How to treat kidney nephritis. Description, causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment of chronic nephritis. Drug therapy methods

Nephritis can have different causes, but in each case, the disease is very serious and requires urgent treatment. The article describes the causes and symptoms, types of pathology and principles of therapy.

Kidney nephritis

The concept of "nephritis" includes a group of kidney diseases of an inflammatory nature of various origins, differing in clinic and ongoing changes. All pathologies are divided into primary (independent) and secondary (develop against the background of another disease).

During nephritis, local or widespread (diffuse) destructive and inflammatory processes are observed, which cover the very tissue of the kidneys (parenchyma), tubules or renal glomeruli. As a rule, the disease occurs in both kidneys. It is much more common in women.

Causes and forms

Primary inflammation of the kidneys is directly related to organ pathology. It occurs as a hereditary form and glomerulitis (glomerulonephritis), which is a diffuse bilateral inflammation of the kidneys with vascular lesions. The hereditary form occurs already in infancy and proceeds with very severe symptoms.

Secondary nephritis can develop when:

Diabetes mellitus;
Rheumatism;
Bacterial endocarditis;
Tumors (,);
Vasculitis;
Poisoning with alcohol, heavy metals;
Hepatitis B;
Severe types of anemia;
Schistosomiasis;
Amyloidosis;

On the affected area, the disease is left-sided, right-sided, bilateral. But this is not the whole list of what jades are.

According to the type of jade, the following types are distinguished:

Spicy;
Chronic.

The causes of acute pathology are most often due to an infectious disease, which gives an inflammatory process in the kidneys in the form of a complication. In most cases, in children and adults, streptococcal infection becomes such an infection, which is the causative agent of scarlet fever and tonsillitis.

Unlike ordinary acute nephritis, acute glomerulonephritis occurs 3 weeks or more after a sore throat. In this case, they talk about the inflammatory-allergic (autoimmune) nature of the disease. Up to 20% of cases of glomerulonephritis remain without an elucidated etiology.

Acute nephritis or exacerbation of a chronic disease often occurs after severe hypothermia, when the local immunity drops dramatically, the blood supply to organs and the processes of their nutrition and waste disposal are disrupted. Also, the kidney tissue can become inflamed after getting an infection from the bladder (more often these are bacteria - Escherichia coli, streptococci, staphylococci). Chronic inflammation of the kidneys develops with insufficient treatment of the acute form of the disease.

According to the predominant area of kidney damage, the following types of nephritis are distinguished:

Glomerulonephritis (glamored) - covers the renal glomeruli.
Pyelonephritis - the inflammatory process is noted in the tissue of the parenchyma and in the kidney cups.
- tubules and interstitial tissue are affected.

Depending on the cause of the appearance, rare types of nephritis should be especially noted:

Radiation - occurs under the influence of radiation, leads to dystrophy or complete atrophy of the kidney tubules.
Shunt - causes the formation of antibodies to the glomeruli of the kidneys in a number of autoimmune pathologies.
Idiopathic is a disease of unknown origin.

On the video about the forms, causes and treatment of kidney nephritis:

Symptoms of the disease

The clinical picture of pathology will greatly depend on its type and form. Acute infectious pyelonephritis, as a rule, occurs in children and people under 35 years old, is noted within several days after hypothermia or during another infectious disease.

The symptoms of nephritis are as follows:

temperature increase;
back pain;
weakness, loss of performance;
dry mouth;
thirst;
nausea, vomiting;
bloating;
violation of the act of urination;
pain when urinating, blood in the urine;
in the absence of emergency measures - increased pressure, edema.

Puffiness is typical for all types of diseases that have not been urgently treated. Initially, there is swelling of the face and eyelids, after which it spreads to the legs and the whole body. The danger of edema lies in their rapid progression, localization in the area of the peritoneum or lungs, and the development of heart failure. Nevertheless, acute infectious pyelonephritis most often ends in complete recovery, but sometimes, with an unfavorable course and inadequate therapy, it becomes chronic.

In chronic pathology, a person often has an increase in pressure, although this symptom is also typical for a period of six months after acute nephritis and is not dangerous.

The chronic form leads to regular exacerbations, lasts for a long time, and even during remissions, a person can feel weak, get tired quickly, he has no appetite, there is a subfebrile temperature. Over time, death of the renal glomeruli, a decrease in the size of the kidneys, and the development of chronic renal failure are observed.

With secondary types of pathology and, especially, with glomerulonephritis, the renal glomeruli are damaged, and the symptoms are as follows:

Pallor of the skin;
Severe edema;
The appearance of protein in the urine;
Increased blood pressure;
Decreased urine output, sometimes -.

