Military reforms of Genghis Khan. The reign of Genghis Khan. Conquest of Central Asia

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“Tatar-Mongol yoke in Rus'” - The troops of the Volga horde got lost in the Carpathians and suffered serious losses from hunger. In 1238, Batu Khan approached the borders Kievan Rus. There was no Baska institution here, typical of other principalities. In the end, Moscow won. The princes were obliged to periodically send their troops to participate in joint campaigns with the Mongols. The Horde ravaged the outskirts of Novgorod, and Russian troops failed to take Volkovysk.

“Power of the Golden Horde” - Russian lands under the rule of the Golden Horde. Duties of the Russian population. Ulus. Consequences of Horde rule. Get involved in learning activities. Give yourself a mark. Dependence of Russian lands. Define the concept. Fill out the table. Correct execution of tasks. Evaluate your work. Golden Horde. Representatives of the Mongol khans. Degree of assimilation. Write down the definition of concepts. Received knowledge.

“The Mongol invasion of Rus'” - Ryazan fell. Consequences of the Mongol-Tatar invasion. Certificate for reign. Basic points of view on the relationship between Rus' and the Horde. The filthy ones approached the city. The Mongols came to Vladimir. Horde exit. Siege of the city. The road to Novgorod. The conquerors besieged the small fortress of Moscow. Horde yoke. Tithe Church. Prince of Ryazan Yuri. Mongol generals. The Tatars fought near the city. The Tatars broke into the Ryazan walls.

“Battle of Kalka” - Solving the crossword puzzle. Nickname of Mstislav. The conquests of Genghis Khan. Allies of the Russian princes. A detachment of Mongol light cavalry. The smallest military unit. Center for ART Education. Father-in-law of Mstislav the Udaly. Russian Land. Khan Kotyan. Mongols and Russians. Period in history. Subjugation of the Buryat tribes. Qualitative characteristics of the army. Prince of the Vladimir-Volyn principality. Kurultai at the source of the river.

“History of the Golden Horde” - Civil strife in the Golden Horde. The reign of Tokhtamysh. Consequences for the Chuvash Bulgarians. Confrontation between Tokhtamysh and Tamerlane. Great changes have occurred in the history of the Golden Horde. The defeat of the city of Bolgar by Tamerlane. Tokhtamysh. Genuine civil strife in Ulus. Collapse of the Golden Horde. Idegey. Fall of Idegei. Making a dream come true. Idegey's plans.

“Standing on the Ugra River” - The end of the confrontation. Akhmat managed to come to an agreement with the Polish-Lithuanian king Casimir IV. Akhmat with a large army moved to the Russian borders. In 1476 Grand Duke Ivan III stopped paying tribute to the khan. On October 3, Ivan III left Moscow and headed to the city of Kremenets. Tatar army. On October 8, Akhmat tried to cross the Ugra. Confrontation on the Ugra. Negotiation. Ivan III began to gather troops to the banks of the Oka River.

From the very beginning, Genghis Khan began to pursue an energetic policy of conquest. Explaining this aggressiveness, historians usually point to the fact that in the second half of the 12th century. Property inequality grew rapidly. The clan system was replaced by “nomadic feudalism.” The tribal nobility sought to strengthen their position, increase power and wealth through constant wars and the robbery of neighboring tribes and peoples. That is why the transition to a new society among the Mongols, like many other peoples of Europe and Asia, was accompanied by campaigns of conquest.

Conquest of China

At first, Genghis Khan conquers the Uy-Gurs, the peoples of Southern Siberia and Altai, then proceeds to conquer China and the Tangut state.

The successes of the Mongols sometimes seem fantastic. The total number of this people did not then exceed two million people. Meanwhile, by the middle of the 13th century. they managed to conquer China with its 50 million population. Under the leadership of Genghis Khan and his sons, the Mongols created the largest state in world history, stretching from the Black Sea to the Pacific Ocean.

Conquest of Central Asia

Waging two wars at the same time - with the North Chinese Jin Empire and the Tanguts, Genghis Khan ventured into a third. In the fall of 1219, his troops invaded Central Asia. The strongest state in this area was the power of the Khorezmshah Muhammad, stretching from the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf and from the Caucasus to India. However, it quickly collapsed under the blows of the steppe inhabitants. What happened seemed like some kind of obsession to contemporaries. “...I have no doubt that if anyone survives after us, after this era, and sees a description of this event, he will deny it and consider it a fable,” wrote the Arab historian Ibn al-Athir. Having conquered all of Central Asia in 1221, the Mongols moved further to the territory of what is now Afghanistan, Iran and India.

