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	Question No. 294282

Hello. How do you spell "evil empire" (USSR) - in quotation marks, with a small letter?

Yes, this spelling is correct.

	Question #288140

Belgorod is called the city of the first salute. How to write "the city of the first salute": in quotation marks or the word "city" with capital letter? Thanks!

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

You can capitalize the first word if you mean the figurative name of the city. Quotation marks do not need to be used.

In unofficial stable, including figurative, names of states and cities, the first (or only) word is written with a capital letter, as well as (if any) proper names, for example: land of the rising sun(about Japan) Land of the Morning Calm(about Korea) Celestial empire or Celestial(about imperial China), maple leaf country(about Canada) tulip country(about Holland) Eternal town(about Rome) Belokamennaya, Mother See(about Moscow), Northern Palmyra(about Petersburg).

	Question No. 284608

How to write the names of states or territories from the beginning of the last century, such as: Kuban People's Republic, Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, etc.? It seems that they have not existed for a century already, and everything must be written with a lowercase except for the first word, but on the other hand there are analogues like the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the Bulgarian People's Republic, which also no longer exist, only not a century, but a couple of decades.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Difficult question. On the one hand, in the historical (not currently existing) names of states, the first word and the proper names included in the name are written with a capital letter: Kingdom of France, Kingdom of Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies; Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Russian empire; Novgorod Republic, Venetian Republic; Old Russian State, Great State of Liao etc.

On the other hand, in the title Union of Soviet Socialist Republics all words are capitalized, although this state also no longer exists. Capital letters are also preserved in the names of the union republics, in the historical names of the countries of the socialist camp: Polish People's Republic, People's Republic of Bulgaria etc.

Historical distance is certainly one of the key factors here. Some time must pass (not two or three decades, but much more) in order for there to be grounds for writing Union of Soviet socialist republics by analogy with Russian empire .

The historical distance seems to allow you to write in the names you have given state formations only the first word is capitalized (these formations existed for a short time and disappeared almost 100 years ago). But, on the other hand, the capital letter in each word of the name emphasizes the fact that these combinations at one time were the official names of the states (or claimed such status). If it is important for the author of the text to draw the attention of the reader to this, he has the right to leave capital letters (even though such state formations have long been gone from the map).

	Question #282901

Hello!

In answer to question No. 254952, you wrote: "All words (except official ones) are capitalized in the official names of existing states and state associations. The state of the Russian Empire does not currently exist, this is a historical term, therefore only the first word is written with a capital letter" .

According to this logic, "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" and "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" should be written, right? According to the answer to question No. 249081 - no: "The Union is written with a capital in the official names of the states: the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Australian Union."

So, the answer to question no. 254952 directly contradicts the answer to question no. 249081.

Kindly explain what exactly your above recommendations are based on. What specific language norms make us write the names of real-life and historical states in different ways, for some reason write the word "union" in the names of states with capital letters, and the word "empire" with lower case letters.

Thank you.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Such a fixation is in the normative dictionaries of the Russian language. See, for example: Lopatin V.V., Nechaeva I.V., Cheltsova L.K. Capital or lower case? Orthographic dictionary. M., 2011; Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of the Russian language. Uppercase or lowercase? - 7th ed., revised. and additional M., 2005 and other sources.

It's also a matter of historical distance. Soviet Union ceased to exist a little over 20 years ago, and the Russian Empire has not existed for almost 100 years. Who knows, maybe in 100 years there will be a normative spelling Union of Soviet Socialist Republics?

	Question #279192

Hello Gramota.ru. Once again I turn to you with questions about the use of uppercase / lowercase letters.
Maybe at least this time it will be more interesting for someone to think about writing organizations and states, and not for the 125th time to answer about not with verbs ...

1) (R) Roman republic and empire
2) Interparliamentary (A) Assembly of (P) Orthodoxy
3) European (M) Interparliamentary (A) Assembly of (P) Orthodoxy
4) All this led to the creation in 1997 of the Islamic Inter-Parliamentary Union within the framework of the Islamic (K) Conference ...

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Correctly: Roman republic and empire; Interparliamentary Assembly of Orthodoxy; European Inter-Parliamentary Assembly on Orthodoxy; all this led to the creation in 1997 of the Islamic Inter-Parliamentary Union within the framework of the Islamic Conference.

