MIKHAIL VASILIEVICH LOMONOSOV / (1711-1765) M.V. Lomonosov is a Russian naturalist, philosopher, historian, linguist, and poet. He studied at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, then at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. From 1736 to 1741 he trained in Germany, at the University of Marburg with a philosopher

PERTSOV, Vladimir Vasilievich pop playwright 163 Rabbits are not only valuable fur, but also three or four kilograms of easily digestible meat. Rabbits Are Not Only Valuable Fur (1986), pop miniature The miniature was originally written for a satirical newsreel

Atlasov (according to some documents, Otlasov), Vladimir Vasilievich (year of birth unknown approx. 1661/64 - 1711) - Russian explorer, Siberian Cossack. In 1672 Atlasov was taken to "mine new lands" and collect tribute for the "Tsar's service" in Yakutsk. In 1695 he was sent as a "clerk" to Anadyr. In 1697-99 he made campaigns in Kamchatka. Atlasov "obyasachil" (imposed tribute) local peoples and formalized the annexation of Kamchatka to the Moscow lands.

The descriptions ("skats") left by Atlasov, in terms of the value of the geographical and ethnographic materials contained in them, are much superior to the reports of other explorers. Atlasov's "skaski" contain the first extensive and reliable information about the nature of Kamchatka and the peoples and tribes inhabiting it, materials about Chukotka, Alaska and the first information about the Kuril Islands and Japan. He was killed in 1711 during a rebellion of servicemen in Kamchatka.

Named after Atlasov: Bukh. Atlasova (Kuril Islands), vol. Atdasova (Kuril Islands).

Vladimir Atlasov occupies a prominent place among Russian explorers. In 1606, at the head of a detachment of Cossacks, he made a trip to Kamchatka and this basically completed the discovery of Siberia by the Russians, for the first time reporting completely reliable information about the nature and population of the peninsula.

Like most of the brave Russian explorers, the Atlasovs came from the northern regions of European Russia. Not because of a good life, the family of Vladimir Atlasov left Usolye Kamskoye and moved to Siberia. The harsh land greeted them inhospitable. Need, too, drove the Atlasovs farther and deeper into Siberia. Young years of Atlasov were spent wandering around the cities and forts located along the banks of the great Lena. Before joining the Yakut garrison "for the tsar's service", he hunted sable in the vicinity.

In the new field, the young Cossack was distinguished by endurance, courage, resourcefulness and ingenuity. These qualities, and besides, remarkable organizational skills, markedly distinguished Atlasov from among the Cossacks. More than once he was sent to Moscow to accompany the precious "sovereign sable treasury." For this trip, in almost complete off-road conditions, through mountain passes and along the rapids of the Yenisei and Ob rivers, only the strongest and most enduring Cossacks were selected.

VT Atlasov also took part in the campaigns to the east of Yakutsk, on the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, served on the May River and along the southern borders of the Yakutsk Voivodeship, in Dauria, where he collected yasak from the peoples inhabiting this vast region.

The Yakut voivode noticed Atlasov and, having awarded him the title of Pentecostal, in 1695 appointed him as a clerk in one of the most remote jails - in the "backwater region" on the Anadyr River. The voivode gave the new head of the Anadyr region the usual order in such cases: "to seek new land."

At the head of a detachment of 13 Cossacks, at the end of the summer of 1695, Atlasov set out on a difficult and dangerous campaign to the extreme northeast, to Anadyrsk. The detachment arrived at its destination only eight months later, on April 29, 1696.

From the stories of experienced Cossacks, Atlasov learned that somewhere in the south there was a vast land. Then he collected information from the local population of the Nymyldns (Koryaks) and Yukaghirs about this large and rich country in furs, the first rumors of which he brought to Yakutsk. To check the contradictory information reported by the Cossacks who had visited Kamchatka, a detachment of Cossacks was sent under command, who, having reached Kamchatka and visited its northern part, collected yasak from the local population and soon returned to Anadyr. Morozko left a small detachment of Cossacks in Kamchatka and thereby laid the foundation for permanent Russian settlements in this region.