Campaign of Jebe and Subedei

Military reform

However, historical patterns gain strength only in the activities of people. A major role in the development of events was played by Genghis Khan himself - a talented organizer and commander, but at the same time a man completely devoid of what would later be called humanity.

Having received supreme power over his fellow tribesmen, Genghis Khan built his state and army on the principles of blind submission and the most severe discipline. The first concern of the new ruler was to strengthen the army. He divided his warriors into tens, hundreds and thousands. The largest formation was Tumen - 10 thousand horsemen. Each of the commanders of the tumen (temnik) received possession of a certain region, the population of which was large enough to field 10 thousand soldiers. Gradually, generals and tribal leaders turned into large feudal lords.

Genghis Khan's first state decision carried out a military reform of society. The commanders received awards according to merit, and not by right of birth. The soldiers were deployed in tens, hundreds and thousands and were required to serve from fourteen to seventy years of age. To monitor order, in addition to the army of one hundred thousand, a guard of ten thousand was created, which served as the guard of the khan's yurt. The guard (keshiktash) was created from noble warriors who were personally loyal to Genghis Khan. The guard also included a thousand of the most loyal and powerful warriors - “bagaturs”.

The legislation was based on the military regulations. Two punishments were established: the death penalty and “exile to Siberia” - to the deserted north of Mongolia. A distinctive feature of this establishment was the introduction of punishment for failure to provide assistance to a comrade in trouble. This law was called Yasa, and Genghis Khan's second son, Chagatai, was appointed keeper of the Yasa (supreme prosecutor). In such a warlike and diverse crowd of people, it was necessary to maintain strict order, which always requires real force. Genghis Khan foresaw this and, from among the most proven warriors, created two guards, day and night. They were on round-the-clock duty in the horde, were constantly with the khan and obeyed only him. This was the Mongolian coercive apparatus, placed above the army command staff: an ordinary guardsman was considered higher in rank than a thousand-man officer. 95 noyons elected by the army were appointed as thousands.

The Mongol army was a close-knit equestrian formation. Unlike other nomads, the Mongols’ tactics included the principle of ramming - compact masses in deep formations, which were supposed to increase the impact (shock) force to the possible limits with the aim, for example, of breaking through the enemy’s center, one of its wings, etc. But the Mongols, in addition, had a high degree of maneuverability, and their light cavalry played a very active and not at all secondary role in battle.

The first cavalry units not only carried out a crushing blow to one or another section of the enemy front, but could push him to the flank, and also be thrown to his rear. Thanks to this ability to maneuver, there was no need to identify the point for the main attack in advance: it could be determined during the course of the battle, depending on the prevailing situation. The light cavalry not only reconnaissance and cover, but mainly performs the task of actively preparing the impending decisive strike. This is the famous "Mongolian lava". Maneuvering in front of the enemy’s front with extraordinary mobility, the horsemen jumped into his flanks, and, when appropriate, into his rear. These dexterous riders, armed with throwing weapons, sitting on their horses, trained like dogs, now breaking apart, now gathering into more or less dense groups, sent clouds of well-aimed arrows and darts into the enemy’s ranks, threatening him with one thing or another place attack and, usually not accepting the enemy’s close attack, turned to feigned flight, luring him and leading him into ambushes.

With such actions they frustrated and exhausted the enemy physically and mentally to such an extent that he sometimes surrendered the rear even before the Mongol heavy cavalry entered the picture. If the enemy turned out to be persistent, then the actions of the light cavalry, in any case, made it possible to determine his location, weak spots or the most advantageous areas for delivering the main attack, where heavy cavalry masses, built in several lines, were quickly and secretly, with skillful adaptation to the terrain.

As a feature of Mongolian tactics, it can also be noted that the cavalry on the battlefield usually maneuvered “silently,” i.e. not by commands, but by conventional signs given by the badge (flag) of the boss. In night battles they were replaced by colored lanterns. Drums were used to give signals only in camp settings.

