The history of the Iranian imperial house of pahlavi is more relevant than ever. Reza Shah. cossack on the peacock throne of persia Reza shah pahlavi biography
I figured it out long ago, it remains - Asia.
Today I will tell you about the last three queens of Iran. I really wanted to name the post - the three queens of Persia, as Iran was called before. Very beautiful. But, even in Europe, since 1935 this name is considered obsolete and everyone calls Iran Iran. Well, and I will. So, about the last three ... is it worth digging further into the depths of the centuries, we will decide together.
The last shahinshah of Iran Mohammed Reza Pahlavi (1919-1980) (Pahlavi - clan), deposed in 1979, was married three times.
Queen Fawzia Bandage Fuad Egyptian
(1921-)
Princess Fawzia, daughter of King Fuad I of Egypt, a beautiful blue-eyed brunette, became the first wife of the Shah (then Crown Prince of Iran) Mohammed Reza Pahlavi in \u200b\u200b1939. The Shah and his first wife Fawzia had a daughter, Shahnaz. The marriage was not successful, the shah needed an heir.
Queen Fawzia of Iran (circa 1940)
The same frame, but completely
Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi with his wife Fawzia and newborn daughter
Soon after the couple gave birth to their only daughter, Queen Fawzia filed for divorce in Egypt and received it in 1945, after which she moved to Cairo. The daughter stayed with her father. The divorce certificate was not recognized by the Iranian authorities, but later, on November 17, 1948, the divorce was still legalized, after which Fawzie returned the title of Princess of Egypt and Sudan.
In 1949, Princess Fawzia remarried Colonel Ismail Hussein Shirin Bey (1919 - 1994), her distant relative and former Minister of the Army and Navy. The couple have two children - Nadia (1950 - 2009) and Hussein Shirin Effendi (born 1955). Fawzia is still alive and well.
Soraya Asfandiyari Bakhtiari
(1932-2001)
The second wife of Shah Mohammed Reza in 1951 was Soraya Asfandiyari Bakhtiari (half of German descent). She was the daughter of the leader of the Persian diaspora in Europe, Khalil Khan Asfandiyari Bakhtiari and his German wife, Eva Karl. Shah Mohammed loved the green-eyed beauty Soraya, but unfortunately they did not have children.
Soraya Asfandiyari Bakhtiari (1951)
Shah with the bride Saraya
Soraya Asfandiyari Bakhtiari (1960s)
The Iranian Majlis (parliament) demanded an heir. Mohammed thought about taking a second wife, who would give birth to a son, and also proposed changing the constitution of Iran so that after his death his brother would inherit the throne. Soraya was against the first option, and the Majlis was against the second. In March 1958, after 7 years of childless marriage, Mohammed was forced to divorce. They write that the Shah suffered greatly, visited his ex-wife, gave gifts. He persuaded to be the first wife, if there was a second, who would give birth to an heir. Soraya refused.
Soraya spent the rest of her life in Europe, drowning in depression, the details of which she outlined in her memoirs - in the 1991 book "The Palace of Solitude". Soraya Asfandiyari Bakhtiari died in Paris at the age of 69, having outlived her ex-husband by 20 years. The beautiful but sad film "Soraya" is said to have been made about her life.
So, the shah divorced the first two wives, since he had no sons from them.
The Shah needs a wife who will give birth to a son. In Tehran, a special sports parade was organized, in which several hundred young girls... During the first parade, Mohammed was sad and failed to make his choice. The parade was repeated. Shah chose former basketball player Farah Diba.
Farah Diba
(1938-)
Farah Diba, an Azerbaijani from a noble and wealthy family in Tabriz. Her paternal grandfather at the end of the 19th century was the Iranian ambassador to the Romanov court. Farah received her education in Tehran and Paris. During her school years, she was fond of sports and even was the captain of the basketball team. Fluent in English, French, Farsi and a little Azerbaijani. The wedding of 21 year old student Farah and 40th Mohammed Reza Pahlavi took place on December 21, 1959.
Wedding photo (1959)
Queen Farah of Iran (1960)
Queen Farah gave birth to four children (two sons and two daughters) to the Shah: Reza Kir Pahlavi (1960),
Farangiz Pahlavi (1963), Ali Reza Pahlavi (1966),
Leila Pahlavi (1970).
The heir, and not one, was born, the shah could be calm. On October 26, 1967, when the shah became shahinshah, king of kings, 29-year-old Farah Diba received the title of shahbanu, which gave her the right to regency. The coronation was splendidly superior to that of Napoleon. Of the three wives of the shah, she was the only one to be crowned empress (shahbanu). It was a sensation, while women in the East were not given such rights.
After the coronation. On the left is the Shah's daughter from his first marriage, Shahnaz. On the right is the Empress (Shahbanu) Farah.
Empress Farah 1972
Shahinshah sacrificed love in vain. The 1979 Islamic revolution overthrew the Shahinshah and he and his family were forced to leave the country. Shahinshah died in exile in Cairo the following year.