Inspired by the successes of Morozko's reconnaissance campaign, Atlasov gathered a detachment of 60 Cossacks, and even took the same number of Yukaghirs, and on December 14, 1696 set out on a campaign, with the goal of passing through and finally annexing the Kamchatka lands to the Russian state. At that time, a detachment of 120 people for the sparsely populated extreme northeast of the country was large military force... Taking with him most of the Cossacks, Atlasov put the Anadyr prison under threat of attack by the Yukaghir and Chukchi. And only the success of Atlasov's Kamchatka campaign prevented the uprising of the yasak population.

Having crossed the Nalgim ridge, the detachment went to the Penzhina River and soon reached its mouth. Here there were large Nymylan settlements, and a little further away lived the Olyutors who had never seen the Russians. Further, Atlasov's detachment went along the coast of the Penzhinsky Bay along the road already laid by Morozko. At first, the Cossacks moved along the western coast of the peninsula, then some of them moved to the east and went to the Kamchatka River.

When he reached the Golygina River, Atlasov carefully examined the sea horizon south of Kamchatka and noticed that “beyond the overflows it looks like there are islands”. He saw, in all likelihood, the Alaid Island, one of the volcanoes of the Kuril Islands.

With difficulty overcoming numerous rivers, swamps and wooded mountains, Atlasov's detachment then went to the Kamchatka River. Here, in the river valley, there were villages whose inhabitants were at an extremely low cultural level. Atlasov told about them: "And their winter yurts are earthen, and summer yurts are on poles, three fathoms high from the ground, paved with boards and covered with spruce bark, and they walk to those yurts by stairs."

On the Kamchatka River, Atlasov founded a prison, calling it Verkhne-Kamchatsky. Here he left 15 servicemen who, having lived in the prison for about three years and not receiving any help from Anadyr, went north, but on the way they all died in battle with the nymylans.

Returning to Anadyr, Atlasov soon went to Yakutsk, where he arrived in the summer of 1700, reporting to the voivode about bringing the new land of Kamchatka "under the sovereign's high hand." The voivode sent Atlasov, together with the expensive Kamchatka and Chukchi furs, which he had brought to Moscow. Here, in the Siberian order, the significance of the Kamchatka campaign was appreciated: Atlasov was awarded the title of Cossack centurion and was generously awarded.

In the Siberian order, they recorded colorful and reliable stories of Atlasov about the nature and wealth of the new lands. Since Atlasov was a very observant person, these "skirts" of his are not only of historical interest, but also vivid, not devoid of artistry, geographical descriptions: “and from the mouth of the river going up the Kamchatka river for a week there is a mountain - like a bread hay, much is high, and the other near her is like a haystack and much higher: smoke comes from it during the day, and sparks and glow at night. And Kamchadals say: if a person ascends to half of that mountain, and there he hears a great noise and thunder, which is impossible for a person to endure: ... But winter in Kamchatka land is warm against Moscow, and snows are small, and in Kuril foreigners there is less snow. .. And the sun in Kamchatka is a long day, twice against Yakutsky ...

And in the Kamchatka and Kuril lands, berries - lingonberry, bird cherry, honeysuckle - are smaller than raisins and are sweet against raisins ... Yes, berries grow on the grass a quarter from the ground, and the size of that berry is slightly smaller than a chicken's egg, the appearance of ripe green, and it tastes like raspberries, and the seeds in it are small, like in raspberries ... But I haven't seen a vegetable on Nikakov's trees ...

And the trees grow small cedars, the size of a cerebrum, and they have nuts. And there are a lot of birch, larch, spruce forests on the Kamchatka side, and on the Penzhinsky side along the rivers there are birch and aspen forests ...

The Koryaks are hollow-bearded, light-haired, medium-sized, ... but there is no faith, but they have their own brothers, Shemans - they will be fooled about what they need, they beat the tambourine and shout ...

