21st	XXI
20th	XX
19th	XIX
18th	Xviii
17th	Xvii
16th	Xvi
15th	Xv
14th	XIV
13th	XIII
12th	XII
11th	XI
10th	X
9th	IX
8th	VIII
7th	Vii
6th	VI
5th	V
4th	IV
3rd	III
2nd	II
1st	I

Roman numerals, invented more than 2500 years ago, were used by Europeans for two millennia, then they were superseded by Arabic numerals. This happened because Roman numerals are difficult to write down, and any arithmetic operations in the Roman system are much more difficult to perform than in the Arabic numeral system. Despite the fact that today the Roman system is not often used, this does not mean that it has become irrelevant. In most cases, centuries are denoted in Roman numerals, but it is customary to write years or exact dates in Arabic numerals.

Roman numerals are also used when writing ordinal numbers of monarchs, encyclopedic volumes, valences of various chemical elements. On the dials of wristwatches, Roman numerals are also often used.

Roman numerals are specific signs used to record decimal places and their halves. Only seven are used for this. capital letters Latin alphabet. Number 1 corresponds to the Roman numeral I, 5 - V, 10 - X, 50 - L, 100 - C, 500 - D, 1000 - M. When denoting natural numbers, these numbers are repeated. So 2 can be written using two times I, that is, 2 - II, 3 - three letters I, that is, 3 - III. If the smaller digit is in front of the larger one, then the principle of subtraction is used (the smaller digit is subtracted from the larger one). So, the number 4 is depicted as IV (that is, 5-1).

In the case when a large number is ahead of a smaller one, they are added, for example, 6 is written in the Roman system as VI (that is, 5 + 1).

If you are used to writing numbers in Arabic numerals, then some difficulties may arise when you need to write centuries in Roman numerals, any number or date. It is very easy and very fast to convert any number from the Arabic system to the Roman numeral system and vice versa, using the convenient converter on our website.

On the computer keyboard, just go to English to easily write any number in Roman numerals.

Apparently, the ancient Romans preferred straight lines, so all their numbers are straight and strict. However, Roman numerals are nothing more than a simplified representation of the fingers of a human hand. The numbers from one to four resemble outstretched fingers, the number five can be compared to an open palm, where the thumb is protruding. And the number ten resembles two crossed arms. In European countries, it is customary to unbend fingers when counting, but in Russia, on the contrary, to bend.

In many educational and popular science materials, the idea is widespread that Kiev became the capital in 882, after the city was captured by Prince Oleg. This statement, as a rule, is based on a story from "The Tale of Bygone Years", which, under the year 882, says: "And Oleg the prince in Kiev, and Oleg's speech: behold mother with the city of Russia." At first glance, everything is obvious, but the latest research by specialists in history Ancient Rus show that the formation of ideas about Kiev as a capital was a much more complex and lengthy process.

Examples of using

In 882, Rurik's successor, Prince of Novgorod, Oleg the Prophet, captured Kiev, which from that time became the capital of Russia... (Wikipedia, Capitals of Russia)

In 882 Kiev became the capital of Russia and since then received the honorary title of "mother of Russian cities"... (Material on the site "Because.Ru")

V.M. Vasnetsov... Baptism of Russia. 1885-1896.

Reality

A fairly detailed analysis of how the ideas about Kiev as a capital were formed was given in his article “Was there a capital in Ancient Rus” by A.V. Nazarenko.

The term "capital" itself, the researcher writes, is not recorded in the Old Russian language. Known for its analogue, "table", or "capital city". However, the "table" was not only Kiev, but also a number of other cities of Russia, which were owned by representatives of the ancient Russian princely family, for example, Novgorod. Kiev, being the capital, should at least be distinguished by some specific definition, or generally be called something else.

Such epithets do appear in sources, but only in the XI-XII centuries. One of them, "the oldest city", is recorded in the "Tale of Bygone Years", in the story about the events of 1096: about the invitation of the Kiev prince Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich and Pereyaslavsky, Vladimir Vsevolodovich (Monomakh), their cousin Oleg Svyatoslavovich, to Kiev, to conclude an agreement. In another text, "A Word for Renewal Church of the Tithes", Dating back to the middle of the XII century, Kiev was called" the elder in the city ", the Kiev prince -" the elder in the princes ", and the local metropolitan -" the elder in the saints ".