At high pressure numbers, a person may experience eclampsia with severe headaches, convulsions, vomiting, loss of consciousness, involuntary excretion of urine and feces. Treatment should be started as early as possible and because of the risk of edema and fluid accumulation in the pericardium, pleural cavity, peritoneum, and even the brain.

Diagnostics

To make a diagnosis, the doctor must collect a thorough history (the presence of autoimmune diseases, hypothermia, streptococcal infection in the recent past, etc.), and also ask the patient about the sensations, the nature and timing of the onset of pain.

Blood and urine tests are mandatory.

General urine analysis, studies on, can reflect such violations:

Oliguria - clouding of urine, a change in its specific gravity, color (for example, urine takes on the color of meat slops).
, gross hematuria - the appearance of red blood cells in the urine.
Proteinuria is the excretion of protein in the urine.
Daily urine output is a sharp decrease in the volume of excreted urine.

In urine, casts, albumin, globulin, renal epithelium, leukocytes are often present. In general, in acute pathology, renal function is early stage the disease suffers little, despite the pronounced changes in the analyzes.

To confirm the diagnosis and differentiate between certain types of the disease, a number of other studies are performed:

Functional tests to assess glomerular filtration.
Bacterial culture of urine, blood.
Cystoscopy.
Excretory urography.
Kidney ultrasound or radiography, MRI (if indicated).

Treatment

An important condition for acute pathology or exacerbation of its chronic form is strict bed rest. Usually, the disease is treated in a hospital setting, and in the first 2 days the patient is shown a regime of complete starvation and a decrease in the amount of fluid to 500 ml / day. With glomerulonephritis, the patient will have to be in a horizontal position for up to 7 days from the onset of the development of pathology. For any type of disease, it is important to regularly take tests from the patient to assess the dynamics of the state of the kidneys and prevent renal failure. How exactly the inflammation is treated will largely depend on the tests.

Drug therapy

Acute forms of pathology require intravenous injections of glucose, vitamin C, drugs to lower blood pressure.

Also, depending on the type of disease and its cause, the following drugs can be prescribed:

antibiotics;
diuretics;
pain relievers;
vitamins and calcium preparations;
anti-inflammatory drugs;
antiseptics;
glucocorticosteroids;
cytostatics; 4
heart medications.

Antibiotics are an essential part of therapy in the presence of an infection. They are selected based on the results of analyzes for the sensitivity of microbes to drugs. More often, cephalosporins (Cefotaxime, Suprax) or penicillins (Amoxicillin, Ampicillin) are recommended. The duration of antibiotic treatment in injections is usually 5-10 days, then the patient is transferred to a pill intake of drugs for a total duration of up to 3 weeks.

In the treatment of chronic pathology, it is important to carry out a course of treatment with immunomodulators, interferons, anti-inflammatory drugs, agents with absorbable action, drugs to normalize blood circulation. Immunomodulatory therapy is carried out only after the symptoms have completely subsided.

Other therapies

If a person's condition is severe, the effect of conservative drugs is weak, plasmapheresis and hemosorption (extracorporeal methods of purifying blood from toxins and tissue decay products) are introduced into the therapy program. Such therapy will help the body to adequately perceive the injected drugs. Hemodialysis or removal (transplant) of the kidney is planned only for severe renal failure.

Treatment with folk remedies

As the patient recovers, it is recommended to take long-term herbal remedies with anti-inflammatory action, decoctions and fruit drinks with lingonberries, cranberries. These funds are auxiliary and cannot completely cope with the problem. They are especially useful in chronic kidney inflammation to prevent new exacerbations. Patients who have undergone nephritis are also shown spa treatment.

An invalid diet

After the first "hungry" days, the patient is recommended "sugar" days, and then carbohydrates and vegetable protein are introduced into the menu. Salt during the acute phase is strictly limited (salt-free diet is indicated in the first week). Only a week later, with nephritis, milk food, potatoes and salt (less than 3 g / day) may appear in the diet.

After recovery, you should eat only lean fish, meat for a month, exclude spicy, salted food, fatty broths.

Disease prevention

For prevention, it is important:

Treat all infections in the body in time.
Avoid cystitis, as well as immediately start antibiotic therapy.
Do not overcool.
Control any chronic illness.
Prevent a decrease in immunity, harden.
Avoid stress.

Headache
Weakness
Back pain
Nausea
Loss of appetite
Bloating
Vomit
Convulsions
Dry mouth
Diarrhea
Dry skin
Muscle pain
High blood pressure
Brittle nails
Intense thirst
General swelling
Decreased urine output
Clouding of urine
Yellowing of the skin
Swelling of the face

In medicine, jade is called a whole group of various inflammatory kidney diseases. All of them have different etiology, as well as the mechanism of development, symptomatic and pathomorphological features. V this group clinicians refer to local or widespread processes during which the renal tissue grows, partially or completely destroyed.