After the death of the Shah, the exiled empress remained in Egypt for almost two years. A few months after the assassination of President Sadat in October 1981, the Empress and her family left Egypt. President Ronald Reagan told the empress that they were ready to receive her in the United States. Farah first settled in Williamstown, Massachusetts, but later bought a house in Greenwich, Connecticut. After the death of her daughter Princess Leila in 2001 (Leila Pahlavi was found dead in a hotel room in London. The cause of death has not been determined. The princess suffered from severe depression in her later years) Farah acquired a small house in Potomac, Maryland, near Washington , DC to be closer to their eldest son and grandchildren. On January 4, 2011, Farah's youngest son, Ali Reza Pahlavi, committed suicide with a gun shot at his home in Boston.
Empress Farah lives and lives in America, next to her eldest son and grandchildren.
Empress Dowager of Iran Farah Pahlavi
Dig deeper into the history of Iran? There will be fewer pictures ... Islam.
In the light of recent events on the world stage, it is worth remembering how Iran lived after a decade.
On January 16, 1979, His Imperial Majesty Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was escorted to Egypt at the Mehrabad airport in Tehran. The 35th and last of the Persian Shahs, who ruled the country for 2,627 years, died in exile on July 27, 1980. “Cutting a window to Europe,” the shahinshah did not take into account the traditional religious feelings of the Iranian people. Some experts argue that the fall of the monarchy was "missed" by the Western intelligence services, while others believe that the reason for the decline of the empire was mystical.
The father of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi - Reza Khan grew up in the Persian Cossack brigade, the personal guard of the Iranian shahs. Coming from the bottom, he made his way to the top thanks to his practical mind, cunning, will and mercilessness towards enemies and competitors. In 1921, Reza Khan led a Cossack campaign against Tehran and, having removed from power Nasser ed Din Shah, who belonged to the Turkic Qajar dynasty, in 1925 he proclaimed himself the new Shah of Iran.
Thus, Reza Khan founded a new dynasty under the name of Pahlavi. By the way, Pahlavi is the language spoken in Iran before the Arab conquest of the country in the 7th century. The desire to return to modern Iran the imperial glory of the era of the legendary Darius and Xerxes was the main idea for the father, and later for the son.
By the way, the dynastic name Pahlavi was the first symbolic innovation of the new monarch: until that time, the Iranians had no surnames. The first Iranian ruler from the Pahlavi dynasty introduced a new name for the country - Iran. In 1935, Reza Khan wrote to the League of Nations with a request to use the word Iran (Erān) for the name of his country instead of the term “Persia”. The monarch substantiated the innovation by the fact that within his country the word Irani is used to denote what is known in the world as Persia (the term comes from "land of the Aryans", "country of the Aryans", which goes back to the self-name of the Aryan tribe).
From now on, everyone was ordered to take a surname, wear European dress, and thousands of young people were sent to study abroad. In addition, the women were granted civil rights and forced to take off their veils. All this provoked the discontent of the Shiite clergy, which traditionally enjoyed great influence among the people and, accordingly, fed on this influence. The flaring up, then the dying out conflict between the throne and Qom (a sacred city for the Iranian Shiites, the focus of spiritual authorities) largely determined the tragedy of Iranian history in the twentieth century.
Reza Khan believed in technological progress and education that would lead Iran to prosperity and greatness. People were interested in the first Pahlavi only as the executors of his grandiose plan.
Prince Mohammed Reza was softer and more flexible in nature than his father, whom he loved and respected very much, but also feared. A certain secrecy and the ability to control oneself in any situations that Shah Mohammed Reza demonstrated throughout his life is the legacy of his difficult childhood.
Reza Khan got entangled in the most complicated problems of international relations of the 1930s, having established special relations with Hitler's Germany, in which the Shah saw a support against the British and the Soviet Union. Eventually, British and Soviet forces entered Iranian territory, and on September 16, 1941, Reza was forced to abdicate in favor of his 22-year-old son, Mohammed Reza. The former Shah was put on a British ship, which, failing to heed his demands to dock on the shores of Japan, headed for the island of St. Mauritius. In the spring of 1942, already seriously ill, Reza Pahlavi moved to South Africa, to Johannesburg, where he died on July 26, 1944 at the age of 66. His remains were transported to Iran, and in 1949 the Majlis awarded him the title of "Great".
The path to omnipotence
The young Shah Mohammed Reza from the very beginning of his reign was under the strong influence of the allied powers. He was well acquainted with the life of Europe - in 1931-1936 he studied at a college in Switzerland, he liked the European way of life, and at the officers' school in Tehran (1936-1938), training was delivered in a Western manner.
Mohammed Reza was hardly noticed in the early years of his reign - at that time the role of the Iranian parliament increased. This alignment of forces initially responded to the plans of the Americans and the British, who feared that Iran would get out of control of the West.
However, in the second half of the 1940s, when the communist movement grew in the country, and the USSR began to exert increasing influence on Iranian Azerbaijan, the Shah became a more important figure in the political horizon. His popularity grew after the assassination attempt on February 4, 1949, when a terrorist inflicted a serious injury on the monarch. Martial law was introduced in the country and the activities of subversive organizations were banned. The communist threat was eliminated, Mohammed Reza slightly expanded his powers, but much power remained in the hands of the Majlis.