In accordance with the tactical techniques of the Mongol army, the armament of its two main “arms” was determined - light and heavy cavalry, otherwise called archers and swordsmen. As the name itself shows, the main weapon of the first was the bow and arrow; they themselves and their horses had no or only the most primitive and light protective devices; the archers had two bows and two quivers, one consumable, the other spare. The spare quiver was designed to protect the arrows from moisture. The arrows were extremely sharp. The Mongols were masters at making and sharpening them. Accustomed to archery from the age of three, the Mongol was an excellent marksman. Some of the archers were additionally armed with darts. Light sabers were available as additional weapons for possible hand-to-hand combat.

In the heavy cavalry, men wore chain mail or leather armor; their headdress consisted of a light leather helmet with a strong backplate to protect the neck from saber strikes. The horses of the heavy cavalry had protective weapons made of thick patent leather. The main offensive weapons of the swordsmen were curved sabers, which they wielded perfectly, and pikes; in addition, each had a battle ax or an iron club, which was hung from the belt or from the saddle.

IN hand-to-hand combat, as well as during skirmishes in small parties, the Mongols tried to throw or drag enemies off their horses; For this purpose, hooks attached to lances and darts were used, as well as lassos made of horsehair, which were thrown at the enemy from some distance. Trapped in the noose of the lasso

the enemy rider was pulled off his horse and dragged along the ground; the same technique was used against a foot enemy.

Large and medium-sized military units, such as thousands or hundreds, were mounted on horses of the same color. This is reliably known regarding the guards’ “thousand bagaturs,” which all had black horses.

The most important point The structure of the Mongol army, unlike other nomadic peoples, was that they widely used various engineering devices to siege cities: catapults, rams, mining techniques, etc. Captured Chinese were used as specialists. For example, during the Central Asian campaign we see within the Mongolian army an auxiliary engineering division serving a variety of heavy combat vehicles, which were used mainly during sieges, including flamethrowers. The latter threw various flammable substances into the besieged cities: burning oil, the so-called “Greek fire”, etc.

As E. Khara-Davan points out, preparations for one or another campaign were carried out according to the same scheme:

A kurultai was convened, at which the issue of the upcoming war and its plan was discussed. There they decided everything that was necessary to form an army - how many soldiers to take from each ten tents, etc., and also determined the place and time for collecting troops.

Spies were sent to the enemy country and “tongues” were obtained.

Military operations usually began in early spring, when the grass was growing, and in the fall, when the horses and camels were in good health and the water obstacles were frozen. Before the opening of hostilities, Genghis Khan gathered all the senior commanders to listen to his instructions. The supreme command was exercised by Genghis Khan himself. The invasion of the enemy's country was carried out by several armies in different directions. From the commanders receiving such a separate command, Genghis Khan demanded to present a plan of action, which he discussed and usually approved, only in rare cases introducing his own amendments to it. After this, the performer is given complete freedom of action within the limits of the task given to him in close connection with the headquarters of the supreme leader.

When approaching significant fortified cities, the main armies left an observation corps to monitor them. Supplies were collected in the surrounding area and, if necessary, a temporary base was set up. Usually the main forces continued the offensive, and the observation corps, equipped with machines, began to invest and siege.

When a meeting in the field with an enemy army was foreseen, the Mongols usually followed one of two methods:

either they tried to attack the enemy by surprise, quickly concentrating the forces of several armies to the battlefield, or, if the enemy turned out to be vigilant and surprise could not be counted on, they directed their forces in such a way as to achieve a bypass of one of the enemy flanks.

But their military initiative was not exhausted by these methods. For example, a feigned flight was carried out, and the army with great skill covered its tracks, disappearing from the eyes of the enemy until he fragmented his forces and weakened security measures. Then the Mongols mounted fresh clockwork horses and made a quick raid, appearing as if from underground before the stunned enemy. In this way, the Russian princes were defeated in 1223 on the Kalka River. It happened that during such a demonstrative flight, the Mongol troops dispersed so as to envelop the enemy from different sides. If it turned out that the enemy was staying focused and prepared to fight back, they released him from the encirclement in order to later attack him on the march. In this way, in 1220, one of the armies of Khorezmshah Muhammad, which the Mongols deliberately released from Bukhara, was destroyed.

They also indicate this interesting fact: before the battle, the Mongol put on silk underwear (Chinese chesucha). This tissue has the ability to be drawn into the wound along with the tip, delaying its penetration. The tip cannot pierce the fabric, and the tip removal operation becomes simple.

So, the consolidated Mongol ethnic group arose because of wars and only for wars. And they were not long in coming...

