The foundation for a brick house. Calculation of the depth of the strip foundation for a two-story house. The extent to which it is expressed will be affected by

The most important part of the building is the foundation. The strength and reliability of the entire erected structure depends on it. However, it is important not only to carry out high-quality construction, but also to choose the right type of foundation.

Types of foundations for a brick house

Brick structures are massive and durable, therefore, the base for them must be strong and stable. For a brick house, you can build any foundation, the main thing is to take into account all the nuances and features of both the soil and the entire building.

Pile foundation

The massiveness of a brick house implies a serious load on the foundation, which piles cannot always withstand. Therefore, only houses made of light bricks, with a small wall thickness and low number of storeys, can be erected on a pile foundation.

In addition, it is impossible to equip a basement in a house on stilts, since a significant weight requires the installation of supports throughout the entire area.

Tape base

The popularity of the foundation in the form of a tape is due to a large number of advantages:

High load-bearing capacity.
Long operational period.
Possibility of arranging a basement or basement.

But a strip base for a brick house is not always ideal. First, a heavy brick structure on a shallow belt is susceptible to deformation and destruction due to seasonal ground movements. Secondly, the foundation for a massive brick building of several floors requires significant expenses for construction Materials... Thirdly, the strip foundation cannot "boast" of a large support area, like a monolithic slab.

Slab foundation

A monolithic foundation in the form of a reinforced concrete slab also has its advantages.

Firstly, the slab base provides a large supporting area, so massive structures of brick or stone can be erected on it. For the same reason, this type of foundation is used.

The finished frame is lowered into a trench and installed on substrates made of bricks or large fragments of stones.

Pouring concrete

Now you need to pour concrete into the prepared structure. For this purpose, you can use the services of a construction company that will make concrete using a special technology, deliver it to the site and fill the foundation using specialized equipment.

But in most cases, such a service is very expensive, so private developers prepare concrete mortar and pour it into the trench with their own hands.

Pouring concrete should be carried out in several stages, and the thickness of each poured layer should not exceed 20 cm.Each concrete feed is accompanied by compaction of the mass using a deep vibrator or an ordinary shovel, which simply pierces the mixture over the entire area. Such actions contribute to the elimination of voids in the poured concrete and to strengthen the base.

The surface of the poured foundation is leveled and covered with waterproofing material. This will help protect it from adverse weather conditions. In this form, the base should stand for about a month. During this time, the surface is regularly moistened with water, protecting it from drying out in hot and sunny weather.

Slab foundation for a brick house

The device of a monolithic slab is carried out using the following technology:

Cleaning and leveling the site.
Removing the top layer of soil.
Making a cushion of sand and rubble.
Laying waterproofing materials and insulation.
Installation of formwork along the height of the slab.
Reinforcement cage creation.
Pouring concrete mortar.

Pile-type foundation for a brick house

On weak crumbling soils, it is better to give preference to a pile foundation. Its device assumes support on dense layers that lie at great depths.

Construction pile foundation is performed according to the following scheme:

The site allocated for construction is cleared and the top fertile layer is removed.
They mark the future foundation, paying special attention to the location of the pillars.
Small indentations are made where the supports will be installed.
Then, wells are drilled in these places using a mechanized installation or a hand-held device.

The foundation for a two-story house is a fundamental element with a high degree of reliability. The strength of the entire building will depend on how skillfully the work on its laying is performed. The algorithm of actions at each separate stage of the construction of the foundation of the house involves taking into account all kinds of requirements and conditions, both advisory and mandatory.

Strict observance of the presented instructions will help not only to avoid negative consequences during the construction of a residential two-story building, but also strengthen the guarantee of its safety.

Types of foundation

According to the method of execution, it is divided into several types. The most common ones are:

columnar;
pile;
tape;
monolithic slab.

Private residential building

Columnar

The use of the presented type is more justified in the construction of panel-type townhouses, and, for example, houses made of aerated concrete or a Finnish mansion made of timber planks resting on pillars have gained popularity not only in our country, but also abroad.

The technology for the construction of such a foundation is reduced to the fact that supports are installed along the planned perimeter of the future building. They are installed at regular intervals in pre-drilled holes. The diameter of the latter is variable.

These indicators are determined when calculating the degree of load per unit area.

Taking into account what depth is the most acceptable in a particular case, builders give preference to different types of pillars. Pipes, reinforced concrete stepsons, logs, natural stone can act as supports.

Pile

Another type of support element that is widely used in various areas of construction is a pile. The modern technology of using piles as a key component of the supporting surface is a single complex of complementary structural elements.