Difficult times for Pahlavi came in 1951 - 1953, when the country's prime minister was Mohammed Mossadegh. He cut the Shah's budget, confiscated his land, forbade him to meet with foreign diplomats, and expelled his sister from the country. In 1953, the prime minister introduced state ownership of land and began to set up "collective farms". Finally, Mossadegh held a referendum to dissolve the Majlis (parliament) and take all power into their own hands.
The Mossadegh government went to open confrontation with the West, nationalizing the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, which received huge profits from the Iranian oil trade.
In the end, the US decided that Mossadegh needed to be stopped. CIA resident K. Roosevelt (grandson of former US President Theodore Roosevelt) helped the opponents of the Prime Minister to organize, and the top of the generals led the conspiracy. The Shah's court and the higher army officials, who hated the upstart prime minister, decided that their hour had struck.
In August 1953, tanks took to the streets of Tehran, and the Shah signed a decree on the resignation of Mossadegh. The recalcitrant Majlis was dispersed. From that moment on, the shah received virtually unlimited, absolute power in his country.
Mohammed Reza Pahlavi has never been a traditional tyrant who tried to stay in power at any cost. He had grandiose plans for a complete restructuring of Iranian society, Iran's "leap" from the Middle Ages into the nuclear age, and turning the country into "the fifth industrial power in the world." Strongly increased revenues from the sale of oil (for 1972-1977 - $ 90 billion) allowed him to carry out sweeping reforms, and the whole world started talking about the "white revolution" in Iran.
"White revolution"
In 1963, Mohammed Reza proclaimed the beginning of the "white revolution of the Shah and the people" - a campaign to modernize life in the country. The education system improved, new technologies were introduced, industrialization and land reform were carried out. The first 10 years of the White Revolution turned Iran into a regional superpower. The standard of living, especially in cities, grew at an incredible pace, thousands of Iranian students studied in Europe and the United States, factories and tens of thousands of square meters of new housing were built in Iran.
Along with economic growth, the country remained calm. Mohammed Reza supported low prices for food products, the country introduced a free eight-year education and distributed milk to schoolchildren. New hospitals and residential buildings were built everywhere, wage workers and employees, a struggle was waged against unemployment - the world started talking about the Iranian economic miracle. And yet the ground under the feet of the reformer monarch was not entirely solid.
Sunset begins
The Shah skillfully maintained an alliance with the United States, while managing not to spoil relations with the USSR. When, after the 1973 Arab-Israeli war, black gold prices skyrocketed as a result of the West's Arab oil boycott, Iran's oil industry began to provide the country with $ 25 billion a year. In 1971, Shah Reza celebrated with fanfare the 2500th anniversary of the Persian monarchy and statehood. He began to think about building nuclear power plants in order to preserve the country's oil and gas wealth for a long time. To outsiders it seemed that Iran was entering a golden age that would last forever.
At first, the "white revolution" dealt a serious blow to the positions of the left forces and Shiite radicals. However, over time, the situation began to change in their favor. First, the majority of the country's inhabitants continued to live in rural areas, where the success of modernization was much more modest, and the influence of the clergy was much stronger. In addition, the pace of reforms set by the Shah was too high for many.
Second, the economic boom was accompanied by a huge surge in corruption that affected the highest echelons of power and the Shah's family. Finally, the ability to criticize government policies was severely limited. This was largely facilitated by SAVAK (National Information and Security Organization), created back in the 1950s with the help of specialists from the CIA and the MOSSAD.
The main task of the organization was considered to be the preservation of the Pahlavi dynasty on the throne - after the revolutions in Egypt, Iraq and Libya, the shahinshah was on the alert. The secret police had virtually unlimited powers to arrest, detain, and interrogate "suspects." Everything that was of any interest to the authorities was watched and listened to. And not only in Iran - surveillance was conducted, for example, and Iranian students abroad.
Mohammed Reza himself sincerely did not understand why his endeavors were meeting with increasing resistance. He was an unusually responsible ruler, a skilled diplomat, and a born administrator. The Shah came to work early, left late, personally read all the papers, tirelessly received statesmen, ambassadors, journalists, and also traveled around the country, opened shipyards, dams, schools and factories, monuments to his father and himself. Shahinshah regularly attended the mosque, and not only on duty, but because he was a sincerely religious person. He resorted to violence to fight the left and Islamic extremists, but did it reluctantly.
Ayatollah Khomeini
The opposition to the Shah was led by Ayatollah Khomeini, as usual, not without the support of the West. While in exile in France, he broadcast on the BBC, calling for the overthrow of the Shah. The United States supported the coup d'état, undermining the regime of Mohammed Reza, because he showed independence and "flirted" with the USSR. Although Tehran was friends with America, it was rather detached, “at a distance,” and did not recognize it as the dominant state.
At first, the Americans had no idea what Khomeini's true intentions were. They simply supported him, and what he would do next in Iran was of little interest to them. And in 1979, President Carter could not correctly assess the true intentions of Ayatollah Khomeini, who was striving for power.