The legislation was based on the military regulations. Two punishments were established: the death penalty and “exile to Siberia” - to the deserted north of Mongolia. Distinctive feature This establishment was the introduction of punishment for failure to provide assistance to a comrade in trouble. This law was called Yasa, and Genghis Khan's second son, Chagatai, was appointed keeper of the Yasa (supreme prosecutor). In such a warlike and diverse crowd of people, it was necessary to maintain strict order, which always requires real force. Genghis Khan foresaw this and, from among the most proven warriors, created two guards, day and night. They were on round-the-clock duty in the horde, were constantly with the khan and obeyed only him. This was the Mongolian coercive apparatus, placed above the army command staff: an ordinary guardsman was considered higher in rank than a thousand-man officer. 95 noyons elected by the army were appointed as thousands.

With such actions they frustrated and exhausted the enemy physically and mentally to such an extent that he sometimes surrendered the rear even before the Mongol heavy cavalry entered the picture. If the enemy turned out to be persistent, then the actions of the light cavalry, in any case, made it possible to determine its location, weak points or the most advantageous areas for delivering the main attack, where heavy cavalry masses were quickly and secretly, with skillful use of the terrain, brought up in deep closed formations , built in several lines.

In hand-to-hand combat, as well as during skirmishes in small parties, the Mongols tried to throw or pull enemies off their horses; For this purpose, hooks attached to lances and darts were used, as well as lassos made of horsehair, which were thrown at the enemy from some distance. Captured by the noose of the lasso, the enemy rider was pulled off his horse and dragged along the ground; the same technique was used against a foot enemy.

The most important point in the structure of the Mongol army, in contrast to other nomadic peoples, was that they widely used various engineering devices to siege cities: catapults, rams, mining techniques, etc. Captured Chinese were used as specialists. For example, during the Central Asian campaign we see within the Mongolian army an auxiliary engineering division serving a variety of heavy combat vehicles, which were used mainly during sieges, including flamethrowers. The latter threw various flammable substances into the besieged cities: burning oil, the so-called “Greek fire”, etc.

As E. Khara-Davan points out, preparations for one or another campaign were carried out according to the same scheme:

1. A kurultai was convened, at which the issue of the upcoming war and its plan was discussed. There they decided everything that was necessary to form an army - how many soldiers to take from each ten tents, etc., and also determined the place and time for collecting troops.

Spies were sent to the enemy country and “tongues” were obtained.

3. Military operations usually began in early spring, when the grass was growing, and in the fall, when the horses and camels were in good health and the water obstacles were frozen. Before the opening of hostilities, Genghis Khan gathered all the senior commanders to listen to his instructions.

The supreme command was exercised by Genghis Khan himself. The invasion of the enemy's country was carried out by several armies in different directions. From the commanders receiving such a separate command, Genghis Khan demanded to present a plan of action, which he discussed and usually approved, only in rare cases introducing his own amendments to it. After this, the performer is given complete freedom of action within the limits of the task given to him in close connection with the headquarters of the supreme leader.

4. When approaching significant fortified cities, the main armies left an observation corps to monitor them. Supplies were collected in the surrounding area and, if necessary, a temporary base was set up. Usually the main forces continued the offensive, and the observation corps, equipped with machines, began to invest and siege.

5. When a meeting in the field with an enemy army was foreseen, the Mongols usually adhered to one of two methods: either they tried to attack the enemy by surprise, quickly concentrating the forces of several armies to the battlefield, or, if the enemy turned out to be vigilant and surprise could not be counted on, they directed their forces in such a way as to achieve a bypass of one of the enemy flanks.

They also point out this interesting fact: before the battle, the Mongol put on silk underwear (Chinese chesucha). This tissue has the ability to be drawn into the wound along with the tip, delaying its penetration. The tip cannot pierce the fabric, and the tip removal operation becomes simple.

Thus, in Mongolian society, law and order and legality occupied an important place in the regulation of social relations. A study of the practice of considering and suppressing violations of established rules in Mongolian society in the 13th century allows us to conclude that an extensive system of courts was created to strengthen the established order. The procedure for appointment to the position of judge, norms...

The authors identify the “Black Tatars” with those tribes that were the core of the tribal association that received at the beginning of the 13th century. common name "Mongol". The word “Mongol” itself still does not have a single interpretation in historical science. According to Chinese and other sources, “Mongols” was the name given to one of the ancient tribes that lived on the territory of Mongolia. The most likely assumption is...