Another definition, the very “mother of cities”, is a direct tracing-paper from the Greek mHtropolis, from one of the epithets of Constantinople and is used to “equalize” the status of Kiev with that of Tsargrad, Nazarenko notes. According to him, this expression is not so common anymore; in addition to the chronicle story about the capture of Kiev by Oleg, attention is drawn to its use in the service to commemorate the illumination in 1051/3 of the Church of St. George in Kiev; here the city is also called "the first capital".

The concept of an all-Russian capital was formed in the XI-XIII centuries, the author of the article notes. The very idea of ​​a single, main "capital city", according to A.V. Nazarenko, organically belongs to the complex of imperial political ideas; attempts to form and implement it have been repeatedly undertaken in the Western, Latin world. Plans for a united capital were repeatedly undertaken by Frankish and later German rulers, he writes. So, Charlemagne tried to create a nationwide center parallel to Rome with elements of sacralization in Aachen. Otto III tried to embody the same, essentially "rimocentric" idea, trying to organize an empire centered in Rome according to the late antique model. An apologist for the empire ruled from Rome was Frederick I Barbarossa. However, a number of such important factors as the fragmentation of the feudal period, political and ecclesiastical polycentricity (as well as the opposition of these centers) did not allow this idea to be embodied in the West.

In Russia, where a similar concept could have developed based on the Constantinople, and not on the Roman model, its formation was significantly facilitated by the era of autocracy of Vladimir the Saint and Yaroslav the Wise, during which a fairly developed metropolitan ideological complex was formed around Kiev, which contributed, according to A. V. Nazarenko, further, more distinct crystallization of the idea of ​​the eldership of Kiev. In addition, the researcher notes, the fundamental connection that existed between the ecclesiastical-administrative unity of the country and the idea of ​​the political sovereignty of its ruler made the existence of an all-Russian Kiev metropolis an important prerequisite for the formation of the idea of ​​the state unity of Russia and its preservation in conditions of political particularism, which, in turn , stabilized the idea of ​​Kiev as the capital of Rus as a whole. Together, this formed a solid ideological complex, which determined the amazing historical survival of the idea and feeling of all-Russian unity, concludes A.V. Nazarenko.

Sources and Literature

A.V. Nazarenko Was there a capital in Ancient Russia? Some comparative historical and terminological observations // A.V. Nazarenko. Ancient Russia and the Slavs (historical and philological research). Ancient Russia and the Slavs ( The oldest states Eastern Europe, 2007). M., 2009.S. 103-113.

1. Weakness of royal power in France.

Power last kings from the Carolingian dynasty in France has significantly weakened. Contemporaries gave the kings humiliating nicknames: Karl the Tolstoy, Karl the Simple, Louis Zaika, Louis the Lazy. At the end of the 10th century, the large feudal lords of France elected the rich and influential Count of Paris - Hugo Capet as king (the nickname was given by the name of his beloved headdress - the hood). From then until the end of the 18th century, the royal throne remained in the hands of the Capetian dynasty or its lateral branches - Valois, Bourbons.

The French kingdom then consisted of 14 large fiefdoms. Many feudal lords had more extensive lands than the king himself. The dukes and earls considered the king only the first among equals and did not always obey his orders. The king owned a domain (domain) in the north-east of the country with the cities of Paris on the Seine and Orleans on the Loire. But the king was not the master in the rest of the lands, where the castles of rebellious vassals towered. In the words of a contemporary, the inhabitants of these "hornets' nests" "devoured the country with their robbery."

The king then did not have power over the entire country. He did not issue general laws for the country, he could not collect taxes from its population. Therefore, the king did not have a permanent strong army or paid officials. His military forces consisted of detachments of vassals who received fiefs in his possession, and he ruled with the help of his courtiers1.

2. Formation of the Holy Roman Empire. In Germany, the king's power was at first stronger than in France. A unified state was necessary for protection from external enemies.