On January 16, 1979, Pahlavi left the country, going abroad for treatment - he had long been sick with cancer of the lymphatic system. And on February 1, 1979, Khomeini returned in triumph from Paris to Tehran, greeted at the airfield by crowds of enthusiastic fans. And ten days later, on the morning of February 11, a popular uprising broke out in Tehran, military units one after another went over to the side of the rebels. By the end of the day, power had passed to the Ayatollah. On April 1, 1979, a national referendum was held in Iran, in which 98.2 percent of citizens voted for the establishment of an Islamic republic in Iran.
And with the fall of the Shah’s regime, Iran suddenly became the number one threat to the United States in the Middle East, because things didn’t go the way the Americans planned.
Khomeini outlawed American and British influence by deporting all Anglo-Saxons from the country. The US State Department (and no one else) expected that the person whom they supported in every possible way broadcast his sermons with their own money, secretly threw them into the country, would simply take and at one moment slam the doors of Iran in front of their noses.
The fact alone - Khomeini's sermons on the British state-run BBC channel broadcasting to Iran - speaks volumes. It is clear that this is a very serious political instrument, and people who pursue exclusively the policy of the Anglo-Saxons get there.
In June 2016, the BBC reported on clandestine contacts between the US and Ayatollah Khomeini. It dealt with a hitherto unknown story of how Khomeini was able to organize his return to Iran by convincing the United States of his respect and friendliness. For two weeks, confidential negotiations were conducted that ensured Khomeini's safe return to Iran and his rapid rise to the pinnacle of power. As a result, they led to decades of extremely tense relations between Iran and the United States.
Immediately after coming to power, Khomeini eliminated tracking stations along the Soviet border, cut off oil supplies to Israel and South Africa, and severed diplomatic relations with Israel. According to experts, the American intelligence services simply "missed the Islamic revolution."
There is another point of view why the throne of Pahlavi fell. The supporters of this theory believe that the curse of Allah has nothing to do with politics and is connected exclusively with the personal life of the Shah ... In the East, they say: you cannot betray what is dear. You cannot give up the one you love, even in the name of a very high goal. And the Higher Power does not forgive betrayal of either a mere mortal or a monarch.
Three wives of Shah Pahlavi
Mohammed Reza Pahlavi spent the rest of his life in exile, living in Egypt, Morocco, the Bahamas and Mexico. The Islamic authorities of Iran demanded his extradition, and former friends shied away like a leper, fearing revenge from Khomeini. In the meantime, the health of the former monarch deteriorated: his lymphoma worsened and required surgery. The former shahinshah arrived in the United States for treatment. In response, in November 1979, Muslim extremists seized the American embassy in Iran, causing an acute international crisis. The deposed Shah left the United States and moved to Panama, and then back to Egypt.
As Shah of Iran, Reza Pahlavi married three times. The first wife of the Shah, Fawzia bint Fuad, was an Egyptian princess, a woman of incredible beauty. However, the marriage was fragile and unhappy and lasted from 1939 to 1945. After the birth of her daughter, Shahnaz Fawzia filed for divorce and moved to Cairo. She remarried in 1949 to a distant relative, Colonel Ismail Hussein Shirin Bey. Fawzia is still healthy. In this marriage of Mohammed Reza and his first wife on October 27, 1940, Princess Shahnaz Pahlavi was born. After the parents divorced, the daughter remained at the Shah's court. From the time of Iranian revolution she lives in Switzerland.
In 1951, Mohamed Reza married for the second time. Soraya, the "princess with sad eyes," was the only love in his life. They say that the Shah was madly in love with Soraya. She accompanied Reza Pahlavi everywhere and always, captivating the eyes and causing constant admiration for her beauty, grace and impeccable manners. Soraya also enjoyed popular recognition and respect. But despite this, the imperial couple broke up at the beginning of 1958 due to the apparent infertility of Soraya, which she tried to cure in Switzerland and France. And the monarch needed an heir, and this was a question at the level of the country's national security problem. Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was desperately looking for a way out of the situation. He proposed to change the constitution of Iran so that after the death of the Shah the throne would be succeeded by his brother. Soraya was against the first option, and the Majlis was against the second. Then the ruling circles put pressure on the shah - it is much easier to change his wife than the constitution. Bakhtiari left Iran in February and eventually returned to her parents' home in Cologne.
The legend of the choice of a third wife for the Shah says that a special sports parade was organized twice in Tehran, in which several hundred young girls took part. The Shah pointed to Farah, who became the new queen. The wedding of a 24-year-old student and 40-year-old Mohammed Reza took place on December 21, 1959.
Farah Diba (born in 1938) is from a wealthy old Azerbaijani family. The girl was educated in Tehran and Paris. Iran finally got an heir to the throne, Farah gave birth to four children to the Shah: these are Reza Kir Pahlavi (1960), Farangiz Pahlavi (1963), Ali Reza Pahlavi (1966), Leila Pahlavi (1970).