This engineering solution eliminates the deformation of individual peripheral parts and ensures an even distribution of force on the ground.

According to the principle of pile installation, the pile foundation is divided into hanging and retaining.

Diagram of the pile-tape design option

The first category of bearing supports is installed in dense soil layers, the height of which reaches several meters. Piles are driven into the ground at a calculated interval. A significant part of the load of such a support falls on its lateral surface, while the base plays a secondary role.

In this position, the soil under the pressure of the support walls can, as they say, "crawl". This disadvantage is compensated for in the following ways:

an increase in the section of workpieces;
increase in pile length;
shaping the pile into bulges at the base and in places of lateral contact with the ground;
increasing the density of piles.

Screw pile installation diagram

Retaining piles in their functionality are strikingly different from previous samples. Unlike pile and hanging supports, this type of basic structure sinks to a shallow depth with a small gap between two adjacent elements. The average height of such supports is 40–70 cm. This technology is typical for 1-storey frame-type buildings.

Tape

The so-called ribbon view foundation of the building. Its fundamental difference lies in the fact that in the presented case, a block type of bookmark is used or a solid concrete tape.

In accordance with the requirements for strength and degree of load, blocks can have a solid or hollow structure. Aerated concrete houses based on this technology are distinguished by high seismic resistance and durability.

Depth drawing

Monolithic slab

Slab foundation - it is characterized by a large load-bearing area and an exceptionally high level of resistance to seismic ground vibrations.

Read also: Foundation care after pouring: spring, summer, autumn and winter

In the event of natural disasters that cause displacement or subsidence of the soil, such a structure will remain intact due to the large base area monolithic foundation, made in the form of a single plate.

The height of such a platform varies in accordance with the conditions of a particular area. Nevertheless, the implementation of such a project will require significant material investments. On average, it takes about 20-25 m3 of concrete to make only a slab, but it all depends on the size and loads of the building.

Reinforcement of a monolithic slab

The best choice for a two-story house

The choice of the most optimal technology for mounting the base is the key to trouble-free durable construction. At this stage, it is extremely important to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of a particular object. In doing so, it is necessary to take into account the maximum permissible values \u200b\u200bof the load on the supporting structure.

To resolve the dilemma of which foundation is best, one should turn to statistics. The wide practice of using various types of foundations for a two-story brick house allows us to state with confidence that tape technology in this case acts as the most priority direction.

For example, the foundation for a two-story house from foam blocks based on this technology has already gained popularity among many happy owners. The prerequisites for choosing the presented method are based on the optimal combination of various criteria of a technical, material and operational nature.

The advantages of this method are as follows:

high level of bearing capacity;
high performance indicators;
resistance to deformation and rupture;
ease of installation;
low level of material costs;
ease of maintenance;
the ability to choose different types of layouts;
minimum of technical equipment.

Formwork installation

It should be noted that all the positive aspects of the recommended technique will manifest themselves only subject to strict compliance with the requirements in the presence of benign materials.

Foundation calculation

This procedure, as a rule, does not cause serious complications if approached with the proper level of responsibility. It involves collecting load data and studying the bearing layers of the soil. The thickness of the foundation for a two-story house will be determined depending on the ratio of these two components.

The video explains in detail how to calculate the base yourself.

The first step is to conduct a thorough study of the work area. The depth of the foundation for a two-story house made of foam blocks should be 35–55 cm higher than the average freezing depth.

Formwork and reinforcement

Such data are acceptable only if the living space is heated in the winter season. Otherwise, it is necessary to adhere to the set freezing temperature for a particular region.

The relative value of the tape width will be 25 cm. This value is approximate and will change during the calculation.

The next step is to calculate the pressure on the strip foundation for a two-story house. It is advisable to use the table below to determine the appropriate value.

Construction type	Density (kg / m2)
Walls
Brickwork (half brick)	210–240
Foam concrete houses	170–180
Log houses (d \u003d 240 mm)	130–145
Houses from a bar (150 mm)	11–125
Overlap elements
Attic (wooden beams)	10–120
Hollow concrete slabs	30–380
Reinforced concrete floors	450–520
Roof
Metal tile, profiled sheet	25–35
Two-layer roofing material	35–45
Slate (comb height - 4 cm)	50
Snow load for the central regions of Russia	100–120

The next step is to calculate the total weight of the strip slab. To do this, you must first calculate its volume, which is calculated using the product of length - L, width - A and height - B.