And in Kamchadal and Kuril lands, bread is plowed with bread, because the places are warm and the lands are black and soft, only there are no livestock, and there is nothing to plow, and foreigners do not know anything to sow.

And he does not know what silver and other ores are there, and he does not know any ores ... "

Atlasov appeared in Kamchatka again only in 1707, when it was already firmly assigned to Russia. He was appointed a clerk in Kamchatka.

For a long time Atlasov was considered the “discoverer of Kamchatka”. It was later established that the koch, in his voyage around the northeastern tip of Asia, was in 1648 off the eastern coast of Kamchatka and that Popov wintered here. In addition, it was established that later Popov, but before Atlasov, Anadyr Cossacks visited Kamchatka, including the aforementioned Luka Morozko.

This does not detract from the merits of Atlasov, who fully discovered Kamchatka, securing it to Russia and reporting his discovery to Moscow. By the way, Atlasov was the first to report the existence of the northern Kuril Islands.

Atlasov's merits lie not only in the annexation of new Kamchatka lands to Russia, but also in the fact that he was the first researcher of the nature of this peculiar and rich land. According to the words, "not one of the Siberian explorers of the 17th and early 18th centuries, not excluding Bering himself, gives such meaningful reports as the" skats "of Vladimir Atlasov are."

List of references

1. Biographical Dictionary of Scientists and Technicians. T. 1. - Moscow: State. scientific publishing house "Great Soviet Encyclopedia", 1958. - 548 p.

Soloviev A.I., Vladimir Timofeevich Atlasov / A.I. Soloviev, G.V. Karpov // Domestic physical-geographers and travelers. - Moscow: State educational and pedagogical publishing house of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR, 1959. - S. 39-42.

(about 1661 - 1664 - 1711)

Russian explorer, Siberian Cossack. In 1697-1699 he made campaigns in Kamchatka. Gave the first information about Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. Killed during a riot of service people.

The re-discovery of Kamchatka was made at the very end of the 17th century by the new clerk of the Anadyr fort, the Yakut Cossack Vladimir Vasilyevich Atlasov.

He was originally from Veliky Ustyug. From a bad life he fled to Siberia. In Yakutsk, a poor peasant from Ustyug quickly rose to the rank of Pentecostal, and in 1695 he was appointed clerk of the Anadyr prison. He was no longer young, but he was brave and enterprising.

In 1695 Atlasov was sent from Yakutsk to the Anadyr prison with a hundred Cossacks to collect yasak from the local Koryaks and Yukagirs. At that time they said about Kamchatka that it was vast, rich in fur-bearing animals, that the winter there is much warmer, and the rivers are full of fish. There were Russian servicemen in Kamchatka, and the Kamchatka River is clearly marked on the "Drawing of the Siberian Land", drawn up back in 1667 on the order of the Tobolsk governor Peter Godunov. Apparently, having heard about this land, Atlasov did not part with the idea of \u200b\u200bfinding his way into it.

In 1696, being the clerk of the Anadyr prison, he sent a small detachment (16 people) under the command of the Yakut Cossack Luka Morozko to the south to the seaside Koryaks who lived on the Apuka River. The inhabitants of this river, which flows into the Olyutorsky Bay, apparently knew well about the neighbors from the Kamchatka Peninsula and told Morozko about them. Morozko, a resolute and courageous man, entered the Kamchatka Peninsula and reached the Tigil River, running down the Sredinny Range into the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, where he found the first Kamchadal settlement. When he returned, he reported a lot of interesting information about the new rich land and about the people inhabiting it. The explorers and explorers learned from the population of the peninsula that beyond the new open land in the ocean there is a whole range of inhabited islands (the Kuril Islands). Morozko brought with him "some unknown letters" given to him by the inhabitants of Kamchatka. Modern scholars suggest that these were Japanese documents collected by Kamchadals from a wrecked Japanese ship. He finally convinced Atlasov of the need to equip a strong detachment and go to those desired lands himself.