After the Islamic Revolution of 1979, the ruler and his family found refuge in Egypt, then, at the invitation of King Hassan II, briefly moved to Morocco. Widowed, Farah Pahlavi settled in the United States at the invitation of the American government. In 2003, her memoirs "My Life with the Shah" became a bestseller.
Children of the disgraced monarch
The third wife gave birth to four children to the shah, but by the evil irony of fate these heirs no longer had political significance: he was overthrown and left the country with his family. And then misfortune fell on his family like a storm. Shah Reza Pahlavi died in Cairo from transient cancer on July 27, 1980 and was buried in the Cairo al-Rifai mosque. And in 2001, his beloved daughter Leila, an educated and talented young woman, committed suicide.
Princess Leila Pahlavi, the third daughter of Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, was educated at Brown University in the United States. She was also fond of sculpture and created the famous bust of her august father. Thanks to her beauty, Leila has become one of the best models of the Italian designer Valentino.
However, due to her work in the modeling business, she began to suffer from anorexia, bulimia and depressive disorder. The princess was treated in various clinics in the USA and Great Britain. During one of her trips, Leila took a deadly cocktail of cocaine and drugs prescribed by her doctors. On June 10, 2001, the 31-year-old lifeless princess was found in a room at the Leonard Hotel in London. Empress Farah buried Princess Leila next to her mother Farideh Gotbi Diba in the Passy cemetery in Paris.
And in 2011 Ali Reza Pahlavi followed the example of his sister. The youngest of the Shah's five children graduated from Princeton University with a bachelor's degree. Then he entered Columbia University in the Faculty of Humanities, where he received a master's degree. In recent years, the prince studied at Harvard - he studied the history of ancient Iran and Persian literature. He was never married and avoided press attention.
According to his acquaintances, the young Pahlavi never aspired to a political role: “He was a man of a different kind - a gifted musician and a brilliant scientist, a specialist in antiquity, an expert on the Pahlavi language. And an unusually charming person with an extraordinary sense of humor. "
The eldest of the three sons of Monarch Reza went to America in 1978, before the revolution. Now the Iranians call him "shahinshah in exile", or crown prince. Officially, his title is as follows: the head of the Iranian Imperial House, His Imperial Highness Crown Prince of Iran Reza II Kir Shah Pahlavi, the eldest son of Shahanshah Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi.
"Sun of the Aryans"
In November 2014 IA REGNUM published material that deserves attention. According to sources of this news agency in Tehran, in recent times In this country, there are rumors with particular intensity that as one of the scenarios for establishing control over Iran, the US intelligence services are actively preparing for the restoration of the monarchy in this country. As the main candidate for the post of monarch of Iran, they are preparing the eldest son of the late Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi - Reza Kira Pahlavi, who after the death of his father is the head of the Pahlavi house and is considered by the Iranian monarchists as the Shahinshah of Iran in exile and the "sun of the Aryans."
Kir Pahlavi was born on October 30, 1960 in Tehran and was the eldest of the children of Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and his third wife. He served in the Shah's Air Force. At the age of 17, he went on a flight training in the United States, where a year later he was caught by the message about the Islamic revolution that took place in his homeland. After graduation Air Force Academy In the United States, he entered the Political Science Department of Williams College. Then he graduated from the University of California. Now Kir Pahlavi with his wife and three daughters lives in Maryland.
For the entire past period, Kir Pahlavi from time to time makes himself known and his plans to return to his homeland. If the revolution succeeds, Cyrus is ready to become the constitutional monarch of Iran: “I am ready to serve in this position. If people choose me, it will be a great honor for me. " At the same time, he hopes for the support of the common Iranian people.
Even during the presidency of Ahmadinejad, he repeatedly stated that he had already established contacts with a number of Corps leaders and activists who were ready to start protest actions. In addition, he expects support from the United States and other states. According to him, the United States should impose tough sanctions against the Iranian authorities, but at the same time categorically abandon military intervention.
In January 2010, Reza Pahlavi urged the governments of the world to withdraw their diplomatic representatives from Tehran in protest against the violence against opposition demonstrators. At the same time, he turned to the UN with a proposal to investigate the violation of human rights in Iran.
From the statements of Kira Pahlavi to the press, it becomes clear that he is going to achieve regime change in Iran by organizing mass demonstrations in the country. Translated into more accessible language this means that Cyrus builds his plans on the basis of the ideas of the "color revolutions". This is also confirmed by the fact that in his work he gives preference to television propaganda and opportunities social networksthat play an important role in the lives of modern Iranian youth. Sources in Iran claim that such propaganda is already bearing fruit, that today the number of supporters of the restoration of the monarchy has increased significantly in the country.
It is no secret that the United States did everything to "clear" the path of Kir Pahlavi to leadership in the "Shah's house". Many in Iran are convinced that it was the American special services of the United States that "removed" the youngest son, Ali Reza Pahlavi, from his path. On January 4, 2011, police found the body of 44-year-old Ali Reza with a gun at his home in Boston. According to the elder brother of the deceased, Ali Reza, "like millions of young Iranians, he was deeply moved by all the evil that befell his homeland."