Classification
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnostics
Treatment
Prophylaxis

The disease can occur in people from different age groups. Nephritis also develops in children and the elderly, but a little less often. This pathological condition can be both an independent disease and develop against the background of diseases already existing in the human body.

Jade in medicine is divided into several types, which have their own etiology, symptomatology and course features. All species are dangerous to health and life, therefore, as soon as a person reveals the first symptoms of the development of the disease, it is recommended to immediately contact a medical institution.

glomerulonephritis. In this disease, the renal glomeruli are affected. In frequent cases, this type of nephritis develops as a result of a previously transferred tonsillitis and other ailments, the occurrence of which was provoked by hemolytic streptococcus. A characteristic sign of glomerulonephritis is hematuria. Edema develops, back pain occurs, blood pressure rises;
pyelonephritis (purulent nephritis). The inflammatory process affects the renal pelvis, calyx and renal parenchyma. The causative agents of the disease are staphylococci, Escherichia coli and other bacteria. The pathogenic microflora enters the kidneys from other parts of the genitourinary system, but it can also be brought by the blood stream from other foci of infection already in the body. With pyelonephritis, the temperature rises, there is a severe headache and back pain. Frequent and painful urination;
interstitial. The inflammatory process covers the tubules and interstitial tissue of the kidneys. This disease can be caused by the intake of certain groups of synthetic medicines. Viral infections can also cause development. The first symptoms: edema, blood in the urine, weakness, increased blood pressure, polyuria, pain in the area where the kidneys are located;
ray. The disease develops after prolonged exposure to the body of ionizing radiation. As a rule, this leads to the fact that the inflammatory process affects the renal tubules;
shunt. It is characterized by the connection of antibody complexes near the glomeruli of the kidneys;
hereditary. Its appearance in the human body is directly related to the existing congenital kidney pathologies.

Disease classification

In order to classify a disease as one type or another, in each clinical case, it is first necessary to identify the nature and prevalence of the inflammatory process in the kidneys, the nature of the course of the disease. Clinicians use a specific classification of nephritis for a more accurate diagnosis.

According to the localization and spread of the pathological process, the ailment is divided into:

Focal. The inflammatory process "attacks" the renal interstitial tissue;
Diffuse. The renal glomeruli are affected.

According to the course of the disease, the following types are distinguished:

Sharp jade. In this case, there is an acute dysfunction of the kidneys. As a rule, this is due to the negative effects of pathogenic microflora. But it can also happen under the influence of toxic and immune causes;
Chronic nephritis. With this form of the disease, two kidneys are affected at once. The process is chronic. Renal cell damage is associated with immune, metabolic, toxic and infectious factors.
Subacute.
Subchronic.

The structure of a healthy kidney

According to the etiology, the ailment is divided into:

primary;
secondary.

According to the absence or presence of kidney function, nephritis is divided into:

ailment with the preservation of kidney function;
an ailment with failure of renal functions.

This classification is generally accepted and allows for a more accurate diagnosis and in the future to prescribe adequate treatment.

Causes

As mentioned above, the disease for developmental reasons can be primary or secondary. In the first case, nephritis is formed due to primary renal diseases. The primary form occupies about 80% of all clinical cases of morbidity.

The secondary form of nephritis develops against the background of existing pathological processes in the body.

Causative agents of nephritis:

gonococcus;
streptococcus;
Pneumococcus;
meningococcus.

The main causes of jade:

autoimmune diseases;
nephropathy during pregnancy;
diabetes;
amyloid dystrophy;
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus;
oncological diseases;
diseases of an infectious nature;
some diseases of the female reproductive system;
thrombosis;
urticarial rashes;
long-term use of certain groups of synthetic medicines;
intoxication of the body with poisons or heavy metals.

Symptoms of the disease

Sharp jade is an ailment that often affects people young age as well as children. In most clinical situations, the process developed 10–12 days after a person had suffered any infectious disease. The first signs of the development of acute nephritis are hyperthermia, weakness and weakness, aching pain occurs in the lumbar region.

The main symptoms are:

increased blood pressure;
intense thirst;
dry mouth;
swelling appears. First, they are localized on the face, mainly on the eyelids. As the disease progresses, the edema spreads to the entire body. Puffiness in a short period of time can acquire significant volumes. In severe cases, there is a possibility of developing ascites or accumulation of exudate in the pleural and cardiac cavities.