The resulting value is multiplied by the specific gravity of reinforced concrete, which is 2500 kg / m3. The end result is total weight. To calculate the total load - M - on the supporting soil layer, it is enough to add this value with the weight of the building.

Read also: Finishing the foundation of the house with panels: siding, stone and other materials

Now it becomes necessary to set the optimal value of the base sole width - O. It is derived by the following formula: O \u003d 1.3 * M / (L * R). A value of 1.3 serves as an indicator of the bearing capacity, and R is the density of the soil layer, which is indicated in the table below.

If the width of the tape is less than the approximate value, the final width will be the declared 20 cm. If, according to the results of calculations, this value has exceeded the initial figure by more than 4-6 cm, it is necessary to re-calculate the base mass with a new value of the width of the tape.

Calculations should be made until the increase in the width of the tape is less than 5 cm.

Installation of strip foundation

The sequence of actions in this case involves the following work:

digging trenches;
laying pillows;
installation of block elements and pouring of concrete tape.

Building tape

Before starting to dig a trench, it is necessary to mark the site of the future structure and outline the lines with a breakdown of all axes. The depth of the strip monolithic foundation for a two-story house is calculated taking into account the payload of the entire building and in accordance with the results of geodetic surveys of the area.

The width of the strip reinforced foundation for a two-story house is set according to the results of the above calculated data.

Most often sand, gravel or concrete acts as a pillow. The choice of material should be determined by the quality of the soil and the degree of load on the base. Sand, as a rule, is laid in one layer with a thickness of 150-200 mm. Such a pillow should be thoroughly moistened with water and tamped.

The photo shows a building tape.

Before waterproofing

It is advisable to use a mixture of sand and gravel in the presence of soil with a high content of loose rocks. This mixture is prepared with equal parts of both ingredients.

After applying the pillow, it should also be moistened and tamped. Concrete blocks are used as a base layer under extremely unfavorable soil conditions.

Such a base of blocks will eliminate the possibility of subsidence and will significantly facilitate the installation of load-bearing elements.

The installation of blocks for a 2-storey house does not imply any special professional skills and abilities. By a similar principle, houses are erected from aerated concrete, as well as buildings of foam block and aerated concrete. The blocks are installed according to the marking one to one with the ends pre-coated in the solution.

Section and section

The tape is poured in several stages. First, reinforcement is laid on the pillow spilled with a thin layer of concrete. It should not come into contact with the surface of the trench and formwork.

After that, the cavities of the reinforced structure are poured with a concrete solution of medium viscosity until the bottom layer is completely filled. And finally, the final stage involves filling the basement part and setting the zero mark.

After completing the above work, it is imperative to ensure the proper insulation level. To a greater extent, houses made of timber and foam concrete need it.

Formwork and reinforcement

The installation of the formwork is carried out using wooden panels, boards or flat slate sheets.

Membrane in formwork

This event assumes a strict sequence of the following operations:

Before proceeding with the installation of individual sections of the formwork, it is necessary to mark the site to visually determine the contours of the above-ground part of the basic structure. As a rule, posts / pins are installed in the corners, through which the thread is passed. Pre-cut fittings are ideal for these pins. Thus, the thread will serve as a guide for the installation of the formwork, which determines the dimensions of the foundation and indicates the base of the base.
For ease of installation, boards or other work material is best mounted as prefabricated panels. Shields are exposed on a plumb line and attached to wooden supports using screws or nails.
Before the shields take their place, you need to take care of the holes for various communications and vents. For this, the corresponding slots are preliminarily made in the panel board elements of the formwork.
To make the structure more rigid, the flaps should be reinforced with transverse bars. The frequency of use of such reinforcing elements is determined individually for each separate type of formwork.
Reinforcement is an integral part of the strip structure. Its purpose can hardly be overestimated, because it is she who creates a solid frame for the entire bearing part as a whole.

Basement of the basement floor

To reinforce the strip base, rods with a diameter of 12 to 16 mm are used. Soft steel wire is used for tying reinforcement. In contrast to a welded contact, such a connection gives the entire structure flexibility and ductility.

The foundation is the basis of any structure, therefore, it is extremely important to avoid even the slightest mistakes during the arrangement. A well-made base will not only strengthen the structure, but also extend its service life. The construction of a two-story house also begins with the study of the foundation, but first you need to examine the soil for its condition and the height of the ground aquifers. Such geodetic studies are required in order to calculate what depth and height are needed for the foundation of the future house.