The brother of the deceased wrote on his website that Ali Reza "tried to overcome this grief for many years, but finally succumbed to it." In addition, the relatives of the deceased claimed that "he had to bear the burden of losing his father and sister at a young age."
According to reports from relatives, "after her death, Prince Ali Reza suffered from deep depression." In Iran, many still do not believe that a young man full of strength, especially 10 years after the death of his sister, decided to commit suicide.
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Biography
Reza began his career as a private in the Persian Cossack Brigade (PCB). At the age of 20, he was promoted to an officer, and began to be called Reza Khan. In 1903, Reza Khan was appointed bodyguard for the Dutch consul, General Frits Knobel. In 1910, Reza Khan was promoted to the rank of captain of the PKB. By 1919 he rose to the rank of general. With the help of former colleagues in the Cossack division in 1921, in the midst of turmoil and external intervention, the Iranian officer Reza Pahlavi fought the capital Tehran and was appointed by Ahmed Shah Qajar as military governor and commander-in-chief, and after a while - as Minister of War. In 1923, Pahlavi was appointed prime minister. Using his position and authority, he prepared the overthrow of the Qajar dynasty. The constituent assembly of the Mejlis on October 31, 1925 announced the overthrow of Ahmed Shah Qajar and the entire Qajar dynasty. On December 12, 1925, Reza Khan was proclaimed the new shah of Iran, under the name of Reza Shah Pahlavi, and on December 15, he took the oath of the ruler, thus reviving the Pahlavi dynasty. In 1927, under pressure from the USSR, the Soviet-Iranian agreement on guarantee and neutrality was signed.
Reza Shah made a huge contribution to the modernization of the country. On his initiative, a judicial reform was carried out (1927-1928), the capitulation regime was abolished (1928), the Civil Code (1929), the law against violent seizures of land (1930), the law on the sale of state lands were adopted. (1934), an autonomous customs tariff was introduced. In 1935, he issued a decree on the removal of the veil. In the same 1935, Reza Shah demanded that foreign states begin to officially use the self-name of the state - "Iran", instead of the previously used name "Persia". Relying on the reorganized army, Reza Shah fought against the separatism of the large feudal lords.
In 1941, during the Second World War, Reza Shah tried to refuse Great Britain and the USSR to station their troops in Iran, after which on August 25, 1941, Soviet and British troops crossed the Iranian border from both ends of the country. It was announced that they would take the territory under their control for the entire period of World War II, and the Shah was asked to abdicate. The abdication took place on September 16, 1941. The ex-Shah died in exile in Johannesburg, South Africa, in 1944.
Mausoleum of Reza Pahlavi
His son Mohammed Reza Pahlavi transferred his father's remains to Iran and erected a magnificent mausoleum for him, but after the Islamic revolution, the mausoleum was destroyed by the order of the Ayatollahs.
Historical facts
- Shah was depicted on all issues of Iranian banknotes from 1943.
- The Persian gold pahlavi coin minted since 1927 was also named after him.
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Notes
Links
- Ryszard Kapuschinsky. .
- Pahlavi. Persian Cossack.
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Excerpt from Reza Pahlavi
And Anatole laughed even louder. Suddenly Prince Nikolai Andreevich frowned.“Well, go,” he said to Anatol.
Anatole with a smile approached the ladies again.
- After all, you brought them up there abroad, Prince Vasily? AND? - the old prince turned to Prince Vasily.
- I did what I could; and I'll tell you that upbringing there is much better than ours.
- Yes, now everything is different, everything is new. Good fellow! well done! Well, come to me.
He took Prince Vasily by the arm and led him into the study.
Prince Vasily, left alone with the prince, immediately announced his desire and hopes to him.
“What do you think,” said the old prince angrily, “that I am holding her, that I cannot part? Imagine yourself! He said angrily. - I’m even tomorrow! Just tell you that I want to know my son-in-law better. You know my rules: everything is open! I'll ask you tomorrow: she wants, then let him live. Let him live, I'll see. The prince snorted.
- Let it come out, I don't care, - he shouted in that piercing voice with which he shouted at parting with his son.
“I'll tell you straight,” said Prince Vasily in the tone of a cunning man, convinced of the uselessness of cunning before the insight of his interlocutor. - You can see right through people. Anatole is not a genius, but an honest, kind fellow, a wonderful son and dear.
- Well, well, well, we'll see.
As it always happens for single women who have lived for a long time without a male company, when Anatol appeared, all three women in the house of Prince Nikolai Andreevich equally felt that their life was not life before that time. The power to think, feel, observe instantly increased tenfold in all of them, and as if still happening in the darkness, their life suddenly lit up with a new one, full of meaning light.
Princess Marya did not think at all and did not remember her face and hair. The beautiful, open face of a man who might be her husband absorbed all her attention. He seemed to her to be kind, brave, decisive, courageous and generous. She was convinced of this. Thousands of dreams of a future family life constantly arose in her imagination. She drove them away and tried to hide them.
“But am I not too cold with him? - thought Princess Marya. - I try to restrain myself, because deep down I feel too close to him; but he does not know all that I think about him, and can imagine that he is unpleasant to me. "
And Princess Marya tried and did not know how to be nice to the new guest. “La pauvre fille! Elle est diablement laide ”, [Poor girl, she is devilishly ugly,] Anatole thought about her.