	Question #278898

Hello!
1. Found that the House of Commons, the House of Lords, Parliament are written with lower case. And if in the text about the House of Commons, not the phrase House of Commons, but simply the word House is used several times? Should I write it in lowercase too?
2. The British Empire - right, an empire with a lower case? And when, when they repeat, they write just an empire - then with a capital?
Thank you

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

1. Yes, similar.

2. True: British Empire; empire.

	Question #277615

The name of the state that existed in 1976-1979: Central African Empire or Central African Empire?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Only the first word should be capitalized.

	Question #274319

Interested in capitals in the expression: the Roman Republic (and also in parts of this period - the Early Republic, the Middle ... and the Late ...).

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Reference book by D. E. Rosenthal “Capital or lowercase?” fixes: Roman Republic. Combinations of these words with definitions Early, Late are not marked in the dictionaries, but by analogy with those recorded in the specified directory Early Roman Empire correctly: Early Roman Republic, Late Roman Republic.

	Question #272430

Is the spelling Russian Empire acceptable? Or is it necessary to write the word "empire" with a small letter? Is it possible to extend the analogy here with writing the day of victory in the war 41-45 as "Victory Day" and as "Victory Day" - now, it seems, both of these types of writing are considered acceptable.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Word empire must be written in lower case. Capitalization (capital) letter is unacceptable, because all words are capitalized only in the official names of existing states (The Russian Federation), a Russian empire - historical name.

	Question #263616

Good day! Uppercase again. Russian Empire or Empire? Both spellings occur. Which one is correct?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Right: Russian empire . Word empire in the historical names of the states it is written with a lowercase letter.

	Question #263602

Good afternoon, dear Gramota!
Please answer the following questions.
1) Is there a rule unifying the spelling of the names of ancient states, as well as variations of their names? Illustrate your answer with the following example (variations of the name of the same state are given).
a) F / Frankish I / empire (G / state, D / state, K / kingdom);
b) I / empire (G / state, D / state, K / kingdom) F / francs;
c) K / Carolingian I / empire (G / state, D / state, K / kingdom);
d) I / empire (G / state, D / state, K / kingdom) K / Carolingians;
e) I / empire (G / state, D / state, K / kingdom) of Charlemagne.
2) In the dictionary "Lower or uppercase?" Lopatin and Cheltsova, the following spelling is proposed: Hitler Youth, Ku Klux Klan. But is it right? After all, these are the original names of socio-political organizations, therefore, should be written with capital letter and in quotes. (This spelling seems especially strange in the phrases: organization of the Hitler Youth / Ku Klux Klan, movement of the Hitler Youth / Ku Klux Klan.)

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

1. The rules are as follows. The words kingdom, republic, state etc. are capitalized in official names modern states, For example: Kingdom of Spain, United Kingdom; Federal Republic of Germany, Republic of Lithuania; State of Israel, State of Qatar. In the historical names of the states, the words kingdom, republic, state, empire, state etc. are written with a small letter, and own names are written with a capital letter, for example: Kingdom of France, Kingdom of Sicily; Novgorod Republic, Venetian Republic; East Frankish State, State of Zhou; Russian Empire, British Empire, Qin Empire; Great Moravian State.

So the correct spelling would be Frankish State, Frankish Empire, Empire of the Franks, State of the Franks(both words are lowercase, since there is no proper name), Carolingian Empire, Empire of Charlemagne, Empire of Charlemagne etc.

2. We asked one of the authors of the dictionary, VV Lopatin, to answer this question. Lowercase spelling of words such as Hitler Youth and Ku Klux Klan(although these are, indeed, individual names of organizations, movements), due exclusively to a long tradition. A tradition in the formation of which a certain ideological background also played a significant role: Hitler Youth - nazi, enemy organization, ku klux klan - an organization that preaches a racist ideology hostile to us. In other words, there is a tradition of writing these words with a lower case as denoting alien concepts.