Atlasov was going at his own peril and risk. The Yakut voivode Mikhail Arsenyev, foreseeing the undoubted danger of such an enterprise, gave the go-ahead to Atlasov in words - no written orders or instructions. The voivode did not give money for equipment either, and Atlasov got it - sometimes with persuasions and promises to return a hundredfold, and sometimes under enslaving records.

At the beginning of 1697, Vladimir Atlasov himself, with a detachment of 125 people, half Russian, half Yukaghirs, set out on a winter campaign against the Kamchadals on reindeer.

For two and a half weeks the detachment went on reindeer to the Koryaks living in the Penzhinskaya Bay. Collecting yasak from them with red foxes, Atlasov got acquainted with the way of life and the life of the population, which he described as follows: "hollow-bearded, fair-faced, medium-sized." Subsequently, he gave information about weapons, dwellings, food, shoes, clothes and crafts of the Koryaks.

He walked along the eastern coast of the Penzhinskaya Bay and turned east "through a high mountain" (the southern part of the Koryak Upland), to the mouth of one of the rivers flowing into the Olyutorsky Bay of the Bering Sea, where he laid yasak over the Olyutorsky Koryaks and brought them "the king's hand is high."

Here the detachment was divided into two parties: Luka Morozko and "30 servicemen and 30 Yukagiri" went south along the eastern coast of Kamchatka, Atlasov with the other half returned to the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk and moved along the western coast of the peninsula.

Everything went well at first - calmly and peacefully, but once the Koryaks opposed paying yasak, approached from different sides, threatening with weapons. The Yukaghirs, sensing a dangerous power, betrayed the Cossacks and, united with the Koryaks, suddenly attacked. In a fierce battle, three Cossacks were killed, fifteen were wounded, Atlasov himself was wounded in six places.

The detachment, having chosen a convenient place, sat down in a "siege". Atlasov sent the faithful Yukagir to inform Morozko of what had happened. "And those servicemen came to us and helped us out of the siege," he informs about the arrival of Morozko, who, having received news, interrupted his campaign and hastened to the rescue of his comrades.

The united detachment went up the Tigil River to the Sredinny Range, crossed it and entered the Kamchatka River in the Klyuchevskaya Sopka area. At the exit to the Kamchatka River, at the mouth of the Kanuch River, the detachment put a cross in memory of the exit. This cross at the mouth of the Krestovka River, as the Kanuch River later became known, was seen 40 years later by the explorer of Kamchatka Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov. He also said the inscription on the cross: "In 7205, on July 18, the Pentecostal Volodimer Atlasov set up this cross with 65 people." This was in 1697.

According to Atlasov, the Kamchadals, whom he met here for the first time, “they wear clothes with sable, fox, and deer, and push that dress with dogs. And their yurts are earthen winter, and summer yurts three fathoms high from the ground, paved with boards and covered with spruce bark, and go to those yurts on the stairs. And yurts from the yurts are close, and in one place there are a hundred [hundreds] yurts, two and three and four. And they eat fish and beasts, and eat raw, frozen fish. And in the winter, they store the fish raw: they put it in pits and cover it with earth, and that fish will wear out. And a stinking spirit emanates from that fish ... And their guns are whale bows, arrows of stone and bone, and iron will not be born from them. "

But the collection of yasak among the Itelmen went unimportantly - "they did not store the animals in reserve", and their time was difficult, since they were at war with neighbors. In the Cossacks, they saw strong allies and asked for support in this war. Atlasov decided to support them, hoping that things would go better with yasak in the lower reaches of Kamchatka.

Atlasov's people and Kamchadals got into plows and swam down through Kamchatka, the valley of which was then densely populated: "And how we sailed across Kamchatka - there are many foreigners on both sides of the river, the villages are great." Three days later, the allies approached the forts of the Kamchadals, who refused to pay yasak: there were more than 400 yurts. "And he de Volodimer with their servicemen, the Kamchadals, smashed and beat small people and burned them down."