Attacks by the Hungarians (Magyars) were very frequent. These tribes of nomadic pastoralists moved at the end of the 9th century from the foothills of the Southern Urals to Europe and occupied the plain between the Danube and Tissa rivers. From there, the light cavalry of the Hungarians raided countries Western Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. It broke through the Rhine and even went as far as Paris. But Germany suffered the most: the Hungarians ravaged and captured many of its inhabitants.

In 955, German and Czech troops led by the German king Otto I utterly defeated the Hungarians in a battle in southern Germany. Soon the invasions of the Hungarians stopped, and they began to move to a sedentary life. Around 1000, the Hungarians converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Hungary was formed.

In 962, taking advantage of the fragmentation of Italy, Otto I made a campaign against Rome, and the pope proclaimed him emperor. In addition to Germany, part of Italy fell under the rule of Otto I. So the Roman Empire was rebuilt once more. Later, this formation began to be called the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation.

The emperor wanted to be considered the head of all the rulers of Europe. But real power was limited. Even the Germanic dukes gradually achieved independence from him. The population of Italy did not stop fighting the invaders. Each new German king, in order to be crowned the imperial crown, had to make a campaign across the Alps and conquer Italy again.

Both Germany and Italy at that time were also not united states. Like France, they consisted of many separate independent duchies, counties, baronies, etc., each of which had its own main city, its sovereign, its own flag and coat of arms. Feudal fragmentation in these countries existed throughout the Middle Ages.

3. Legend and reality in the history of England. In the Middle Ages, legends about the brave and mighty king of English Arthur and his companions - the knights of the Round Table were widely known. Knights performed many feats in the fight against wizards, giants and other monsters. These legends formed the basis of many medieval poems and novels. From the legends about King Arthur came the idea of ​​a round table: during negotiations and meetings, it signified (and denotes to this day) the equality and dignity of each participant in the meeting.

Arthur probably really existed in the 6th century, but he was not a king, but the leader of the Britons - the ancient inhabitants of the island. Arthur led the resistance of the Britons to the invasion of Britain from the continent of the Germans - Angles and Saxons, which began after the withdrawal of the Roman troops from the island.

The Britons fought for their freedom for about two centuries, but in the end they were either exterminated or pushed back to the western regions of the island, partially turned into dependent people. Part of the Britons moved to the north of Gaul and settled on the Brittany Peninsula. Over time, the tribes of Angles and Saxons formed seven kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons in Britain. They were constantly at enmity with each other.

As early as the IV century, missionaries began to arrive in Britain - the pope's envoys to spread Christianity. Many monasteries were founded on the island. But the transition of the population to Christianity lasted for more than one hundred years.

4. Who are the Normans. One June day in 793, the inhabitants of a small monastery on an island near the north east england saw the sails of unfamiliar ships in the sea. Severe warriors with battle axes in their hands attacked the monastery, robbed and burned it; some monks were killed, others were taken away into captivity.

Since that time, for about two and a half centuries, the Normans ("people of the north") - the northern Germans: Norwegians, Swedes, Danes - attacked Britain and other European countries.

They inhabited the Scandinavian and Jutland peninsulas, the islands of the North Sea and the western Baltic. The many mountain ranges, dense forests, stony and poor soils - all made Scandinavia unsuitable for agriculture. It was practiced only in river valleys. Livestock was raised on mountain pastures. The inhabitants of the coastal strip fished, hunted whales and walruses.

Many Scandinavians left their homeland. They went on sea voyages in order to seize prey or fertile lands. The Scandinavians themselves called the participants in the campaigns Vikings. The Vikings acted first as robbers, then as traders of prey, then as conquerors or peaceful settlers.

5. "God, save us from the fury of the Normans!"

The attacks of the Normans caught the population of Western Europe by surprise. Seeing from afar their long, deckless ships, each carrying up to a hundred people, under a rectangular woolen red or striped sail, with frightening carved heads of dragons or snakes on their noses, the inhabitants of the coast rushed to take refuge in the forests along with cattle and domestic belongings. Those who did not have time to hide died under the blows of battle axes or were taken out as prisoners from their homes. Everything that the attackers could not take with them, they burned. People at that time often prayed like this: "God, deliver us from the fury of the Normans!"

From attacks on the coast, in small detachments, the Normans moved on to large campaigns. Their leaders set up camp at the mouths of large rivers, gathered forces here, and then, moving up against the current, penetrated into the interior of the country. Several times the Normans besieged Paris, and attacked other cities in France. The kings had to buy them off with silver.