Determination of depth for a two-story house

To determine the depth of the foundation, not only the type of soil and the height of the aquifers are calculated, but also the point of soil freezing. In particular, several types of soil are divided:

Fluffy - this is fine sandstone, loam and other light compositions.
Non-powdery are semi-rock and rocky rocks.
Weakly fluffy are considered more severe. This includes gravelly (large and medium-sized), as well as coarse soils.

Important! A strip foundation for a two-story house on soft soil will take away not only strength, but also finances. Therefore, it is better to choose any other type of foundation.

The height of the approach of groundwater aquifers also affects what dimensions the foundation will have for a two-story house. In the case of a close finding of the exit point in the presence of heaving soil, the depth should be as small as possible. And such a combination threatens with high costs and a choice non-standard solutions... However, the strip foundation is good because it can be buried 0.7 meters and at the same time be confident in the strength of the foundation. Additional work will be required, not the most difficult - waterproofing the supporting structure.

Advice! Semi-rock and rocky soils do not depend on the approach of the aquifers and the freezing point. Therefore, geodetic surveys are not required here, and the depth of the laying of the bearing base can be standard.

The freezing point of the soil is the last criterion in choosing the depth of the bearing base for a two-story house. But there is a secret here: in the case of non-heaving soil on the site, the freezing point does not have much effect.

Calculation of the depth and width of the foundation for a two-story house

After determining the main factors, the main parameters of the supporting base are calculated: depth, width, height strip foundation.

Advice! In the case of erecting a two-story frame house, the trench depth is calculated according to the standard parameters of a frame with a height of 70 cm.

As a rule, the width of the base of the house is determined as the estimated thickness of the outer walls plus 15 cm.But such calculations are very approximate, in order to determine more accurate parameters, the following data must be taken into account:

The area of \u200b\u200bthe pit bottom, to determine the dimensions of which it is necessary to know the mass of the structure and the bearing capacity;
The thickness of the main walls of the building;
Looseness of the soil;
Freezing point.

Advice! The depth of the supporting base also depends on the materials used to build the house, climatic conditions and the place of construction. A two-story house is considered a low-rise type of structure, so a material such as a brick, cinder block is quite suitable. The strip foundation for such houses can be of a shallow type.

Formula for calculation: multiply 0.8 m by the number of floors of the future house. It turns out the figure 1.6 - it is this depth that is considered standard for a two-story house.

Features of the strip foundation

The strip foundation is of the monolithic type and is ideal on sandy, clayey soils. It is also used on soils with drops of 20-50 cm. The difference of this type of bearing base is located along the entire perimeter of the building, including bearing walls.

The width of the base should be greater than the thickness of the walls, taking into account the maximum ground load for the type of soil available. The thickness depends on the building material. For example, if using concrete, the base width is taken as standard - 25 cm, reinforced concrete - 10 cm wide, natural stone - 50 cm wide.

In matters of determining what exactly should be the depth of the foundation, it is worth paying attention to the type of structure. In particular, for wooden buildings, a depth of burial of no more than 15-20 cm below the freezing point of the soil is chosen, but for a heavier two-story brick house, the depth of burial is required from 30-40 cm below the freezing level.

Advice! After the depth of the bearing base has been determined, the height is calculated. Sizes vary at the request of the customer, but the standards offer their own parameters: for houses made of brick or aerated concrete, the height is from 20 cm, for wood from 35-40 cm. Builders recommend taking the following parameters: plus 10 cm to the height of the snow cover typical for the area

This article is the answer to a question from one of the clients of our company that came recently to email company "Bogatyr".

Nikolay, 29 years old, Moscow! "Hello! Your company was advised to me by my brother, whom you built a pile foundation for a shopping center in Moscow last year. He spoke extremely positively about the company's specialists, and I also decided to use your services. I have a spacious plot in the Moscow region where I I plan to build a one-storey brick house with an area of \u200b\u200b90-100 square meters. Now I'm thinking about which foundation is better to use. Soils on the site are heaving, as the neighbors say. I can't say for sure about the depth of the groundwater, I haven’t carried out geodesy of the site yet. on what foundation is it most rational to build a brick house, taking into account an unlimited financial budget. The main condition is durability and reliability, I want the house to be built "for centuries", as they say. Thanks in advance for your answer. "

Since this information will be of interest to a wide range of readers, we decided to consider it in detail in a full article.

From the material, you will learn what to be guided by when choosing a foundation for a brick house, and how the main types of foundations used in private low-rise construction are erected.