Countries, ensure the protection of its borders from external enemies, conduct domestic and foreign policies. The state of the Volga Bulgars finally emerged at the beginning of the 10th century. It is characteristic that at this time the Bulgarian emir organized the minting of coins (902-908), the first steps were taken to establish diplomatic relations with the Baghdad Caliphate (921-922). At the same time, the Bulgars adopted a new religion - Islam, ...

Reforms of Genghis Khan. Military organization of the Mongols. Genghis Khan's first state decision carried out a military reform of society. The commanders received awards according to merit, and not by right of birth. The soldiers were deployed in tens, hundreds and thousands and were required to serve from fourteen to seventy years of age. To monitor order, in addition to the army of one hundred thousand, a guard of ten thousand was created, which served as the guard of the khan's yurt. The Keshiktash Guard was created from noble warriors who were personally loyal to Genghis Khan.

The guard also included a thousand of the most loyal and powerful warriors, the Bagaturs. The legislation was based on the military regulations. Two punishments were established: death penalty and exile to Siberia - to the deserted north of Mongolia.

A distinctive feature of this establishment was the introduction of punishment for failure to provide assistance to a comrade in trouble. This law was called Yasa, and the second son of Genghis Khan, Chagatai, was appointed keeper of Yasa as the supreme prosecutor. In such a warlike and diverse crowd of people, it was necessary to maintain strict order, which always requires real force. Genghis Khan foresaw this and, from among the most proven warriors, created two guards, day and night. They were on round-the-clock duty in the horde, were constantly with the khan and obeyed only him. This was the Mongolian coercive apparatus; placed above the army command staff, the ordinary guardsman was considered to be of higher rank than the thousand's commander.

95 noyons elected by the army were appointed as thousands. Gumilev L.N. In search of an imaginary kingdom. Trefoil mound. http gumilevica.kulichki.net The Mongol army was a close-knit equestrian formation. Unlike other nomads, the Mongols’ tactics included the principle of ramming - compact masses in deep formations, which were supposed to increase the force of the shock to the possible limits with the aim, for example, of breaking through the enemy’s center, one of its wings, etc. But the Mongols, in addition, had a high degree of maneuverability, and their light cavalry played a very active and not at all secondary role in battle. The first cavalry units not only carried out a crushing blow to one or another section of the enemy front, but could push him to the flank, and also be thrown to his rear. Thanks to this ability to maneuver, there was no need to identify the point for the main attack in advance; it could be determined during the course of the battle, depending on the prevailing situation.

The light cavalry not only reconnaissance and cover, but mainly performs the task of actively preparing the impending decisive strike.

This is the famous Mongolian lava. Maneuvering in front of the enemy’s front with extraordinary mobility, the horsemen jumped into his flanks, and, when appropriate, into his rear. These dexterous riders, armed with throwing weapons, sitting on their horses, trained like dogs, now breaking apart, now gathering into more or less dense groups, sent clouds of well-aimed arrows and darts into the enemy’s ranks, threatening him with one thing or another place attack and, usually not accepting the enemy’s close attack, turned to feigned flight, luring him and leading him into ambushes.

Khara-Davan E. Genghis Khan as a commander and his legacy. http gumilevica.kulichki.net With such actions they frustrated and exhausted the enemy physically and mentally to such an extent that he sometimes surrendered the rear even before the Mongol heavy cavalry took over.

If the enemy turned out to be persistent, then the actions of the light cavalry, in any case, made it possible to determine its location, weak points or the most advantageous areas for delivering the main attack, where heavy cavalry masses were quickly and secretly, with skillful use of the terrain, brought up in deep closed formations , built in several lines.

Thanks to their high maneuverability, these masses had an advantage even over the valiant knightly cavalry of Europe, famous for its powerful striking force and the art of single combat, but extremely clumsy. As a feature of Mongol tactics, it can also be noted that the cavalry on the battlefield usually maneuvered silently, i.e. not according to commands, but according to conventional signs given by the boss’s flag badge.

In night battles they were replaced by colored lanterns. Drums were used to give signals only in camp settings. In accordance with the tactical techniques of the Mongol army, the armament of its two main types of weapons was determined - light and heavy cavalry, otherwise called archers and swordsmen. As the name itself shows, the main weapon of the first was a bow and arrows; they themselves and their horses did not have them at all or had only the most primitive and light protective devices; archers had two bows and two quivers, one consumable, the other spare.