Down the Kamchatka River to the sea, Atlasov sent one Cossack to reconnaissance, and he counted 160 forts from the mouth of the Elovka River to the sea - on an area of \u200b\u200babout 150 kilometers. Atlasov says that 150-200 people live in each prison in one or two winter yurts. In winter, Kamchadals lived in large ancestral dugouts. "Summer yurts near the forts on poles - every person has his own yurt." The valley of the lower Kamchatka during the campaign was relatively densely populated: the distance from one great "posad" to another was often less than one kilometer. In the lower reaches of Kamchatka, according to the most conservative estimate, about 25 thousand people lived. "And from the mouth to go up the Kamchatka River for a week, there is a mountain - like a grain stack, large and much higher, and another near it - like a haystack and much higher - smoke comes from it during the day, and sparks and glow at night." This is the first news about the two largest volcanoes of Kamchatka - Klyuchevskaya Sopka and Tolbachik - and, in general, about Kamchatka volcanoes.

The richness of the rivers amazed Atlasov: "And the fish in those rivers in Kamchatskaya land is sea fish, a special breed, it resembles a salmon and is red in summer, and the size of a large salmon, and foreigners call it sheep. And there are many other fish - 7 genera of pink, and fish do not resemble those. And that fish goes from the sea along those rivers a lot and back that fish doesn’t return to the sea, but dies in those rivers and in the backwaters.

After collecting information about the lower reaches of the Kamchatka River, Atlasov turned back. Over the pass through the Sredinny Range, he began to chase the Koryak reindeer, who drove away his reindeer, and caught them near the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. "And they fought day and night, and their Koryaks, about a hundred and a half, killed, and the reindeer fought off, and so ate. And other Koryaks fled through the forests." Then Atlasov again turned south and walked for six weeks along the western coast of Kamchatka, collecting yasak from the oncoming Kamchadals "with affection and greetings." Farther south, the Russians met the first "Kuril peasants [Ainu], six forts, and there are a lot of people in them ..." The Cossacks took one prison "and about sixty Kuril people who were in prison and resisted - they beat everyone", but others did not touch, it turned out that the Ainu "have no belly [property] and there is nothing to take yasak; and there are many sables and foxes in their land, only they do not hunt them, because sables and foxes cannot get anywhere from them", i.e. there is no one to sell them.

Along the western coast of Kamchatka, Atlasov walked to the Ichi River and built a prison here. From the Kamchadals, he learned that there was a prisoner on the Nana River, and ordered to bring him to his place. This prisoner, whom the Pentecostal incorrectly called an Indian from the Uzaka state, as it turned out later, turned out to be a Japanese named Denbey from the city of Osaka, thrown out during a shipwreck to Kamchatka.

"And the polonenik, whom he brought by the sea on a bus by the sea, what language he speaks, he does not know. And if a Greek is like it: lean, small mustache, black hair." Nevertheless, Atlasov managed to find a common language with him. He found out and in the most detailed way wrote down a lot of interesting and extremely important information for the Russian state: "They do not use sable and Nikakov's beast. And they wear all kinds of brocade woven, quilted on cotton paper ... Beads and beads come to the Kalan Bobrova River all the years. they take seals and kalan fat from foreigners, and whether they bring them to them, foreigners do not know how to say. "

Peter the First, apparently having learned about Denbey from Atlasov, gave a personal order to quickly deliver the Japanese to Moscow. Through the Siberian order, a "punishment memory" was sent to Yakutsk - an instruction to servicemen accompanying Denbey. Arriving at the end of December 1701, the "foreigner Denbey" - the first Japanese in Moscow - was introduced to Peter on January 8, 1702 at Preobrazhensky. Of course, there were no translators who knew Japanese in Moscow, but Denbey, who had lived among the servicemen for two years, spoke a little Russian.

After a conversation with a Japanese, on the same day, the tsar's "personal decree" followed, which said: "... evo, Denbey, in Moscow to teach Russian literacy, where it is decent, but how he gets used to the Russian language and literacy, and he, Denbey, to teach three or four people from russians - to teach them the Japanese language and literacy ... How he gets used to the Russian language and literacy and the russians are robbed of their language and literacy - and let him go to the Japanese land. " Denbey's students subsequently participated in the Kamchatka expeditions of Bering and Chirikov as translators.