Choosing the type of foundation for a brick house

Brick houses, even if they are built on 1-2 floors, are classified as heavy structures. Only a few types of foundations can be used as a foundation for such buildings, namely:

Tape;
Plate;
Pile.

The most economically profitable type of foundation is a shallow strip foundation - however, its use is possible only in non-porous soils, which are extremely rare in the Moscow Region.

Figure: 1.1

The most reliable foundation with high bearing characteristics is the foundation made of a monolithic slab, which is also the most expensive, due to the large amount of materials required for the arrangement.

Pile foundations - "the golden mean", with the correct configuration, the foundations on driven piles are not inferior, and in certain types of soils they surpass the bearing properties of slab foundations, the work on their arrangement is performed faster and they cost less.

Figure: 1.2

Important: the economic component is only a minor criterion when choosing a foundation for a brick house. First of all, it is necessary to be guided by the standards for the correspondence of foundations to a specific type of soil and the mass and size characteristics of the building being erected.

The main factors that determine the type of foundation on which a brick house should be built are as follows:

Type of soil on the construction site;
The depth of soil freezing;
Groundwater level;
The mass and number of storeys of the structure.

To obtain information about the characteristics of the soil, it makes sense to use the service of a geodetic survey of the site, since it is impossible to collect all the necessary data without the availability of special equipment, namely, they have the maximum weight when designing any foundation.

Figure: 1.3

Consider the relationship between the type of soil and the type of foundation for a brick house:

Tape bases - they are erected on dry cohesive soils and sandy soil, they are subject to the effects of heaving forces, therefore, when laying in heaving soil, they must submerge below the depth of its freezing;
Slab foundations - suitable for problem soils prone to shear and subsiding soil, have high resistance to soil heaving;
Pile foundations are a universal option for all types of soil, except for rocky ground.

Based on the weight and size characteristics of the building being erected, the choice of the foundation is as follows:

Belt - suitable for 1-2 storey brick houses, allow you to equip a basement or basement;
Slab - used for the construction of 1-3 storey houses from timber, bricks and logs. On such foundations, houses of a standard rectangular shape are built, since it is problematic to fill in a monolithic slab of complex configuration. If it is necessary to equip the basement floor, the foundation slab is equipped at the bottom of the pit;
Pile foundations - with the appropriate design of the pile foundation, any houses, including multi-storey buildings, can be erected on it. Such a foundation does not provide for the possibility of arranging a basement.

Figure: 1.4

Strip and slab foundations are subject to the effects of frost heaving of soil and groundwater, depending on which the required depth of the foundation is determined:

Strip foundation for a brick house

When building a one-story brick house on a site with normal soil conditions, the best option is a strip foundation. The construction of a foundation tape that repeats the contours of the house requires an order of magnitude less materials than the formation of a monolithic slab.

The width of the tape is determined based on the thickness of the walls, it can be 10-15 centimeters thicker and form a protruding base, or be laid on the same level with the wall.

The depth of laying the foundation depends on the degree of heaving of the soil. On non-porous soil, it is permissible to build shallow foundations, lowered into the soil by 50-70 centimeters.

Figure: 1.5

The sequence of work on the arrangement of strip foundations is as follows:

On the site, the contours of the foundation are marked along the outer and inner walls of the house;
A trench is being dug to a depth of 20-30 centimeters more than the design depth of the tape;
At the bottom of the trench, a sand and gravel cushion is formed, which acts as a compaction layer that prevents soil shrinkage;
On the sides of the trench, to the height of the elevation of the foundation tape above the ground, a formwork is formed from boards, which is strengthened with side supports and covered with waterproofing material;
A reinforcement cage is knitted from reinforcing rods, which has two contours - the central part of the tape does not require reinforcement, since all loads are distributed in its upper and lower parts;
The frame is placed in trenches and the foundation is poured with heavy concrete of class A300.

Figure: 1.6

Pile foundation for a brick house

The foundation made of reinforced concrete piles is a universal type of foundation, which is applicable for the construction of houses of any number of storeys on all types of soils common in the Moscow region.

You will not be able to make such a foundation on your own, since the immersion of pile poles is carried out with special construction equipment, but by ordering it from our company you can be sure that the base of the house will withstand any loads and will last for more than a dozen years.

Figure: 1.7

Work on the arrangement of the pile foundation is carried out in the following sequence:

The design of the base is carried out, the layout of the piles under the walls of the house is determined - in standard conditions, the pillars are placed along the perimeter of the external and internal walls with a step of 2-2.5 meters, as well as at their intersection;
Piles are delivered to the facility, construction equipment is relocated;
The territory of the site is leveled, the upper sod layer of soil is removed and the places of pile driving are marked;
The pile driving installation makes piles immersion by shock or vibration method;
The piles are tied with a grillage - it acts as a support, on the surface of which the walls of the house are laid.