With acute nephritis, not only the kidneys are affected. The cardiovascular system of the body is also affected, in particular, the vessels of the kidneys themselves.

The course of the acute form of this disease in most cases is favorable. Treatment can be long (up to three months), but, as a rule, it ends with a complete recovery of the patient. In some cases, a slight increase in blood pressure may be observed for 6 months. It is not dangerous for health and there is no need to treat this condition.

The negative end of the disease is its transition to the chronic stage. This is possible if, within 9 months from the onset of the development of the disease, its main symptoms do not disappear. This usually happens when a person has been misdiagnosed or prescribed the wrong treatment. Chronic nephritis is characterized by alternation of periods of exacerbation with periods of calm.

Chronic nephritis takes a very long time. At the same time, the patient himself feels constant weakness, weakness, fatigue. He also develops headaches, blood pressure increases slightly, and appetite decreases. If you analyze urine, then it will contain small quantities of erythrocytes, protein and cylinders.

The danger of chronic nephritis lies in the fact that with each exacerbation, more and more renal glomeruli die. The kidneys themselves "shrink" and decrease in size. If nephritis is not adequately treated, a significant amount of kidney tissue will die and renal failure will develop.

The consequences of jade

Other symptoms of nephritis:

hyperthermia;
fragility of hair and nail plates;
dysuria;
severe intoxication of the body;
diarrhea;
bloating;
the patient's activity is significantly limited;
vomiting and nausea;
the skin is dry, icteric, may peel off;
muscle pain;
convulsions;
paresthesia;
the urine is cloudy, flakes can "float" in it.

Diagnostics

In order to correctly diagnose, you should visit several specialists at once - a nephrologist, urologist and therapist. For children, you still need to go to a consultation with a pediatrician.

Basic diagnostic techniques:

collection of anamnesis of the patient's life and complaints;
blood biochemistry;
urine analysis according to Nechiporenko;
Ultrasound of the kidneys;
radiography;
radionuclide diagnostics.

Treatment of the disease

Nephritis treatment is carried out only in stationary conditions with strict adherence to bed rest. Without fail, a doctor prescribes a diet for nephritis. During the first two days, the patient should drink only 400 ml of water and eat 100 grams of sugar. Do not exceed the dose! This is the first step in the jade diet. Next, a diet with limited consumption of table salt is prescribed. It is allowed to eat no more than five grams of salt at knocks and drink up to 1500 ml of liquid. Also in the diet should be limited to animal proteins. Fatty broths, spicy and salty foods are completely excluded. All this is replaced by low-fat varieties of fish, which are recommended to be consumed only steamed. Also, the patient is shown to eat fruits, vegetables and dairy products.

With jade, it is shown to eat fruits and vegetables

Conservative therapy involves the appointment of the following groups of synthetic medicines:

antibacterial;
heart;
antihypertensive;
diuretic;
antiallergic;
immunosuppressants;
calcium;
routine;
ascorbic acid.

With a complex course of nephritis, treatment should only be comprehensive. Cytostatics and glucocorticosteroids are also added to the above drugs. In urgent cases, it is shown to carry out hemosorption and plasmapheresis. Also apply and surgery, which will be aimed at removing the source of infection from the body.

If severe renal failure has developed, then in this case the only the right way the treatment will be a kidney transplant.

Prophylaxis

Prevention of acute nephritis mainly consists in sanitizing the foci of infection in time. You also need to temper your body and lead a healthy lifestyle.

Preventive measures include:

regular exercise;
avoidance of hypothermia;
strengthening the immune system;
avoidance of stressful situations;
timely treat chronic tonsillitis and other infectious diseases.

What to do?
If you think that you have Nephritis and the symptoms characteristic of this disease, then doctors can help you: a nephrologist, a urologist.

The kidney is an important organ for human life. When a disease disrupts the well-coordinated work of the kidney, the entire human body suffers. Acute nephritis is one of the serious disorders in the kidney function. The inflammation is caused by an infection that affects the vascular network. The first signs of the disease appear within 1-2 weeks after infection.

Nephritis causes

It is generally accepted that the root cause of nephritis is the reaction of the kidneys to the introduction of the drug into the human body. This complication can be caused by antibiotics, sulfa drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics, substances that contain heavy metals... Streptococcus virus can lead to the development of nephritis.

The patient first has a sore throat or scarlet fever, and as a result of treatment, malaise, loss of strength, pressure surges and, most importantly, pain in the kidney area appear. Nephritis is not an infectious disease but is classified as an allergic reaction. This is how the clinical characteristics of this disease look like.