Normans from the south and east of Scandinavia, known in Russia as the Varangians, made campaigns to Eastern Europe. They reached the upper reaches of the Volga and descended along its course into the Caspian Sea, where they traded with the Arabs and other peoples of the East. The Varangians moved along the Dnieper to the Black Sea and reached Constantinople. It was a great journey from the Varangians to the Greeks. The Varangians, especially the Swedes and Norwegians, often settled in Russia (served as warriors) and mixed with the Slavs. From one of their leaders - Rurik, the princes of Ancient Russia (Rurikovich) led their family.

The Normans skirted the Iberian Peninsula, penetrated the Mediterranean Sea, attacked the cities of southern France and Italy, and the islands.

The Normans were great sailors and warriors. But, of course, the successes of the Normans were caused mainly by the weakness of the countries of Europe, torn apart by internecine wars and mutual strife.

6. The struggle of the Anglo-Saxons with the Normans. Natives of Scandinavia, mainly from Jutland, settled en masse in Ireland and East Anglia. The Danes (they were then called Danes) managed to capture a significant part of England along with the city of London. The situation in the country became desperate.

The king of one of the states, Alfred, who was later named the Great (871-899), led the struggle of the Anglo-Saxons against the Danes. He was an educated man and invited learned monks from other parts of Europe to England; on his instructions, the first general English collection of laws was compiled.

At first, Alfred suffered defeat from the Danes. He and his troops had to hide in the forests and secretly gather military forces. Along with the militia of the peasants, Alfred created a cavalry army. For defense against the Danes, he built fortresses, built a navy to prevent the landing of enemies on the coast.

Alfred stopped the onslaught of the Danes and threw them back across the River Thames, liberating London. Under Alfred's successors, the Anglo-Saxons subdued the local Danes and England united into a single state.

7. States of the Normans. In the 9th-11th centuries, the kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden and Norway were formed in the Scandinavian countries. But for a long time the kings had to tame the rebellious nobility. After the royal power in Denmark was strengthened, large armies were sent to England. English kings were forced for many years to pay tribute to the Normans in gold and silver - the so-called Danish money.

At the beginning of the 10th century, one of the Norman detachments managed to gain a foothold in the north of France. The territory they occupied became known as the Duchy of Normandy.

Now immigrants from Normandy began to sail in the Mediterranean Sea. The leaders of the Normans, having conquered the southern part of Italy and Sicily, united them into a single Sicilian kingdom.

Like many conquerors, the Normans over time, settling on new lands, stopped robberies and robberies, turned into peaceful people, began to engage in trade and enjoy the benefits of European culture. The Norman warriors adopted the Christian faith and mingled with the locals.

Since the XI century, the campaigns of the Normans in other countries have ceased: the European states could already repulse them.

INTRODUCTION

Throughout the VI - IX centuries. among the Eastern Slavs, there was a process of class formation and the creation of the prerequisites for feudalism. The territory on which the ancient Russian statehood began to take shape was located at the intersection of the routes along which the migration of peoples and tribes took place, nomadic routes ran. The South Russian steppes were the arena of an endless struggle of shifting tribes and peoples. Often, Slavic tribes attacked the border regions of the Byzantine Empire.

In the VII century. in the steppes between the Lower Volga, Don and the North Caucasus, a Khazar state was formed. Slavic tribes in the regions of the Lower Don and Azov fell under his rule, however, retaining a certain autonomy. The territory of the Khazar kingdom extended to the Dnieper and the Black Sea. At the beginning of the VIII century. the Arabs inflicted a crushing defeat on the Khazars, and through the North Caucasus deeply invaded the north, reaching the Don. Big number Slavs - allies of the Khazars - were taken prisoner.

From the north, the Varangians (Normans, Vikings) penetrate into the Russian lands. At the beginning of the VIII century. they settled around Yaroslavl, Rostov and Suzdal, establishing control over the territory from Novgorod to Smolensk. Some of the northern colonists penetrate into southern Russia, where they mix with the Rus, adopting their name. In Tmutarakan, the capital of the Russian-Varangian Kaganate was formed, which ousted the Khazar rulers. In their struggle, the opponents turned to the Emperor of Constantinople for an alliance.

