V k i which means the formula. Formulas study guide for computer science. ©. formula purpose calculation calculation by formulas is the main purpose of creating a document in a tabular environment
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Information processes- these are the processes associated with the receipt, storage, processing and transmission of information.
In computer science, information processes are considered, so the question of determining the amount of information is important. The quantitative measure of information will allow the approach to information as to the reduction of the uncertainty of knowledge.
In the world around us, there are many phenomena that each time occur somewhat differently, lead to an unexpected result. These phenomena are called random. Chance plays an important role in human life. The concept of "His Majesty the Case" has long existed.
Many phenomena in technology, nature and other fields are also random in nature, that is, it is impossible to accurately predict how the phenomenon will occur. But when observing this phenomenon a sufficient number of times under constant conditions, it is possible to describe its course quantitatively. For example, when a coin is tossed, it is impossible to predict whether "heads" or "tails" will come out.
Random experimentor experience, there is a process in which different outcomes are possible, so that one cannot predict in advance what the outcome will be. The experience is characterized by the fact that, in principle, it can be repeated as many times as you like. Of particular importance is the multitude of possible, mutually exclusive outcomes of experience (elementary events).
If experience is subdivided only into a finite number of elementary events, which are also equally probable, then they say that we are talking about the classical case. Examples of such experiments are coin toss and dice tosses. For experiments of this type, Laplace had developed the theory of probability. (P (A) \u003d the number of elementary events favorable for A / the number of all possible elementary events).
Let there be a six-sided cube that we will throw on a flat surface. One of six possible events will happen with equal probability - the cube will be in one of six positions: one of six faces will fall out. We can speak of equally probable events if, with an increasing number of experiments, the number of drops of each of the faces will gradually approach each other. Before the throw itself, six events are possible, that is, there is an uncertainty in our knowledge, we cannot predict how many points will fall out. After the event has occurred, there is complete certainty, since we receive a visual message that the cube is currently in a certain state. The uncertainty of our knowledge has decreased, one of six equally probable events has occurred.
The initial uncertainty of our knowledge depends on the initial number of possible equiprobable events. The larger it is, the more information the message about the results of the experiment will contain.
As a unit of information, the amount of information is taken that contains a message that halves the uncertainty of knowledge. Such a unit is called a bit (from binary digit - binary digit).
Using the game "Guess the Number" as an example, we can consider reducing uncertainty. One of the participants guesses an integer (for example, 30) from a given interval (for example, from 1 to 32), the goal of the second is to "guess" the number of the first participant. For the second player, the initial uncertainty of knowledge is 32 possible events. To find a number, you need to get a certain amount of information. The first participant can only answer "yes" and "no". The second should choose the following strategy: sequentially, at each step, reduce the uncertainty of knowledge by half. To do this, he must divide the numerical interval in half by asking his questions.
Game protocol.
It took 5 questions to guess the number from 1 to 32. The amount of information required to determine one of the 32 numbers was 5 bits.
The number of possible events K and the amount of information I are related by the formula:
This formula allows you to determine:
the amount of information, if the number of events is known;
the number of possible events, if the amount of information is known;
1. Candies are in one of 10 boxes. Determine information uncertainty.
2. The notebook lies on one of the two shelves - top or bottom. How many bits are there in the message that it is on the bottom shelf?
Answer: 1 bit.
3. The ball is in one of three boxes: A, B or C. Determine the information uncertainty.
4. The ball is in one of the 32 urns. How many pieces of information will the message contain about where he is?
Answer: 5 bits.
5. How many questions should be asked and how should they be formulated to find out which of the 16 tracks does your train leave from?
Answer: 4 questions.
6. How much information will the first player receive after the first move of the second player in the game "tic-tac-toe" on a 4 x 4 field?
7. After the implementation of one of the possible events, we received the amount of information equal to 15 bits. How many possible events were there originally?
8. Determine the strategy of guessing one card from a deck of 32 playing cards (all four sixes are missing), if the answers are “yes” or “no”.
One of the strategies:
|
Second question |
The first answer |
Number of possible events (uncertainty of knowledge) |
Received amount of information |
|
A red card is conceived | |||
|
Are you planning a cross suit? | |||
|
Planned a picture map? | |||
|
Are you planning a queen or an ace of the cross suit? | |||
|
Have you got a jack of the cross suit? |
Formula Purpose Calculation Formula calculation is the main purpose of document creation in the table processor... Formula Formula is the main data processing tool. Formula A formula links the data contained in different cells to obtain a new calculated value from that data.