Figure: 1.8

The construction company "Bogatyr" guarantees high-quality performance of the entire range of pile works when arranging foundations from driven reinforced concrete piles. We are ready to design a foundation for any building, deliver high-quality piles and drive them into any type of soil. Thanks to the use of modern piling equipment, all work is carried out in the shortest possible time.

Slab foundation for a brick house

If you prefer to build a foundation with your own hands, but at the same time you are dealing with problem soils with uneven density, prone to shear or frost heaving, pay attention to the foundation made of a monolithic concrete slab.

Figure: 1.9

The slab can be laid both with a slight deepening, equal to its thickness (which, in most cases, does not exceed 50 centimeters), or it can be installed at the bottom of the pit, which allows you to create a full-fledged basement floor.

The construction of the slab foundation is carried out using the following technology:

On the site, the contour of the slab is marked and earthwork begins to dig a pit. With a large depth of the slab, excavators are used for this; with a surface arrangement, it is quite possible to do with manual force;
A layer of concrete 2-3 centimeters thick is poured from liquid concrete, which will serve as the basis for pouring the main slab;
Wooden formwork is installed on the sides of the pit;
A reinforcing frame is created for the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe slab. The number of contours is 2, corrugated reinforcement rods with a diameter of 12 mm or more are used as horizontal frame elements, which are connected by vertical bridges. The frame is fastened with knitting wire or welding;
The reinforced frame is laid on the foundation and the slab is poured. For this, a batch of ready-made concrete is used, ordered in the required volume, since the pouring must be carried out at once.

Figure: 2.0

Drainage system for a brick house

With a high level of groundwater, a wall drainage system must be provided to protect strip and slab foundations from erosion. It is necessary to equip it even at the stage of laying the foundation, so as not to carry out excavation work on its excavation again.

Figure: 2.1

Drainage pipes are located around the perimeter of the house, encircling the contours of the foundation. They are placed 10-20 centimeters below the support heel of the base. In the corners of the house, pipes are brought into inspection wells, which are connected to the main storage tank located at the lowest point of the site so that water from the inspection wells flows into the container by gravity. From the main tank, water is pumped out of the site.

Insulation of the foundation

Warming the base is one of the most effective ways protect the foundation of the house from the negative effects of the soil environment in which it is located. Most often, they resort to insulation when arranging the basement floor.

Figure: 2.2

For thermal insulation of the foundation high density plate heaters are used. Such products are presented in the range of all leading companies involved in the production of thermal insulation materials. Heaters from extruded polystyrene foam from the Penoplex and Technonikol companies have proven themselves best.

Insulation materials are glued to the walls of the foundation with the help of bituminous mastic, after which the surface of the thermal insulation is putty and covered with a layer of protective geotextile.
Gain

To strengthen the foundation at the stage of its construction, they do not resort, however, if the foundation is not designed correctly and is not able to withstand the mass of the building or the load of heaving forces exerted on it, such a measure may be needed soon enough.

Figure: 2.3

In construction practice, the following methods of strengthening foundations are resorted to:

Arrangement of reinforced concrete clips and shirts, which are an additional layer of concrete that increases the foundation strip - a sheet metal shell is arranged around the base perimeter, which is fixed in the base walls with reinforcement, after which the cavity between the metal and the foundation is filled with concrete;
Expansion of the support area of \u200b\u200bthe foundation - for this, reinforced concrete slabs or blocks are used, placed under the supporting heel of the foundation tape;
Strengthening of pile foundations is carried out by driving additional piles next to the existing pillars.

Our services

We are a construction company and the main activity of our company is pile driving in Moscow and the region. We work with our own equipment with high productivity, so we do not delay the delivery of the pile foundation. To order work on piling, leader drilling, sheet piling or for the supply of reinforced concrete piles to the object, use the application form:

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Useful materials

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In order for your house to stand for a guaranteed long time, you need to choose and make a good one. For a brick house, a reinforced foundation is required. At the base of a foam block house, you can make the foundation simpler. The construction market does not stand still and now there are many materials that allow even beginners in construction to make an excellent foundation for a brick house with their own hands.

Through the development modern technologies, there are many kinds of bases. They differ in design features, as well as in characteristics.

There are criteria according to which the option of the foundation is selected: the size and mass of the house, features, the relief on the site, the presence of groundwater, whether the soil freezes through.