In this case, the signs appear in childhood - the majority of diseases are observed between the ages of 18 weeks and 4 years. Childhood nephritis can be an acquired condition. Then the child's temperature rises, the skin becomes pale, the appetite disappears. At an older age, the causes of acute nephritis can be:

diabetes;
infectious diseases (flu, tuberculosis);
autoimmune diseases (diseases that interfere with the functioning of the immune system);
allergy;
oncological diseases;
intestinal infections, heavy metal poisoning;
female gynecological diseases;
bad habits;
improper diet (namely, the use of large amounts of salt);
frequent hypothermia.

Excessive salt intake - possible reason development of jade.

All of these factors can contribute to the development of nephritis. If you noticed the symptoms of the disease in time, you turned to a specialist, then the therapy will go faster. For more accurate clinical picture a survey is being carried out. An ultrasound of the kidneys and a blood test are prescribed. The disease, regardless of age and cause, requires immediate treatment.

Pathogenesis

The impetus for the development of acute nephritis can be both the transferred infection and the banal hypothermia of the body. The patient complains of headache, nausea, vomiting, edema, high blood pressure. These signs disappear quickly with proper therapy. Nephritis can proceed without pronounced symptoms. In this case, the disease can manifest itself only when passing a urine test or constant complaints about high blood pressure... In such a situation, treatment will be more difficult and longer. It is important to note the cyclical course of the disease. At first, swelling lasts 1-2 weeks, then sharp rise pressure, which is a tipping point, after which the disease subsides. But the second phase of nephritis is also possible, when all the symptoms of the disease worsen.

Symptoms of acute nephritis

With this disease, the heartbeat may increase.

The main symptomatology of acute nephritis is hematuria - the appearance of red blood cells in the urinary sediment. In addition, leukocytes, renal cells and casts are seen in the urine. The appearance of protein can be traced in a small amount. And:

swelling of the face and legs is observed, but may be absent;
the presence of the disease can be determined by an increase in pressure, heart palpitations;

Jade is characterized by:

increased body temperature;
dyspnea;
fatigue, weakness;
headache;
bleeding;
nausea;
anemia.

Quite peculiar to jade is the change chemical composition blood. At an early stage, the indicators of urea, nitrogen and creatinine are still normal, but uric acid has already increased. With an advanced form of the disease, there is an increase in residual nitrogen, urea, uric acid. The supply of alkali in the blood always decreases and the number of organic acids increases. Analyzes show water retention in the patient's body, the ability to concentrate is lost. Acute nephritis can only be diagnosed by a specialist nephrologist in a hospital setting.

Obligatory laboratory tests: blood test and bacteriological analysis of urine.
It is necessary to fly an ultrasound of the kidneys, an ECG, an ultrasound of the internal organs.
Measurement of pressure indicators.

If the diagnosis cannot be established immediately, then kidney tissue is taken - a biopsy. This method allows you to diagnose nephritis with greater accuracy. Failure to do so may result in negative consequences for the patient. To exclude hidden infections of the body, it is necessary to consult a gynecologist, otolaryngologist, infectious disease specialist, dentist, etc. An immunologist plays an important role in organizing a therapeutic course, since the further course of the disease and the speed of recovery depend on the state of the patient's immune system.

Nephritis is a kidney disease that is inflammatory in nature. It can manifest itself as a separate disease, and as a complication against the background of another disease. However, you should not despair: nephritis detected on time and its treatment started on time, as a rule, show a positive result.

Primary and secondary nephritis

Nephritis can manifest itself as a primary or secondary disease. The causes of primary nephritis are various kidney diseases, in particular acute or chronic glomerulonephritis.

The manifestation of secondary nephritis, as a rule, is caused by the following factors:

the presence of autoimmune diseases;
the presence of allergies;
the presence of gynecological diseases;
the presence of diseases of an infectious nature;
pregnancy;
the presence of renal amyloidosis;
the presence of multiple myeloma;
alcoholism;
the presence of diabetes mellitus;
the presence of oncological diseases;
the presence of thrombosis, vasculitis;
poisoning with any poison or heavy metals.

Nephritis can be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus, E.coli, Proteus, Staphylococcus, and many others. Both adults and children can suffer from jade.

Inflammation of the kidneys: symptoms

The manifestation of one or another symptomatology of nephritis is directly related to the causes of the appearance of the disease itself. And it's not always easy to spot them. Signs of kidney inflammation are as follows:

malaise;
severe headaches;
constant feeling of thirst;
increased protein content in the urine;
a decrease in the volume of urine;
lack of appetite.

Occasionally, edema, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting may appear. In the study of urine, hyperlipidemia or hypoproteinemia can be detected.

Some cases of nephritis are marked by its long course, which causes a person to feel numbness, sometimes a slight tingling sensation of the skin.