Rules for writing formulas A formula is a mathematical expression written according to the rules established in a spreadsheet environment. A formula can include: –constants (values \u200b\u200bthat do not change during the calculation), –variables, –signs of arithmetic operations (“+”, “-”, “*”, “/”), –brackets, –functions.
An example of a formula with the constant C2 \u003d A2 + B2 + 5 ABCDEFG
MATHEMATICAL functions Record type Purpose ROOT (…) Calculation of the square root ABS (…) Calculation of the absolute value (modulus) of a number INT (…) Rounding of the number or result of the expression specified in brackets to the nearest integer PI () The value of the mathematical constant "PI" (3 , ...) GCD (...) Greatest common divisor of several numbers RAND () Calculation of a random number between 0 and 1
Functions DATE AND TIME Record type Purpose TODAY () The value of today's date as a date in numeric format MONTH (date) Calculation of the ordinal number of the month in the year by the specified date DAY (date) Calculation of the ordinal number of the day in the month according to the specified date YEAR (date) Calculation of the year according to the specified date
Logic functions AND (condition1; condition2; ...) - calculates values \u200b\u200b(TRUE, FALSE) logical operation "AND" OR (condition1; condition2; ...) - calculates the values \u200b\u200b(TRUE, FALSE) of the logical operation "OR" IF (condition; value_True; value_False) - calculates values \u200b\u200bdepending on the fulfillment of the condition
Link properties NameEnterWhen copying Input technology Relative C3 Changes to match the new cell position Click in the cell Absolute $ C $ 3 Does not change Click in a cell, press F4 until the address is converted to the desired form Mixed C $ 3 Does not change the row number $ C3 Does not change the column number
Rule for copying formulas When copying formulas, the program itself will change the relative references in accordance with the new position of the calculated cell. The program will leave absolute links unchanged. For a mixed link, only one part changes (not marked with a $).
3.2. Formulas
In formulas, the symbols established by the relevant state standards should be used. Calculation by formulas is carried out in basic units of measurement, formulas are written as follows: first, the formula is written in letter notation, after the equal sign, instead of each letter, its numerical value is substituted in the basic system of units of measurement; then an equal sign is put and the final result is written with a unit of measurement. Explanations of the symbols and numerical coefficients included in the formula, if they are not explained earlier in the text, should be given directly below the formula. Explanations of each symbol should be given on a new line in the order in which the symbols are given in the formula. The first line of explanation must begin with the word "where" without a colon after it. For instance,
The density of each sample r, kg / m 3, is calculated by the formula
(1)
where m is the mass of the sample, kg;
V - sample volume, m 3.
Formulas following one after the other and not separated by text are separated by commas.
It is allowed to transfer formulas to the next line only on the signs of the operations performed, and the sign at the beginning of the next line is repeated. When transferring a formula to the multiplication sign, use the "x" sign.
The formula is numbered if further in the text it is required. Formulas, with the exception of formulas placed in the appendix, must be numbered end-to-end numbering Arabic numerals, which are written at the formula level on the right in parentheses. Numbering is allowed within the section. In this case, the formula number consists of the section number and the ordinal number of the formula, separated by a dot. For example, formula (3.1).
Formulas placed in annexes should be numbered with a separate numbering, Arabic numbering within each annex, with the appendix designation added before each digit. For example, formula (A.1).
The distance between the formula and the text, as well as between the formulas, must be 10 mm.
Entering one letter into the printed formula is not allowed! In this case, the entire formula is written by hand.
3.3. Illustrations and applications
Illustrative material can be presented in the form of diagrams, graphs, etc. The illustrations placed in the text and attachments of the explanatory note are referred to as drawings.
Illustrations are made in black ink, paste or ink on a separate sheet as close as possible to the reference to it in the text.
Illustrations, with the exception of illustrations of applications, should be numbered with Arabic numerals within the section, or sequentially numbered. For example, "Figure 1", "Figure 1.1", "Figure 2.1".
The illustration, if necessary, can have a name and explanatory data (figure text). The word "Figure" and the name are placed after the explanatory text without a dot at the end as in Figure 3.4.1.
All drawings larger than A4 are included in the attachments. Appendices are drawn up as a continuation of this document and placed at the end of the explanatory note in the order of their references in the text. All attachments must be referenced in the text of the document. Each appendix should start on a new sheet with the word "Appendix" and its designation indicated at the top in the middle of the page (Figure 3.4.2). For example, "Appendix A". The application should have a title that is written in the middle of the page, symmetrically relative to the text with capital letter... Figures and tables located in the application are numbered within the application, with the addition of the application designation before the number. For example, "Figure A.1".