A feature of a brick or stone room is its high mass. On average, a brick house with one floor can be much heavier than a two-story one wooden house... The density of bricks intended for construction is 1.5 tons per 1 kb / m. The density of pine or spruce is 500-600 kg.

ATTENTION: according to construction standards, it is not recommended to lay a shallow strip or pipe foundation. These options have a low load-bearing capacity and the pipes are prone to corrosion.

The area of \u200b\u200bthe building is also important. If you are going to build a house with two floors, then the foundation will have to be made more solid. When pouring the base, it is best to comply with all SNiP standards. Prepare a layout with all the calculations that are required for the construction.

Soil characteristics

Soils are:

Weak (clay, soils on which there are swamps) - collect moisture, are not strong and therefore cannot keep houses in large mass, especially if you plan to build several floors, in winter the soils become heaving. The collected moisture freezes and becomes ice, while increasing in volume. When expanding, bumps appear, deformation of the base occurs. Stilt houses are suitable for such soils.

IMPORTANT: If you decide to put piles, then make sure that they lie deeper than the ground freezes.

Medium is loamy soils. It is important here to know at what depth the groundwater lies.
Strong - rocks or sandstone rocks. They can withstand any foundations: starting with a shallow one and ending with a strip foundation. These rocks do not collect moisture, so they are not affected by frost.

Peculiarities of groundwater occurrence

This is an important indicator when laying the foundation of the foundation. The higher the water table is, the more likely heaving will occur. you cannot build on such soils. The best option would be a monolithic "floating" slab or pile. The disadvantage of such foundations is that you cannot build a large building.

When building a house with two floors, you will need to greatly strengthen the foundation. You can also build drainage and make a tape base. Remember that the foundation should be located below the level from which freezing occurs. For example, this is an ideal option for the south of Russia, the level of freezing there is no more than 0.5-0.7 m. In the north, the depth of freezing is more than 1.5 m, so at a price it is very expensive.

IMPORTANT: when laying a foundation from tapes, when the water is high, you can organize good waterproofing. If it is not provided, then water will seep through the cracks and cracks in the basement, while mold and fungus will multiply. Moisture in the winter will expand and destroy the foundation.

Brick like material

A brick house has two features: they have a large shrinkage, a large mass.

The shrinkage problem is common in all houses built with small materials. it compresses well, but when there is stretching or bending, it easily collapses.

The worst thing is uneven shrinkage, which causes:

Due to the appearance of these problems, strength and reliability are significantly reduced. You should also remember about deformations that will lead to distortions:

Large shrinkage of different parts. Most often this happens when there is a violation of the technological process or poor study of geology. Shrinkage occurs in areas of weak soil or with poor compaction.
Bulging is the reverse process, when there is no shrinkage, but individual parts begin to rise. This is possible due to the appearance of groundwater, the shallow depth of the foundation base.

In these cases, it is necessary to strengthen the supports, to strengthen the soil. Of course, you have to spend a good amount of money, so choose the right foundation option, as well as follow the technological process.

Brick is one of the problematic materials. Only the reinforced concrete structure is more massive. Given these features, we can say that many foundations simply cannot cope with such a load.

Foundation options

If you want the foundation to stand for many years, you need to choose the most profitable option. The type of foundation will directly depend on the weight of the future building. The most profitable are piled, slab and strip foundations.

Consider the options for laying foundations.

A pit, especially if the plans include a zero level or a house with a basement.
Preparing a trench if the house will have 1-2 floors and a basement is not provided.

In any case, several requirements should be met:

- features,
- soil freezing,
- how the groundwater flows,
- features of the relief.

IMPORTANT: In order for the preparation work to be performed efficiently, it is best to contact a specialist.

If it is not possible to contact specialists, observe several standards:

You also need to take into account the type of house that will be built:

- On monolithic and solid foundations, it is best to build simple houses.
- Houses are built on piles on weak soil or if the plan is a large building.
- If you want to build a house with a basement, ground floor, large in size - choose a strip foundation.

NOTE: there are several rules for the depth of laying the foundation of a brick house. The depth depends on the heaving of the soil, the characteristics of freezing, as well as the presence of groundwater.

Strip foundation under the house

This is the most popular option. It can withstand massive structures and is also easy to manufacture. Such a base is located around the entire perimeter of the future house, as well as under the load-bearing walls. With this option, you can plan a basement or basement.