The spare quiver was designed to protect the arrows from moisture. The arrows were extremely sharp. The Mongols were masters at making and sharpening them. Accustomed to archery from the age of three, the Mongol was an excellent marksman. Some of the archers were additionally armed with darts. Light sabers were available as additional weapons for possible hand-to-hand combat. In the heavy cavalry, people had chain mail or leather armor; their headdress consisted of a light leather helmet with a strong backplate to protect the neck from saber strikes.

The horses of the heavy cavalry had protective weapons made of thick patent leather. The main offensive weapons of the swordsmen were curved sabers, which they wielded perfectly, and pikes; in addition, each had a battle ax or an iron club, which was hung from a belt or saddle. Khara-Davan E op. op. In hand-to-hand combat, as well as during skirmishes in small parties, the Mongols tried to throw or pull enemies off their horses; hooks attached to pikes and darts, as well as lassos made of horsehair, which were thrown at the enemy from some distance, served for this purpose. The enemy rider, captured by the lasso's loop, was pulled off his horse and dragged along the ground; the same technique was used against a foot enemy.

Large and medium-sized military units, such as thousands or hundreds, were mounted on horses of the same color.

This is reliably known regarding the guards thousand bagaturs, which all had black horses. The most important point in the structure of the Mongol army, in contrast to other nomadic peoples, was that they widely used various engineering devices - catapults, rams, mining techniques, etc. - to siege cities. Captured Chinese were used as specialists. For example, during the Central Asian campaign we see within the Mongolian army an auxiliary engineering division serving a variety of heavy combat vehicles, which were used mainly during sieges, including flamethrowers.

The latter threw various flammable substances, burning oil, the so-called Greek fire, etc. into the besieged cities. As E. Khara-Davan points out, preparations for a particular campaign were carried out according to one scheme 1. A kurultai was assembled, at which the issue of the upcoming war and its plan. There they decided everything that was necessary to form an army - how many warriors to take from each ten tents, etc., and also determined the place and time for collecting troops. 2. Spies were sent to the enemy country and languages were obtained. 3. Military operations usually began in early spring, when the grass was growing, and in the fall, when the horses and camels were in good health and the water obstacles were frozen.

Before the opening of hostilities, Genghis Khan gathered all the senior commanders to listen to his instructions. There, the Supreme Command was exercised by Genghis Khan himself.

The invasion of the enemy's country was carried out by several armies in different directions. From the commanders receiving such a separate command, Genghis Khan demanded to present a plan of action, which he discussed and usually approved, only in rare cases introducing his own amendments to it. After this, the performer is given complete freedom of action within the limits of the task given to him in close connection with the headquarters of the supreme leader. 4. When approaching significant fortified cities, the main armies left an observation corps to monitor them.

Supplies were collected in the surrounding area and, if necessary, a temporary base was set up. Usually the main forces continued the offensive, and the observation corps, equipped with machines, began to invest and siege. 5. When a meeting in the field with an enemy army was foreseen, the Mongols usually adhered to one of two methods: either they tried to attack the enemy by surprise, quickly concentrating the forces of several armies to the battlefield, or, if the enemy turned out to be vigilant and surprise could not be counted on, they sent their forces in such a way as to achieve a bypass of one of the enemy flanks.

Khara-Davan E op. op. But their military initiative was not exhausted by these methods. For example, a feigned flight was carried out, and the army with great skill covered its tracks, disappearing from the eyes of the enemy until he fragmented his forces and weakened security measures. Then the Mongols mounted fresh clockwork horses and made a quick raid, appearing as if from underground before the stunned enemy.

In this way, the Russian princes were defeated in 1223 on the Kalka River. It happened that during such a demonstrative flight, the Mongol troops dispersed so as to envelop the enemy from different sides. If it turned out that the enemy was staying focused and prepared to fight back, they released him from the encirclement in order to later attack him on the march. In this way, in 1220, one of the armies of Khorezmshah Muhammad, which the Mongols deliberately released from Bukhara, was destroyed.

They also point out this interesting fact: before the battle, the Mongol put on Chinese chesucha silk underwear. This tissue has the ability to be drawn into the wound along with the tip, delaying its penetration. The tip cannot pierce the fabric, and the tip removal operation becomes simple. ibid So, the consolidated Mongol ethnic group arose because of wars and only for wars. And they didn’t keep you waiting 3.3

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