected, with 29 species of coral and 144 species of fish inhabited. The fuel oil spill affected about 3,000 Filipino families.

4. On November 11, 2007, a storm in the Kerch Strait caused an unprecedented emergency in the Azov and Black Seas - four ships sank in one day, six more ran aground, and two tankers were damaged. More than 2 thousand tons of fuel oil spilled out of the broken tanker "Volgoneft-139" into the sea, about 7 thousand tons of sulfur were on the sunken dry-cargo ships.

5.On April 20, 2010 at 22:00 local time, an explosion occurred on the Deepwater Horizon platform, causing a massive fire. As a result of the explosion, seven people were injured, four of them are in critical condition, 11 people are missing. In total, at the time of the emergency, 126 people were employed on the drilling platform, which is larger than two football fields, and about 2.6 million liters of diesel fuel were stored. The platform's productivity was 8,000 barrels per day. It is estimated that in the Gulf of Mexico, up to 5,000 barrels (about 700 tons) of oil are poured into the water per day. However, experts do not exclude that in the near future this figure may reach 50 thousand barrels per day due to the appearance of additional leaks in the well pipe. Oil spots were found in the water column of the Gulf of Mexico (one slick 16 km long, 90 meters thick at a depth of up to 1300 meters).