	Question #254952

Hello! Earlier, in your answers to questions nos. 186741, 190772 and 247771, you pointed out that the second word in the name of the Russian Empire is written with a lowercase letter. Please explain this spelling. According to the rules given here on the site, "§ 100. Individual names of astronomical and geographical objects (including the names of states and their administrative and political parts), streets, buildings are written with a capital letter. If these names are composed of two or more words, then all words are written with a capital letter, except for service words and generic names. In this case, the Empire is not a generic name, but a proper name, just like the Russian Federation. Why, then, in the second case, the second word is considered part of a proper name and is written with a capital letter (Federation), and in the first - a generic name and is written with a lowercase (empire) ???
What is this based on and is it not a pretentious relic of the recent past?
Thanks! Sincerely,

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

All words (except official ones) in the official names of existing states and state associations are written with a capital letter. States Russian empire does not currently exist, it is a historical term, so only the first word is capitalized. Wed: Kingdom of Spain, United Kingdom(official names of modern states), but: Kingdom of France, Kingdom of Naples(historical names); Republic of Cyprus, Italian Republic, but: Venetian Republic, Novgorod Republic. Right: Russian empire(as well as The Roman Empire , Ottoman Empire, British Empire etc.).

	Question #251064

Roman Empire or Roman Empire ... is Roman capitalized in this case?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Right: The Roman Empire .

	Question #247771

In what cases are capital letters used in the names of military units of the army of the Russian Empire, for example, "Cavalier Guards, Horse Guards, Life Hussars, Imperial Arrows and Preobrazhenets"?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

The first words in the names of the regiments are written with a capital letter, for example: Cavalier Guard Regiment, Preobrazhensky Regiment, Life Guards Hussar Regiment, Life Guards Cuirassier Regiment etc. Words cavalry guards, Preobrazhensky, Life Hussars, Horse Guards, Imperial Riflemen etc. are written in lower case letters. Please note: the word empire In the title Russian empire also written in lowercase.