Even before the conversation with the tsar, the "skaska" of Denbey was also recorded in the Siberian order. In addition to the adventures of Denbey himself, it contained a lot of valuable information on the geography and ethnography of Japan, data on the social life of the Japanese.

But Atlasov did not recognize all this. From the bank of Ichi, he went steeply to the south and entered the land of the Ainu, completely unknown to the Russians: "... they are similar to the Kamchadals, only their appearance is blacker, and their beards are no less."

In the places where the Ainu lived, it was much warmer, and there were much more fur-bearing animals - it seemed that a good yasak could be gathered here. However, having seized the attack of a village fenced in by a palisade, the Cossacks found only dried fish in it. The people here did not stock up on furs.

It is difficult to say exactly how far to the south of Kamchatka Atlasov climbed. He himself calls the river Bobrovaya, but at the beginning of the next century no one knew the river with that name. It is believed that Atlasov talked about the Ozernaya river, where sea otters - sea beavers - often entered from the sea. But he went further Ozernaya - up to the Golygina River and wrote in "skaskas" that "there is, as it were, an island opposite it on the sea." Indeed, from the mouth of this river the first island of the Kuril ridge with the highest of all the Kuril volcanoes is clearly visible. Then there was the ocean.

They returned to the winter quarters on Icha in late autumn. The deer, on which Atlasov was counting very much, fell, and there was little food left for the people. Fearing hunger, Atlasov sent twenty-eight people to the west - to the Kamchatka River, to the Itelmens, the recent allies, hoping that they would remember the help of the Cossacks and would not let them die of hunger. With the onset of warm weather, he himself moved north - back to Anadyr. The Cossacks are tired of long wanderings, of life from hand to mouth and of waiting for hidden danger. They spoke more and more insistently about their return. And although Atlasov was not a gentle man, he gave in. I understood how the Cossacks were right.

In the Verkhnekamchatka prison Atlasov left 15 Cossacks headed by Potap Seryukov, a cautious and not greedy man who peacefully traded with the Kamchadals and did not collect yasak. He spent three years among them, but after the shift, on the way back to the Anadyr prison, he and his people were killed by the rebellious Koryaks. Atlasov himself set off on the return journey.

On July 2, 1699, only 15 Cossacks and 4 Yukagirs returned to Anadyr. The addition to the sovereign's treasury was not too big: 330 sables, 191 red foxes, 10 wild foxes, "and Kamchadal sea beavers, called sea otters, 10, and those beavers have never been exported to Moscow," said the Yakut voivode in one of the replies Anadyr clerk Kobylev. But before that he wrote: "... Pentecostal Volodimer Otlasov came to the Anadyr winter hut from the newly discovered Kamchadal land, from the new rivers of Kamchatka ..."

For five years (1695-1700) Atlasov covered more than eleven thousand kilometers.

From Yakutsk Atlasov went to Moscow with a report. On the way, in Tobolsk, he showed his materials to S.U. Remezov, who with his help compiled one of the detailed drawings of the Kamchatka Peninsula. In Moscow, Atlasov lived from the end of January to February 1701 and presented a number of "slopes", fully or partially published several times ... They contained the first information about the topography and climate of Kamchatka, about its flora and fauna, about the seas washing the peninsula, and about their ice regime. In the "skask" Atlasov reported some data about the Kuril Islands, rather detailed news about Japan and brief information about the "Big Earth" (North-West America).

He also gave a detailed ethnographic description of the population of Kamchatka. Academician L. S. Berg wrote about Atlasov: "A man of little education, he ... possessed remarkable intelligence and great observation, and his testimony ... contains a mass of the most valuable ethnographic and geographical data. None of the Siberian explorers of the 17th and early 18th centuries. .. does not provide such meaningful reports. "

Atlasov's Skaski fell into the hands of the tsar. Peter I highly appreciated the information he had obtained: new distant lands and seas adjacent to them opened new roads to the eastern countries, to America, and Russia needed these roads.