M lle Bourienne, also cocked to a high degree of excitement by Anatole's arrival, thought in a different way. Of course, a beautiful young girl without a definite position in the world, without family and friends and even a homeland did not think to devote her life to the services of Prince Nikolai Andreevich, reading books to him and friendship for Princess Marya. M lle Bourienne had long awaited that Russian prince who would immediately be able to appreciate her superiority over the Russian, bad, badly dressed, awkward princesses, fall in love with her and take her away; and this Russian prince finally arrived. M lle Bourienne had a story she heard from her aunt, finished by herself, which she liked to repeat in her imagination. It was a story about how a seduced girl introduced herself to her poor mother, sa pauvre mere, and reproached her for giving herself up to a man without marriage. M lle Bourienne often moved to tears, in her imagination telling him, the seducer, this story. Now this he, the real Russian prince, has appeared. He will take her away, then ma pauvre mere will appear, and he will marry her. This is how M lle Bourienne's whole future history took shape in her head, at the very time she was talking to him about Paris. It was not the calculations that guided m lle Bourienne (she did not even think for a minute of what to do), but all this had long been ready in her and now only grouped around the emerging Anatole, whom she wished and tried to please as much as possible.
The little princess, like an old regimental horse, hearing the sound of a trumpet, unconsciously and forgetting her position, prepared herself for the usual gallop of coquetry, without any ulterior motive or struggle, but with naive, frivolous gaiety.
Despite the fact that Anatole in women's society usually put himself in the position of a man who was tired of the women running after him, he felt a vain pleasure seeing his influence on these three women. In addition, he began to feel for the pretty and defiant Bourienne that passionate, brutal feeling that came to him with extreme speed and prompted him to the most rude and daring actions.
After tea the company moved to the sitting room, and the princess was asked to play the clavichord. Anatole leaned his elbows in front of her beside m lle Bourienne, and his eyes, laughing and rejoicing, looked at Princess Marya. Princess Marya felt his gaze on herself with painful and joyful excitement. Her beloved sonata carried her into the most sincerely poetic world, and the look she felt on herself gave this world even greater poetry. But Anatole's gaze, although he was fixed on her, did not refer to her, but to the movements of m lle Bourienne's leg, which at that time he was touching with his foot under the piano. M lle Bourienne also looked at the princess, and in her beautiful eyes there was also a new expression of frightened joy and hope for Princess Marya.
“How she loves me! Thought Princess Marya. - How happy I am now and how can I be happy with such a friend and such a husband! Really a husband? " she thought, not daring to look at his face, feeling the same look fixed on herself.
The most combat-ready part of the Iranian army at the end of the 19th century was the Cossack brigade. It was created, trained and armed by Russian Cossack officers, who also occupied a number of command posts in it. But the Iranian commander commanded the brigade. Muslim Cossacks were excellent jigging on Akhal-Teke horses, they shot accurately from the saddle, brutally chopped themselves, and also all the polls drank Russian vodka and swore Russian foul language - the school could not pass for nothing.
Since 1916, the Cossack brigade was commanded by the ambitious Colonel Reza Khan. It was he who organized a military coup in February 1921, removed the degenerated Turkic Qajar dynasty from power, and resisted the attempts of England to establish a protectorate over Iran. However, Republican tendencies state structure in Shiite Iran they could not have success - in this country they did not like secular power at all, and they would not tolerate some godless republic. And in December 1925, the obedient Constituent Assembly proclaimed Reza Khan the new shah of the new Pahlavi dynasty.
The ruler of neighboring Turkey, Kemal Ataturk, became the ideal for the shah. Imitating him, Reza carried out a series of secular reforms in the field of land relations, finance, judicial system and education; he also abolished many medieval institutions, introduced the European style of dress ... The only thing he did not dare to encroach on was religion and clergy. Shiite Iran remained a country where governors ruled in the capital and cities, and mullahs in the rest of the territory.
Shah Reza was desperately maneuvering between Russia hanging from the north and England creeping from the south. He chose Germany as a counterbalance to them - and made friends with her so tightly that Hitler called him "our ally in the Middle East."
It is not surprising that after Hitler's invasion of the USSR, Soviet troops in August 1941 occupied the northern part of Iran (according to the 1921 treaty), and the British occupied the southern part (without a treaty, just for the occasion). The humiliated Shah Reza abdicated the throne, and his son, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, took his place. The one that held the throne until February 1979 - and was swept away by the hurricane of the Islamic "mullah revolution" led by Ayatollah Khomeini.
They say that in 1943, during the Tehran Conference, the ex-Shah watched Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill - and put it this way: “These are powerful rulers. But one of them will die like a dog; the other will die suddenly and easily; the third will die in wealth and peace, but far from power. "
And so it happened.
And the ex-Shah Reza himself, at the age of 66, died peacefully in a luxurious residence on the shores of the Caspian Sea, bowing his head on the balustrade of the fountain and listening to the reading of Ferdowsi's poems. A semi-literate soldier, he loved poetry.