2 "c" class Subject: letter Teacher: Glagolko Elena Petrovna
Lesson topic: The letter of the lowercase letter "n".
Lesson Objectives:
- teach the correct spelling of the lowercase letter "n";
- to correct the fine motor skills of the fingers of the students;
- educate the observance of the correct posture while writing.
Visualization and equipment: notebooks, pens, coloring books, cards, colored pencils, alphabet, magnetic letters, colorful alphabet - the letter "n", sandpaper letters, plasticine.
DURING THE CLASSES:
Organizing time:
- Guys hello! Today we have an unusual lesson, we have guests. Let's greet them and get to know each other (each student sits at his workplace, giving his name: Vlad, Katya, Liana, Valera, Marina, Samvel). - Each student demonstrates the correct landing at the desk: a flat back, hands on the desk.
2. Repetition of the material covered, homework:
- And so, we begin the lesson of writing. Who will tell me why this item is needed? (Valera - in order to learn how to write letters and words beautifully and correctly).
- That's right, Valera, but what do you think is necessary for this? (Katya - to write letters, notes.)
- That's right, Katya. Let's remember and repeat the alphabet. Valera, Children, what is the "Alphabet"? How many letters does it have? (Valera is letters in a certain order, each in its place. 33 letters.)
- Well done! And who will answer me what sounds the letters have? (Katya - vowels, consonants) What letters in the alphabet do not have sounds? (Valera - b, b)
- Fulfillment of individual tasks:
Samvel - circling the letter "l";
Liana - coloring of the letter "l";
Marina - card "insert the missing letters";
Valera - work at the blackboard, sound-letter analysis of the word MOON.
- Well done boys! Everyone completed their assignments. For this stage of the lesson, the following students are awarded:
Valera - 2 points (sticker butterflies);
Liana - 1 point;
Katya - 2 points;
Samvel, Marina, Vlad - 1 point each.
- Whoever scores the most points by the end of the lesson will receive a mark of "5", etc.
- Guys, let's have a little rest and do a little exercise ...
3. Fizminutka - “We also know how to relax.
- 1,2,3,4,5 - we all know how to walk
We can also rest
Put your hands behind your back
Let's raise our heads higher
And breathe easily, easily ... (2 times)
(students perform movements for the teacher under speech accompaniment).
- Everyone coped well, rested and sit down at their desks.
4. Work on the topic of the lesson: "The letter of the lowercase letter" n "".
- Today the topic of our lesson is "The letter of the lowercase letter" n ". Guys, who can tell me what letters are called lowercase uppercase? (Valera - uppercase, lowercase letters, these are the letters that we write ourselves, they are small, words in sentences begin with them).
- That's right, and today we will continue to learn to write just such a letter. Please look at the board, here in the picture we see the letter “n”, pay attention, at the top, printed in black, thick type capital letter"H", big and small. And at the bottom, in thin black type, the capital letter "n" is written - uppercase and lowercase. And it is the uppercase, lowercase letter "n" that we will learn to write. Let's take a closer look at what elements this letter consists of? (-, I, L).
- Yes, to write the letter "n", you need to correctly connect all the elements and I will now show you how to do it correctly (n).
- Guys, now let's practice writing lowercase with you, capital letter"n". (individual work at the blackboard with each student)
- Well done! The most beautiful letter was written: Valera, Vlad. And they get one point for that.
- Now we will fix the spelling of the letter “n” and write it with our fingers (emery letter “n”, circling it. Students run their fingers over the letter, remembering all the elements of the letter and their connection) .5. Physical education "Turtle":
- guys, let's prepare our hands and fingers for writing and do fun hand exercises, repeat after me.
(imitation of teacher's movements, under speech accompaniment)
- A turtle, a turtle lives in a house,
He will show his head, then he will remove it ... (3-4 times).
6. Consolidation of the lesson:
Now let's do the worksheets. Remember to maintain good posture when writing.
1. Work in notebooks (individual task for each student).
- at the end of the work, evaluation of students' work in points.
2. Warm-up for the fingers "We wrote, we wrote ..."
3. Modeling the letter "n" from plasticine.
- plasticine, the letter "n", cardboard;
- step-by-step instructions with a sample of the letter "n";
- sculpting the letter "n" from plasticine by students (metered help to Liana, Marina, Samvel, Vlad. For Valera, Katya - additional tasks); - Valera, Katya - sculpting the letters "a, o, p, l);
- Evaluation of work in points.
Individual work is carried out at all stages of the lesson with Vlad, Marina, Liana, Samvel, dosed assistance is provided. Additional tasks are offered for Valera and Katya.
7. Summing up the lesson:
- this is the end of our lesson. Who will answer me what we have learned to do in this lesson?
- students' answers (write uppercase, lowercase letter "n").
- Why did we do it?
- children's answers (in order to learn how to write).
- That's right, today we learned to write a lowercase letter "n", someone did it better, someone worse. And so we have something to strive for in the next lessons.
- And now let's calculate the points earned and find out what grades you will receive for the lesson:
Valera - 5,
Katya - 4,
Vlad- 4,
Liana, Samvel, Marina - 3.
8. Homework: (in notebooks for homework)
Group 1 (Valera. Vlad) - writing the letter "n" and syllables with it: "on, but, well." Group 2 (Katya, Liana, Marina) - writing the letter "n",
Group 3 (Samvel) - writing the letter "n" along the stroke.
- Everyone will find their task in a notebook.
- And now let's thank our guests and say thank you to everyone! We look forward to seeing you in the new academic year! (students give guests their letters).
- Goodbye! The lesson is over.

Competently using spaces, commas, long and middle dashes invisible to the naked eye in the design of the text is not at all a whim of a boring perfectionist working as a proofreader or layout designer. This is respect for the reader and the native language. The text of the layout or article, typed according to the rules, caresses the eye and, what can we say, serves as a marker of professionalism. With these 10 commandments, we will show you how to write correctly. emails and type texts for other needs.

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1-
Quotes: everything will be in the Christmas tree

The mysterious designers of punctuation marks came up with two types of quotation marks, childishly touchingly nicknamed “Christmas trees” and “paws”. So, in all incomprehensible situations, we always make a choice in favor of conifers. It is this type of quotation marks that is correct to use when formatting text. “Paws” in texts are rare guests, and they come in only in those cases when it is necessary to highlight a quote within a quote, which, in turn, still stands out along the edges of the “Christmas tree”. For clarity, imagine a spruce grove, in the very center of which a rare animal lives, periodically leaving traces, those very “paws”.

2-
Dash and hyphen: size matters

A dash can be a long “-” and a middle “-”, and there is also a hyphen “-”, a kind of cub. Not only is the em dash the largest, it also requires you to surround yourself with spaces: air to it. Middle dashes and hyphens - the guys are more modest, and they don’t beat off with spaces, they save space. But the middle dash is the rarest and is used only when it is necessary to designate some time period.

For example, 1980-1985 or 21:15-22:44. But still, all these guys have something in common: they never wrap to a new line, they remain in the ranks.