In Moscow, Atlasov was appointed head of the Cossack and was again sent to Kamchatka. On the way, on the Angara, he captured the goods of a deceased Russian merchant. If you do not know all the circumstances, the word "robbery" could be applied to this case. However, in reality, Atlasov took the goods, compiling an inventory of them, only for 100 rubles - exactly the amount that was provided to him by the leadership of the Siberian Prikaz as a reward for the campaign to Kamchatka. The heirs filed a complaint, and the "Kamchatka Yermak", as the poet Alexander Pushkin called him, after interrogation under the supervision of a bailiff, was sent to the Lena River to return the goods that he had sold for his own benefit. A few years later, after the successful completion of the investigation, Atlasov was left with the same rank of the Cossack head.

In those days, several more groups of Cossacks and "eager people" infiltrated Kamchatka, built the Bolsheretsk and Nizhnekamchatsk forts there and began to plunder and kill Kamchadals.

When information about the Kamchatka atrocities reached Moscow, Atlasov was instructed to restore order in Kamchatka and "deserve the old blame." He was given complete power over the Cossacks. Under the threat of the death penalty, he was ordered to act "against foreigners with affection and greetings" and not hurt anyone. But Atlasov had not yet reached the Anadyr prison, when denunciations rained down on him: the Cossacks complained of his autocracy and cruelty.

He arrived in Kamchatka in July 1707. And in December, the Cossacks, accustomed to a free life, rebelled, removed him from power, chose a new chief and, in order to justify themselves, sent new petitions to Yakutsk complaining of offenses from Atlasov and crimes allegedly committed by him. The rioters put Atlasov in a "kazenka" (prison), and his property was taken to the treasury. Atlasov escaped from prison and came to Nizhnekamchatsk. He demanded from the local clerk to surrender to him the authorities over the prison; he refused, but left Atlasov free.

Meanwhile, the Yakut voivode, having reported to Moscow about traffic complaints against Atlasov, sent in 1709 to Kamchatka as clerk Peter Chirikov with a detachment of 50 people. On the way, Chirikov lost 13 Cossacks and military supplies in skirmishes with the Koryaks. Arriving in Kamchatka, he sent 40 Cossacks to the Bolshaya River to pacify the southern Kamchadals. But they attacked the Russians in large forces; eight people were killed, the rest were almost all wounded. They sat under siege for a whole month and fled with difficulty. Chirikov himself with 50 Cossacks pacified the eastern Kamchadals and again imposed yasak on them. By the fall of 1710, Osip Mironovich Lipin with a detachment of 40 people came to replace Chirikov from Yakutsk.

So there were three clerks in Kamchatka at once: Atlasov, who had not yet been formally dismissed from office, Chirikov, and the newly appointed Lipin. Chirikov surrendered Verkhnekamchatsk to Lipin, and in October he sailed on boats with his people to Nizhnekamchatsk, where he wanted to spend the winter. Lipin also arrived in Nizhnekamchatsk on business.

In January 1711, both returned to Verkhnekamchatsk. On the way, the mutinous Cossacks killed Lipin. They gave Chirikov time to repent, and they themselves rushed to Nizhnekamchatsk to kill Atlasov. "Before reaching half a mile, they sent three Cossacks to him with a letter, instructing them to kill him when he began to read it ... But they found him sleeping and stabbed him."

So the Kamchatka Ermak died. According to one version, the Cossacks came to V. Atlasov at night; he bent down to the candle to read the false letter they had brought, and was stabbed in the back.

Two "Skaski" by Vladimir Atlasov have survived. These first written reports about Kamchatka are outstanding for their time in terms of accuracy, clarity and versatility of the description of the peninsula.

Russian pioneers in Kamchatka

My side, side,

An unfamiliar side!

That I did not come to you myself,

What a kind horse brought me:

Drove me, good fellow,

Aggressiveness, courageousness.