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REZA-SHAH PECHLEVI
(1876- 1944) - since 1925 the Shah of Iran, the founder of the new Pahlavi dynasty, which replaced the Qajar dynasty.
As a result of two coups d'état carried out in 1921, R. became first the commander of the Cossack division, then, in May 1921, the minister of war, in 1923, the prime minister, and finally, in December 1925, the shah of Iran.
Having ruthlessly dealt with the democratic movement, R. established a regime of a bourgeois-landlord dictatorship in Iran. In the field of foreign policy, he initially strove for the independence of Iran. However, trying to realize this aspiration, he resorted to the help of the imperialist powers, which led to the further enslavement of the country.
Having deprived the British Shahinshah Bank of the right to issue in 1930, R. at the same time provided him with a number of new benefits. In 1933, the R. government signed a new, unfavorable for Iran, anglo-Iranian agreement(see) on the issue of the oil concession.
In the last period of his reign, R. led, at the behest of foreign imperialists, clearly hostile The Soviet Union politics. The R. government signed in 1937, together with Turkey, Iraq, and Afghanistan Saadabad pact(cm.). In the same 1937 the government of R .. contrary to Art. thirteen soviet-Iranian treaty 1921(see), provided the American company "Delaware" with an oil concession in the eastern and northeastern parts of Iran. Only as a result of persistent protests from the Soviet government, this concession was canceled. Even before that, in 1935, the Romanian government had granted a concession in the region bordering the USSR to a Dutch firm - an offshoot of the Deterding oil concern, an ardent enemy of the USSR. In 1938, R. refused to conclude a new trade agreement with the USSR, which led to a sharp decline in Soviet-Iranian trade. In the same 1938, an Iranian-German trade agreement, beneficial for Germany, was signed.
On the eve of the Second World War, R. finally subordinated its policy to German dictatorship, and after Hitler's attack on the USSR, although Iran formally declared its neutrality, R. did everything possible to help Iran turn into a German springboard for a strike against the USSR from the south. With the direct assistance of R., Hitler's agents formed sabotage and terrorist groups on the territory of Iran for transfer to Soviet Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, created warehouses for weapons, explosives, etc. Counting on a quick victory for Germany, the Iranian reactionaries made plans to seize Soviet territory.
The Soviet government three times (26. VI, 19. VII and 16. VIII 1941) drew the attention of the Iranian government to the danger posed by the espionage and sabotage activities of Hitler's agents. Nevertheless, R. continued his policy, hostile to the Soviet Union. In view of this, the Soviet government 25. VIII 1941, acting on the basis of Art. 6 of the Soviet-Iranian treaty of 1921, introduced its troops into Iranian territory for self-defense. Great Britain has taken similar actions.
In connection with the collapse of his anti-national policy, R. was forced to abdicate the throne on 16 IX 1941 in favor of his son Mohammed Reza and leave the country. R. spent the last years of his life in South Africa under the auspices of the British authorities.
Diplomatic Dictionary. - M .: State publishing house of political literature. A. Ya.Vyshinsky, S. A. Lozovsky. 1948 .
See what "REZA-SHAH PECHLEVI" is in other dictionaries:
- رضا پهلوی ... Wikipedia
- (1878 1944), Shah of Iran in 1925 41, founder of the Pahlavi dynasty. Abdicated in September 1941. * * * REZA SHAH PECHLEVI REZA SHAH PEKHLEVI (1878 1944), Shah of Iran in 1925 41, founder of the Pahlavi dynasty. Abdicated in September 1941 ... encyclopedic Dictionary
- (1878 1944) Shah of Iran in 1925 41, founder of the Pahlavi dynasty. Abdicated in September 1941 ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
1.Shah of Iran (1878 1944), Shah of Iran. Born March 16, 1878 in Aleshta, a small village in northern Iran, at birth received the name Reza Khan. In his youth, he joined the cavalry brigade in Tehran, distinguished himself in many campaigns. February 21, 1921 in ... ... Collier's Encyclopedia
Reza Shah Pahlavi - REZÁ SHAH PECHLEVI (1878–1944), Shah of Iran in 1925–41, founder of the Pahlavi dynasty. Abdicated on Sept. 1941 ... Biographical Dictionary
Shah of Iran (1925 41), founder of the Pahlavi dynasty. The son of an officer, a small landowner from Mazandaran. He began military service in the Persian Cossack brigade ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- (16.III.1878 26.VII.1944) Shah of Iran (1925 41), founder of the Pahlavi dynasty. The son of an officer, a petty landowner from Mazanderan. The military began. service in pers. Cossack brigade from the lowest ranks. He headed the Cossack brigade, to paradise on February 24. 1921 made the state. ... ... Soviet Historical Encyclopedia
Reza Shah Pahlavi (Reza Khan) - (Reza Shah Pahlavi) (1878 1944), Shah of Iran (1925 1). Officer of the Persian Cavalry Brigade, came to power in the military cut. coup (1921) and soon established a military. dictatorship. Was consistently military. min. and prime mines, under the previous regime. ... ... The World History