The foundation can be monolithic or prefabricated. The first option is a reinforced structure completely filled with concrete. A very solid foundation that you can do yourself. The biggest disadvantage is the long time required for complete hardening.

Prefabricated - it is made from blocks (stone or concrete). It is being built quickly, but you will need special equipment and assistants. This option will not be as durable as compared to the monolithic one.

According to the load exerted on the ground, they are distinguished: shallow and buried. The first ones are laid to a depth of 0.5-0.7 m. Small simple structures can be placed on them. Houses made of bricks, as we already know, are very heavy and their weight is difficult to hold, because of this it is best to make a recessed version. It is made 0.3 m below the freezing of the soil, especially if there is a basement and a basement.

The price of the foundation of a brick house also depends on the distance from the site to the city, where you can purchase all the necessary materials. So:

IMPORTANT: Put roofing material along the bottom to make high-quality insulation.

Make a belt out of. It is best to take rods of 6-10 mm. Connect the rods together using welding machine... The resulting frame is lowered into a trench, laid on brick or stone supports.
Pour concrete in several passes. Each layer should be about 15-20 cm. With a vibrating hammer, if not, shake each layer with a shovel. Thanks to this procedure, there will be no voids.

IMPORTANT: the concrete mortar must be of medium fat content. In this case, it does not flow by itself, you need to try to distribute it.

Leave everything on until dry. The average drying time is up to 30 days. Remember to saturate the frame with water to prevent drying out.
When the concrete hardens, remove the formwork. Insulate from water. Various materials can be used for these purposes.
Fill in the foundation, but do not damage the waterproofing.

Pile foundation for a brick house

When the soil cannot withstand a large and heavy house, then it is worth considering the option of laying a foundation from piles. In this version, most of the load is transferred to the ground, which is much lower. The piles are connected to each other with a solution of concrete or reinforced concrete, on top of which walls will already be erected.

The pile foundation can be made on any soil, this will reduce your materials and work. The main disadvantage in the construction of such a foundation is the need for special equipment that can drill a well, or drive it in.

There are different options for foundations of this type. The bored version with reinforced concrete piles is best suited. You can make such a base both with your own hands and using a special technique. The cost will also depend on the remoteness of the construction site from the city.

If you prefer this option, you will need:

Free the area, remove the top layer. We make the corners strictly straight.
We mark the places where they will be. Under each pile, we make a small depression.
We make wells in which the piles will be located.
To make a frame, weld reinforcement rods together. The frame should be 0.2-0.3 m above the ground.

IMPORTANT: when the piles are above the ground, the formwork can be built from metal pipes.

We fill the bottom with sand and gravel. We arrange the frame from the reinforcement and concrete it. Don't forget to settle everything. Concrete can be purchased or made on your own right at the construction site.
We make a frame for the grillage, connect it to the piles. We install the formwork.

IMPORTANT: the formwork for the grillage can be made prefabricated. It is easy to install, and the grillage will be more durable.

Pour concrete mortar. Remember to settle everything.
We leave everything to dry, we carry out waterproofing.

Everything is ready and you can erect the walls of the future home.

Slab foundation

The easiest option. This, it is located throughout the area. This foundation perfectly distributes loads, well suited for heaving, subsiding soils.

Consider the installation of a shallow tiled base... You will need reinforced concrete beams, reinforcement, and slabs that will need to be connected. Let's get started:

We are clearing the site. Remove the topsoil. We do the markup.
We go deeper a little lower than the thickness of the foundation will be.
Align and sprinkle with sand and gravel. We go through a vibrating plate. Pour a thin layer of concrete mortar.
We lay vinyl film, roofing felt or geotextile on the entire surface.
We make formwork around the perimeter.
Place the reinforcement mesh inside the formwork.
Pour the concrete solution at one time. This will help avoid cold bridges. Work with a vibrator.
The pillow dries up for 2-3 weeks.

How to strengthen the foundation of a brick house

Sometimes, when the foundation is ready, you have to change the material for the construction of the walls. If the foundation is not strengthened, then cracks and distortions may occur. The easiest way is to increase the base, but there are other possibilities.

- Injection - we dig out the soil around the perimeter of the basement, spray concrete solution on the walls. This can be done with a special cannon.
- Strengthening with piles. They are installed immediately at the foundation.
- We make the formwork around the circumference, lower the finished reinforcing frame and concreting.
- Another concrete wall.
- Expansion of the pillow by increasing the walls by 0.5 - 1m.

You have decided to build a brick house, think over what the foundation will be. From the article, you realized that the brick house is very massive, so in order to avoid problems, choose the right option.