Seizures are very rare. Why is this happening? The fact is that in the process of developing the disease, a person loses most of the necessary substances, such as potassium, chlorides.

In addition to the above, a person may experience shortness of breath, which is associated with the development of hydropericardium or hydrothorax. Hydropericardium is the accumulation of fluid in the pericardium. With hydrothorax, fluid accumulates in the pleural area.

Very often, the presence of severe edema becomes an obstacle to a person's normal physical activity. As a result, full-fledged life activity is difficult.

A person's skin begins to peel off, some of its pallor appears, the body temperature decreases, it becomes inactive, brittle nails are noted, as well as dry and dull hair.

The clinical course of renal nephritis is marked by an acute and chronic form. Acute nephritis appears as:

the presence of chills;
a strong increase in body temperature;
increased sweating.

Chronic nephritis is characterized by frequent urination, increased sweating, particularly at night, and a yellowish skin tone. The urine in this case is slightly cloudy, and the blood pressure is high.

With chronic nephritis, its undulating course is observed. And usually exacerbations provoke the development of necrosis of the kidney glomeruli. It becomes difficult for the human body to remove toxic substances and, thereby, it itself is poisoned.

This process is called uremia. Chronic nephritis usually results in renal failure.

Varieties of jade

There are the following types of jade:

glomerulonephritis;
interstitial nephritis;
pyelonephritis;
ray nephritis;
hereditary nephritis.

Glomerulonephritis is a disease that is immune-inflammatory in nature, and involves a violation of the integrity of the renal glomeruli. It often manifests itself after a sore throat or those diseases caused by hemolytic streptococcus.

Glomerulonephritis symptoms:

swelling;
the presence of blood in the urine;
oliguria;
back pain (sometimes);
high blood pressure.

Glomerulonephritis has an acute, subacute and chronic form.

Pyelonephritis is a disease in which there is damage to the parenchyma of the kidneys, renal pelvis, and calyces. Among the causative bacteria, E. coli, staphylococci and many others should be noted. How do they get into the body? Either from other parts of the genitourinary tract, or together with blood from already existing foci of infection. Symptoms include:

severe headache;
pain in the lumbar region;
painful and frequent urination;
increased body temperature;
excretion together with urine of a huge number of leukocytes, occasionally erythrocytes and various bacteria;
weakness.

It proceeds in an acute or chronic form.

Interstitial nephritis is a kidney disease in which interstitial tissue and canals are damaged. It can develop as a result of taking certain diuretics, antibiotics, and the presence of viral infections. Of the symptoms characteristic of interstitial nephritis, edema, blood in the urine, and increased blood pressure can be noted.

The disease usually manifests itself as chronic and can last for a long time. Since the clinical picture of interstitial nephritis is characterized by disruption of the renal canals, other names can also be found - tubulointerstitial nephropathy or tubulointerstitial nephritis.

Radiation nephritis appears as a result of exposure to human body ionizing radiation. In this case, inflammation in the kidneys causes disruption of the renal tubules. The chronic form of the course, as a rule, becomes the cause of arterial hypertension or renal failure. Symptoms are similar to those of glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis.

Hereditary nephritis manifests itself at an early age, and usually several family members have this disease. Signs include severe myopia, deterioration of kidney function, hematuria, leukocyturia, development of renal failure, hearing loss.

Kidney inflammation therapy

The presence of almost any inflammation in the human body requires treatment medications... As a rule, a positive result is shown by the use of uroseptics, diuretics, antihypertensive drugs and antibiotics.

How is nephritis treated? It should be noted that treatment involves the use of first one, and then other drugs. The very cause of the disease is influenced by antibiotics and uroseptic drugs, and such treatment has a rather long period - about 1.5 months.

On initial stage during therapy, antibiotics are administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Then they are taken inside. After a certain period of time, uroseptics begin to be administered, and they must be administered for several more weeks after all symptoms have disappeared.

In some cases, the treatment of kidney inflammation involves the combination of antibiotics and uroseptic drugs.

For the symptomatic treatment of nephritis, detoxification of the body is characteristic, as well as the use of drugs that reduce blood pressure. To eliminate intoxication, a reception is prescribed the following drugs:

enterosorbents;
diuretics;
laxatives;
fresh frozen plasma.

In addition to the above, a mandatory measure is the intake of various vitamins and those drugs that enhance immunity.

Often in the treatment of nephritis is the use of herbal medicine, i.e. decoctions and infusions from various plants. In this case, it is necessary to use those herbs that have not only a diuretic, but also an anti-inflammatory effect. These are plants such as St. John's wort, succession, horsetail and many others.

An excellent effect is given by beet juice, radish juice.