In such a complex ooetanovka, the consolidation of the Slavic tribes into political unions took place, which became the embryo of the formation of a single East Slavic statehood.

In the IX century. As a result of the centuries-old development of East Slavic society, the early feudal state of Rus was formed with its center in Kiev. Gradually, all East Slavic tribes united in Kievan Rus.

The topic of the history of Kievan Rus considered in the work is not only interesting, but also very relevant. Last years passed under the sign of changes in many areas of the life of Russians. The way of life of many people has changed, the system of life values ​​has changed. Knowledge of the history of Russia, the spiritual traditions of the Russian people, is very important for enhancing the national self-awareness of Russians. The growing interest in the historical past of the Russian people, in its spiritual values ​​is also a sign of the nation's rebirth.

FORMATION OF THE ANCIENT RUSSIAN STATE IN THE IX CENTURY

The time from the 6th to the 9th centuries is still the last stage of the primitive communal system, the time of class formation and the imperceptible, at first glance, but steady growth of the prerequisites for feudalism. The most valuable monument containing information about the beginning of the Russian state is the chronicle collection "The Tale of Bygone Years, where the Russian land came from, and who began to reign in Kiev and where the Russian land became", compiled by the Kiev monk Nestor around 1113.

Having begun his story, like all medieval historians, with global flood, Nestor tells about the settlement of Western and Eastern Slavs in Europe in antiquity. He divides the East Slavic tribes into two groups, the level of development of which, according to his description, was not the same. Some of them lived, as he put it, in a “beastly manner”, preserving the features of the tribal system: blood feud, remnants of matriarchy, the absence of marriage prohibitions, “abduction” (abduction) of wives, etc. Nestor opposes the glades to these tribes, in whose land Kiev was built. Glades are "men of meaning", they have already established a patriarchal monogamous family and, obviously, blood feud is outdated (they are "distinguished by a meek and quiet disposition") History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 17th century. / A.P. Novoseltsev, A. N. Sakharov, V. I. Buganov, V. D. Nazarov; otv.ed. A.N.Sakharov, A.P. Novoseltsev. - LLC "Publishing house AST-LTD", 1997. p. 216 ..

Further, Nestor tells about how the city of Kiev was created. Prince Kiy, who reigned there, according to Nestor's story, came to Constantinople to visit the emperor of Byzantium, who received him with great honors. Returning from Constantinople, Kiy built a city on the banks of the Danube, intending to settle here for a long time. But the locals were hostile to him, and Kiy returned to the banks of the Dnieper.

Nestor considered the formation of the Polyan principality in the Middle Dnieper region as the first historical event on the way to the creation of the Old Russian states. The legend of Kii and his two brothers spread far to the south, and was even brought to Armenia.

The Byzantine writers of the 6th century paint the same picture. During the reign of Justinian, huge masses of Slavs advanced to the northern borders of the Byzantine Empire. Byzantine historians colorfully describe the invasion of the empire by Slavic troops, taking away prisoners and taking away rich booty, the settlement of the empire by Slavic colonists. The appearance on the territory of Byzantium of the Slavs, who were dominated by communal relations, contributed to the elimination of the slaveholding order here and the development of Byzantium along the path from the slaveholding system to feudalism.

The successes of the Slavs in the struggle against the mighty Byzantium testify to the relatively high level of development of Slavic society for that time: the material prerequisites for equipping significant military expeditions had already appeared, and the system of military democracy made it possible to unite large masses of Slavs. Distant campaigns contributed to the strengthening of the power of the princes in the indigenous Slavic lands, where tribal reigns were created.

Archaeological data fully confirm the words of Nestor that the core of the future Kievan Rus began to take shape on the banks of the Dnieper when the Slavic princes made campaigns to Byzantium and the Danube, in the times preceding the attacks of the Khazars (VII century).