3-
Space: fill

There are spaces that we use for normal word separation, and there are those that are called inseparable and connect words, parts of words or characters that cannot be transferred to another line. By lenght non-breaking space the same, only it prevents display and printing programs from breaking the line at that point.

Non-breaking space fight back:

1. units of measurements (53 kg or 130 hp)
2. percent sign (12%),
3. degree sign (46 °C). True, if the degrees are indicated without a scale, a space is not put (40 °).
4. starting with five-digit numbers, the numbers are divided by a non-breaking space into three-digit groups (1,000,000)
5. currency symbols in front of numbers are firmly attached to them and do not require a space (¥350). If it's the other way around, non-breaking space put (666 €). But in general, in a decent text about the currency, they write in letters, not symbols: euro, dollar, yen, and so on at the current rate.
6. with copyright sign: Godesigner
7. with 1 - 3 letter prepositions, interjections, conjunctions: for example,
   “in a basket, but in a mouth”;
8. country code, city

-4-
Numbers:neither take away nor add

It's pretty easy to remember here. If there are a lot of numbers, and they add up to a mathematical calculation, we beat off all the characters with spaces so that they are not cramped inside this calculation.

Like here, for example: 13 + 13 = 26 or here: 4.5 × (1 − 4 / 5) ≤ 1

If the mathematical sign belongs to one single number, a space is not put, here: +45 or ≥25. And further. If everything is clear with the plus and equal signs on the keyboard, then the minus was lost in the alt + 8722 (PC) key combination. It is not a hyphen or a dash, as many would like.

5-
Transfer: read by syllables

Transfer rules, so as not to be left with a nose, are based on breaking down a word into syllables. So, you can only transfer:

1. whole syllables (no-appeal);
2. to separate the prefix from the root (disenchanted);
3. one root from another (self-critical);
4. between doubled consonants (silver).

In other cases, as in the proverb, before cutting once, you should tighten the string seven times.

6-
Lowercase and uppercase:
remember geography

In the case of the letter case, everything is logical. If the geographical name is proper and exists on the map in a single copy, we emphasize its importance and uniqueness with a capital letter: Moscow, Siberia and further the North Pole. If we are talking about generic geographical terms or cardinal points and their derivatives, we limit ourselves to a lowercase letter: island, city, northwest, let's go south? Certainly, somewhere in the southeastern peninsula.

-7-
Phone numbers: we call and we call

The painful point of all proofreaders of the world is the writing of telephone numbers, which are written differently on layouts and websites every time, haphazardly. It is correct to start writing the number with a + sign (+7 812 448 24 12), or with 8, if we are talking about an international operator (8 36 20 213 91 71).

The numbers are bouncing inseparable spaces in pairs or triples, like soldiers on leave, but replacing spaces with hyphens, such short beeps, is not forbidden.

8-
Addresses, as well as passwords and appearances

As in the paragraph with lowercase and uppercase, you need to focus on the uniqueness of the geographical name. Therefore, the words "house", "street", "highway" or "city" should be written with lowercase. But if your address is neither a house nor a street, but, for example, "Krasnodar", "Mira", take it higher, that is, use capital letters.

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You can write to “grandfather’s village” from lowercase, but if you remember that grandfather’s name is Vasily Petrovich Fufaykin and, of course, he is the only one, we take capital letters. Double numbers are divided by an oblique, with the letter letter, if any, tightly glued to the last digit: d. 25/5a. The index is also written together.

-9-
Time and date:point rule

We talk about time - we recall electronic alarm clocks from the eighties, where hours and minutes were beaten off with a colon. This is how it should be in the text (23:23). We mean the date - we reduce the points to one, the lower one: 12/28/1980. We start with the smallest ones: first we write down the date, then the month, then the year. For writing centuries, we turn to ancient Rome with his numbers, which on the keyboard pretend to be in Latin: XIX, L, XIV.

-10-
Titles and titles:be humble

It's easy to remember: all presidents and dictators, no matter how terrible they are, general sponsors, no matter how important they are, queens and all the royal men, are written exclusively with a lowercase letter. Too much honor. Only two categories of Russians deserve capital letters and have the right to be called people with a capital letter: Heroes Russian Federation and Heroes of Labor of the Russian Federation. So, workers, go for it.

Compiled on the basis of a memo for RIA Novosti