Applications denote in capital letters alphabet, starting with A, except for the letters E, Z, Y, O, H, b, Y, b. It is allowed to designate an application with letters of the Latin alphabet, except for the letters I and O. Applications are performed on sheets of A4, A3, A4X3, A4x4, A2, A1 in accordance with GOST 2.301.
Appendices should share sequential pagination with the rest of the document.
3.4. Tables
Tables are used for better clarity and ease of comparison of indicators.
The word "Table", its number and name are placed on the left above the table. The name of the table, if any, should reflect its content, be precise and short. The name of the table is written down through a dash after the word "Table" with a capital letter without a dot at the end. For instance:
Table 2.1 - Technical data
The table can contain a head and a side. The head and side of the table should be separated by a line from the rest of the table. Tables on the left, right, and bottom are usually delimited with lines. The minimum line height is 8 mm, the maximum is not regulated.
Column "in order" is not done. If it is necessary to number the columns, the number is written directly in the line. The headings of the columns and rows of the table should be written with a capital letter, and the subheadings of the graph with lowercase letter, if they form one sentence with a heading, or with a capital letter, if they have an independent meaning. At the end of the headings and subheadings of tables, periods are not put. Column headings and subheadings are indicated in the singular.
To shorten the text of headings and subheadings, individual concepts are replaced by letter designations established by GOST 2.321, or other designations if they are explained in the text, for example, D - diameter, h - height.
It is not allowed to separate the headings and subheadings of the sidebar and the graph with diagonal lines. The spacing between lines in table headers can be reduced to one spacing. Horizontal and vertical lines delimiting the rows of the table may not be drawn if their absence does not complicate the use of the table.
As a rule, graph headers are written parallel to the table rows. If necessary, the perpendicular arrangement of the headings of the columns is allowed.
The table, depending on its size, is placed under the text in which the link to it is first given, or on the next page, and, if necessary, in the appendix to the document. It is allowed to place the table along the long side of the document sheet.
If the table is interrupted at the end of the page, its continuation is placed on the next page. In this case, the lower horizontal line is not drawn in the first part of the table. The word "Table" and its number and name are indicated above the first part of the table, above the other parts they write the words "Continuation of the table" indicating the number of the table. When transferring a part of a table to the same or other pages, the name of the table is placed only above the first part of the table.
If the rows or columns of the table go beyond the format of the page, it is divided into parts, placing one part under another or next to it, while in each part of the table the head and side are repeated. When dividing a table into parts, it is allowed to replace its head or side, respectively, with the number of columns and lines. In this case, the columns and (or) lines of the first part of the table are numbered in Arabic numerals.
All tables, with the exception of the annex tables, should be numbered with Arabic numerals sequentially. It is allowed to number tables within a section. In this case, the table number consists of the section number and the table number, separated by a dot.
The tables of each annex are designated by separate numbering in Arabic numerals with the addition of an appendix before the number, for example, "Table A.1".
All tables of the document must be referenced in the text; when linking, the word "table" with its number is written in full.
If the table column contains values \u200b\u200bof the same physical quantity, i.e. the values \u200b\u200bhave one dimension, then the designation of the unit of the physical quantity is indicated in the heading (subheading) of this column. For instance,
Table 2.4 - Table name
If all values \u200b\u200bof quantities in the table have the same dimension, then the designation of the unit of the physical quantity is indicated after the title of the table. For instance,
Table 1 - Attenuation in communication sections, dB
| Section A - B | Section B - C | Section C - D | Section D - E |
| 18 | 36 | 24 | 15 |
If the names of the lines are repeated, then the next line is written "the same", and in the 3rd and 4th quotes \u003e\u003e or - "-. If only part of the phrase is repeated, it can be replaced with the words" the same "and the last addition. In the columns, such a replacement is not allowed. Replacing repeated numbers in the table, mathematical signs, percent signs and numbers, designation of grades of materials and standard sizes of products, designation of regulatory documents is not allowed.
Table 2.1 - Table name
An empty window is not left in the table, a dash is inserted. Decimal numbers related to one indicator must have the same number of digits after the decimal point. Numerical values \u200b\u200bin the columns of the table should be put down so that the digits of the numbers in the entire column are located one below the other, if they refer to the same indicator.