The creation of a significant tribal union in the southern forest-steppe regions facilitated the advancement of the Slavic colonists not only in the southwest (to the Balkans), but also in the southeast direction. True, the steppes were occupied by various nomads: Bulgarians, Avars, Khazars, but the Slavs of the Middle Dnieper (Russian land) apparently managed to protect their possessions from their invasions and penetrate deep into the fertile black earth steppes. In the VII - IX centuries. the Slavs also lived in the eastern part of the Khazar lands, somewhere in the Azov region, participated together with the Khazars in military campaigns, were hired to serve the kagan (Khazar ruler). In the south, the Slavs apparently lived as islands among other tribes, gradually assimilating them, but at the same time accepting elements of their culture.

Throughout the VI - IX centuries. the productive forces grew, tribal institutions changed, and the process of class formation was in progress. As the most important phenomena in the life of the Eastern Slavs during the VI - IX centuries. it should be noted the development of arable farming and the allocation of craft; the disintegration of the tribal community as a work collective and the separation of individual peasant farms forming a neighboring community; the growth of private land ownership and the formation of classes; the transformation of a tribal army with its defensive functions into a squad dominating over fellow tribesmen; seizure of tribal land by princes and nobles as personal hereditary property.

By the IX century. everywhere in the territory of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs, a significant area of ​​arable land cleared from the forest was formed, testifying to further development productive forces under feudalism. The union of small clan communities, which is characterized by a well-known unity of culture, was ancient Slavic tribe... Each of these tribes gathered a popular assembly (veche) The power of the tribal princes gradually increased. The development of intertribal ties, defensive and offensive alliances, the organization of joint campaigns and, finally, the subordination of strong tribes to their weaker neighbors - all this led to the enlargement of the tribes, to their unification into more significant groups.

Describing the time when the transition from tribal relations to the state took place, Nestor notes that in various East Slavic regions there were "their own reigns." This is confirmed by archaeological data.

The formation of an early feudal state, which gradually subjugated all the East Slavic tribes, became possible only when the differences between the south and the north in terms of conditions of conduct were somewhat smoothed out. Agriculture, when in the north there was also a sufficient number of plowed land areas and the need for hard collective labor in undercutting and uprooting the forest was significantly reduced. As a result, the peasant family was separated as a new production collective from the patriarchal community.

The disintegration of the primitive communal system among the Eastern Slavs took place at a time when the slave system had already outlived its usefulness on a world-historical scale. In the process of class formation, Russia came to feudalism, bypassing the slave formation.

In the IX - X centuries. antagonistic classes of feudal society are formed. The number of vigilantes is increasing everywhere, their differentiation is increasing, and the nobility - boyars and princes - is being separated from their midst.

An important question in the history of the emergence of feudalism is the question of the time when cities appeared in Russia. Under the conditions of the tribal system, there were certain centers where tribal parties gathered, a prince was chosen, trade was carried out, fortune-telling was carried out, court cases were decided, sacrifices were made to the gods and the most important dates of the year were celebrated. Sometimes such a center became the focus of the most important types of production. Most of these ancient centers later turned into medieval cities.

In the IX - X centuries. the feudal lords created a number of new cities that served both the purposes of defense against nomads and the goals of domination over the enslaved population. Handicraft production was also concentrated in the cities. The old name “grad”, “city”, which meant fortification, began to be applied to a real feudal city with the Detinets-Kremlin (fortress) in the center and an extensive handicraft and trade settlement.

With all the gradualness and slowness of the process of feudalization, one can nevertheless indicate a certain line, starting from which there are grounds to speak of feudal relations in Russia. This line is the 9th century, when a feudal state was already formed among the Eastern Slavs.

The lands of the East Slavic tribes united into a single state were named Rus. The arguments of historians-"Normanists" who tried to declare the creators of the Old Russian state the Normans, who were then called the Varangians in Russia, are unconvincing. These historians stated that the chronicles meant the Varangians by Russia. But as has already been shown, the preconditions for the formation of states among the Slavs took shape over the course of many centuries and by the 9th century. gave a noticeable result not only in the West Slavic lands, where the Normans never penetrated and where the Great Moravian state arose, but also in the East Slavic lands (in Kievan Rus), where the Normans appeared, robbed, destroyed representatives of local princely dynasties and sometimes became princes themselves. Obviously, the Normans could neither facilitate nor seriously interfere with the process of feudalization. The name Rus began to be used in sources in relation to a part of the Slavs 300 years before the appearance of the Varangians.