Antibiotics do not give a positive result in all cases, i.e. the cause of nephritis can be eliminated only by surgery. As a rule, nephritis in this case is caused by such diseases as a tumor of the prostate, ureters, kidneys, torsion of the ureters, as well as an abnormal structure of the urinary system itself. Often, nephritis can be caused by urolithiasis.

If a person has at least one of the above pathologies, then specialists prescribe an operation to restore the patency of the urinary tract. It will also be necessary with a constant exacerbation of kidney inflammation. Removal of the kidney may be prescribed if the inflammatory process causes the appearance of other diseases.

The kidney, as the main filter of fluid in the body, is susceptible to various pathologies. Since blood, together with infectious agents, is passed by the renal glomeruli, the organ can become a site of inflammation. Jade is bacterial or viral in nature.

The cell unit of the kidney is the nephron, which receives filtered fluid from the blood in the glomeruli, absorbs or excretes waste products, toxins, electrolytes and water along the tubules. The end product is urine, which accumulates in the renal pelvis and drains into the ureter. Functional processes in the kidneys affect blood pressure, blood volume and salt levels, so their health is reflected throughout the body.

Blood comes from the renal vein and artery, moves to smaller vessels and reaches the glomerular capillaries with the Bowman-Shumlyansky capsule:

liquid, electrolytes and waste get into the capsule;
blood cells and proteins remain in the blood vessel.

The fluid is filtered in the tubules, which are surrounded by interstitial tissue, an essential element for the exchange of electrolytes and toxins. Nephritis as a kidney disease develops anywhere in the organ, which determines its classification:

if the glomeruli are damaged, glomerulonephritis is diagnosed;
spread of infection to interstitial tissue means tubulointerstitial lesion;
inflammation of the kidneys (pelvis and urinary tract with symptoms of cystitis) is called pyelonephritis.

These types of disorders under consideration are acute or chronic. For etiological reasons, the disease is infectious, for example, with lupus erythematosus.

Depending on the localization of inflammation in the kidneys, nephritis differ in symptoms, but common signs include impaired urination, surges in blood pressure. Often the disease manifests itself:

an increase in the amount of urine excreted (polyuria);
blood in urine, detected under a microscope or visually (hematuria);
nausea and vomiting;
pain in the kidneys;
changes in blood pressure (decrease or increase);
headaches;
swelling of the legs, abdomen, or entire body.

The types of inflammation have different symptoms. Interstitial nephritis can cause kidney failure, and a decrease in urine output is a warning sign. The pathological process is characterized by an increase in body temperature, blood in the urine, a rash, weight gain due to swelling. Affects the state of the nervous system, causing loss of consciousness or coma. Complications are metabolic acidosis and the inability of the kidneys to excrete excess acids, which causes depletion.

Glomerulonephritis is manifested by dark brown urine, a foamy consistency due to excretion of protein, swelling of the abdomen, face and hands, as well as high blood pressure... The disease affects people with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Complications are renal failure, hypertension, chronic nephritis and nephrotic syndrome caused by a decrease in protein in the blood and a high amount in the urine.

Pyelonephritis occurs in an acute form with a temperature of up to 38.9 ° C, pain in the pelvis and hips, burning and soreness during urination and frequent urge, the fishy smell of urine.

In the video, the specialist talks about kidney inflammation:

Causes of the inflammatory process

Tubulointerstitial nephritis is caused by infections or the influence of drugs and food toxins, less often by autoimmune factors. Pathology can be combined with pyelonephritis and mild glomerulonephritis. The presence of stones in the urinary tract, atherosclerotic vascular lesions, myeloma and leukemia, as well as amyloidosis create conditions for renal dysfunction. Metabolic disturbances and electrolyte imbalances provoke hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, hyperoxaluria, which lead to nephritis.

Low potassium levels in the blood are another cause of interstitial disease. The trace mineral helps regulate the heartbeat and metabolism. Long-term medication damages kidney tissue and can lead to interstitial damage.

The causes of glomerulonephritis are not exactly established, but the infection can be facilitated by disorders in the immune system, previous cancers and ruptured abscesses, the contents of which reached the kidneys through the bloodstream.

Diagnostics and treatment

The diagnosis is preceded by an examination, a study of the medical record for factors that increase the risk of developing acute nephritis. The doctor palpates the abdominal muscles for tension, probes an enlarged and painful kidney. There is usually soreness in the costo-vertebral angle on the affected side. Chronic pyelonephritis is accompanied by pain in the lower back and abdomen - wandering and recurrent - which often requires a more detailed examination to exclude vesicoureteral reflux or obstructive uropathy.