First mention of the people grew up occurs in the middle of the 6th century, when information about him reached Syria. Glades, called, according to the chronicler, Russia, become the basis of the future Old Russian people, and their land becomes the core of the territory of the future state - Kievan Rus.

Among the news belonging to Nestor, one passage survived, which describes Russia before the appearance of the Varangians there. “These are the Slavic regions, - writes Nestor, - that are part of Russia - glades, Drevlyans, Dregovichi, Polochans, Novgorod Slovenes, northerners ...” A reader on the history of Russia: In 4 volumes, - T 1. From ancient times to the 17th century. / Comp .: I. V. Babich, V. N. Zakharov, I. E. Ukolova - M .: MIROS - Intern. relations, 1994. p. 121. This list includes only half of the East Slavic regions. Consequently, at that time the Krivichi, Radimichi, Vyatichi, Croatians, Uliches and Tivertsy did not yet belong to Russia. At the center of the new public education it turned out to be a tribe of glades. The ancient Russian state became a kind of federation of tribes, in its form it was the early feudal monarchy Isaev I.A. History of State and Law of Russia: Complete course of lectures. - 2nd ed. revised and add. - M .: Jurist, 1998, p.14 ..

Plan
Introduction
1 Events
1.1 Beginning of the century
1.2 Mid-century
1.3 End of the century

2 Persons
3 Discoveries
Bibliography

Introduction

The ninth (IX) century lasted from 801 to 900 according to the Gregorian calendar. The early Middle Ages reign in Europe. Presumable start of medieval warming.

1. Events

Founded by Murom, Polotsk, Rostov, Smolensk, Uzhgorod, Zhitomir

The Vikings populate the Faroe Islands

· The Treaty of Verdun is concluded

· Unification of the kingdoms of Asturias and Galicia. Education of the County of Aragon.

· The disintegration of Caucasian Albania into feudal principalities.

· Construction of the city of Pagan in Burma.

· Ghana is attacked by the Berbers of Lemtun.

1.1. The beginning of the century

· Hegemony of Wessex in England.

· Accession of Transylvania to Bulgaria.

· Christianization of Croats.

· Formation of the Tao-Klarjet kingdom in the Chorokhi river basin and in Kartli.

· Opening the way "from the Varangians to the Greeks."

· Russian army fought in the Crimea from Sudak to Kerch.

· The Pratiharas invaded the Doab (Jamna-Ganges interfluve) and took possession of Kanauj, and then extended their power to the entire territory from Kanauj to Benares.

· The emergence of Kashmir Shaivism.

1.2. Mid century

· Capture by the Danes of North-East England.

· Count of Anjou Fulk I the Red, founder of the Anjou dynasty.

· Formation of the Duchy of Brittany.

· The emergence of new centers of Christian offensive against Muslims: Navarra and Aragon.

· The whole Maverannahr was united under the rule of the Samanids.

· Long wars between Pratiharas and Bengali princes from the Pala clan.

· Falling away of Java from Srivijaya.

· The third quarter of a century - the Pauline movement.

1.3. End of the century

· Ademar (Aimar), 1st Duke of Bourbon.

· Fighting in Ireland between Norwegians and Danes from east England.

· Liberation of all Leon from the Arabs by King Alfonso III of Asturias.

· Until 1306 - the Přemyslid dynasty in Bohemia.

· The Tulunid dynasty subjugates Palestine and Syria.

· Pechenegs move from the Volga valley to the Dnieper valley.

Alania emerged from the Khazar Kaganate in the central part North Caucasus.

· Strengthening the Khitan tribal union in Western Mongolia and parts of Manchuria.

· 890 - evidence that the Chigil tribe had a state.

· The breakup of Korea into Silla states in the northeast, Second Baekje in the southwest, and Taebon in the north.

· The Mayan cities in the southern part of Yucatan ceased to exist.

2. Persons

· Prince of Travunia Falimer, son of Krajina.

· Charlemagne - King of the Franks and Lombards.

· Photius I - Patriarch of Constantinople.

· Nicholas I - Pope.

3. Discovery

Discovery of Iceland by Viking Gardar Swavarson

First windmills

Bibliography:

1. Gumilev L. N. Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe. M .: Mysl, 1989. p. 685-755