Laboratory tests determine the presence of inflammation:

Analysis of urine for leukocytes, blood and bacteria confirms the infectious process.
A blood test for urea and creatinine shows how the kidneys are coping with filtering these substances. An increase in indicators confirms a decrease in organ function.
An ultrasound examination can reveal a blockage in either the urinary tract or the urinary tract.
Measurement of the glomerular filtration rate to assess the lesion of the excretory organs.
A biopsy is required as a last resort when the disease does not respond to therapy and its true cause must be found.

With the help of urinalysis, the sensitivity of the detected bacteria to the type of antibiotic for therapy is determined.

Treatment for kidney nephritis necessarily includes drugs against infection.

Antibiotics and antivirals

Most often, nephritis is accompanied by signs of cystitis and a temperature increased to 38 degrees. About 30-50% of people with bladder infections have latent kidney damage, so short-term antibiotic therapy is used in all cases. At home treatment patients are prescribed oral fluoroquinolones such as Norfloxacin. It is possible to use "Amoxicillin", "Co-trimoxazole" or 2nd generation cephalosporins in tablets. The effectiveness of 7-day intake of "Ciprofloxacin" and 2-week use of "Co-trimoxazole" is the same in acute pyelonephritis without complications. At hospitalization, intravenous administration of antibiotics from the class of fluoroquinolones, aminopenicillins, cephalosporins of 3-4 generations is first prescribed. A combination with aminoglycosides is possible if a Pseudomonas aeruginosa is suspected. Beta-lactam antibiotics are prescribed for severe disease. Antiviral medications are rarely used, for example, if kidney dysfunction is associated with hepatitis C.

Folk recipes

In the structure of morbidity, nephritis caused by ascending infections is in the lead. They easily become chronic when hypothermia or illness provokes an exacerbation. In complex therapy are popular herbal preparations from the leaves of birch, strawberry, nettle, bearberry and flax seeds. A tablespoon of the crushed mixture is poured with a glass of boiling water, heated in a water bath and taken cold 15 minutes before meals. Bearberry herb decoctions are used as an antiseptic and antibacterial agent. You can include pumpkin dishes in the diet.

For all types of nephritis, a series of lingonberries, peppermint are used to improve lymph flow, relieve inflammation. Herbal medicine courses can last up to 6 months. However, it is not recommended to treat bacterial nephritis exclusively with herbs.

Hemodialysis

The interstitial form of pathology is manifested by edema, therefore, appoint: "Euphyllin", "Nicotinic acid", "Heparin" or rutin, antihistamines. For antioxidant support, vitamin E, Essentiale and Unithiol are prescribed. Large doses of Lasix are required; with a sharp decrease in glomerular filtration, Prednisolone is used.

With a low effectiveness of therapy and against the background of renal failure, hemodialysis is prescribed, which is an artificial filtration of blood. A special machine removes excess fluid and waste from the body.

The procedure is performed in the hospital 2-3 times a week for 3-5 hours. Prior to hemodialysis, the placement of an arteriovenous fistula that connects the arteries and veins of the forearm to increase the amount of blood to be purified.

Operation

In cases of kidney failure, kidney transplant surgery is required. We are talking about acute drug intoxication or autoimmune diseases that led to organ failure. The prognosis depends on the age, the severity of the condition, the time of the prescribed therapy.

The dietary advice is about increasing fluid intake to prevent dehydration and preserve kidney function. A diet for nephritis with a decrease in electrolyte levels is prescribed by a doctor. Fruits and vegetables are high in potassium, which is filtered by the kidneys and overloaded them. Sodium affects water-salt metabolism, retains fluid in the body, and increases blood pressure.

Complications

All types of acute nephritis respond to therapy with immediate initiation of measures. If the condition does not improve, there is a risk of kidney failure, in which one or both kidneys stop working for a period of time or permanently. People with this problem require dialysis or a kidney transplant from a relative.

A less severe complication of nephritis is the transition to a chronic form due to early termination of the course of antibiotics. The disease causes pulling pain in the lower back, affects posture, increases the risk of cystitis.

Preventive measures

Changes in lifestyle and diet are the basis for the prevention of acute and chronic diseases. Doctors recommend that all patients adhere to the rules, regardless of the risk of nephritis:

reduce your intake of refined sugars and simple carbohydrates;
add salt in moderation, give up fast food;
fill food with healthy grains, vegetables;
refrain from smoking and alcohol;
be physically active;
lose excess weight;
drink more water.
Diabetics are advised to monitor blood glucose levels, periodically check the condition of the kidneys, which are the target organs for the disease. Do not abuse "Ibuprofen" and "Aspirin": these two drugs, if taken in excess, damage the kidneys.