(Old Cossack song)

When did the Russian people get to Kamchatka? Until now, no one knows for sure. But it is absolutely clear that this happened in the middle of the 17th century. Earlier we have already talked about the Popov-Dezhnev expedition in 1648, when for the first time Russian kochis passed from the Arctic Sea to the Eastern Ocean. Of the seven kochi that left the mouth of the Kolyma to the east, five died on the way. The sixth koch of Dezhnev was thrown onto the coast much south of the mouth of the Anadyr. But the fate of the seventh koch, on which Fyodor Popov was with his Yakut wife and the Cossack Gerasim Ankidinov, who was picked up from the koch who died in the strait between Asia and America, is not exactly known.

The earliest evidence of the fate of Fyodor Alekseev Popov and his companions is found in SI Dezhnev's formal reply to the voivode Ivan Akinfov, dated 1655: “ And last year 162 (1654 - M.Ts.) I, Semeyka, went on a campaign near the sea. And he defeated ... the Yakut woman Fedot Alekseev from the Koryaks. And that woman said that de Fedot and the serviceman Gerasim (Ankidinov - M.Ts.) Died with scurvy, and other comrades were beaten, and small people remained, and ran with one soul (that is, light, without supplies and equipment. - M.Ts.), I don't know where"(18, p. 296).

Avachinskaya Sopka in Kamchatka

From this it follows that Popov and Ankidinov died, most likely, on the shore where they landed or where the koch was thrown. Most likely, it was somewhere much to the south of the mouth of the river. Anadyr, on the Olyutorsky coast or already on the northeastern coast of Kamchatka, since the Koryaks could only capture a Yakut wife in these areas of the coast.

Academician G.F. Miller, who was the first historian to carefully study the documents of the Yakutsk voivodship archive and found there genuine formal replies and petitions from Semyon Dezhnev, according to which he restored to the extent possible the history of this significant voyage, in 1737 wrote “News of the Northern Sea Pass from the mouth of the Lena River for the sake of obtaining eastern countries ". This essay says the following about the fate of Fyodor Alekseev Popov: “Meanwhile, the kochi built (by Dezhnev in the Anadyr winter hut founded by him. - M.Ts.) Were suitable for the fact that the rivers lying near the mouth of the Anadyr could be visited, in which case Deshnev in In 1654, he ran into the Koryak dwellings by the sea, from which all the men with their best wives, seeing the Russian people, fled; and left the old women and children; Deshnev found among them a Yakutsk woman who had previously lived with the aforementioned Fedot Alekseev; and that woman said that Fedot's ship was smashed near that place, and Fedot himself, having lived there for some time with a tsungoy, died, and some of his merchants were killed by the Koryaks, and others in boats fled to unknown places. Syudy befits a rumor that rushes between the inhabitants of Kamchatka, which is confirmed by everyone who has been there, namely, they say that many decades before Volodimer Otlasov's arrival in Kamchatka, a certain Fedotov son lived there on the Kamchatka River at the mouth of the river, which is now he is called Fedotovka, and he took in with the Kamchadalka children, who were then near the Penzhinskaya Bay, where they crossed the river from Kamchatka, were beaten by the Koryaks. This son Fedotov was by all appearances the son of the aforementioned Fedot Alekseev, who after the death of his father, as his goods from the Koryaks, fled in a boat near the shore and settled on the Kamchatka River; and back in 1728, when Captain Commander Bering was in Kamchatka, there were signs of two winters in which Fedotov's son and his comrades lived ”(41, p. 260).

Koryaks

Information about Fedor Popov was also provided by the famous explorer of Kamchatka, who also worked in the academic detachment of the Bering expedition, Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov (1711-1755).

Stepan Petrovich Krasheshinnikov

He traveled around Kamchatka in 1737-1741. and in his work "Description of the Land of Kamchatka" he noted: "But who was the first of the Russian people in Kamchatka, I have no reliable information about that, and I only know that rumor attributes this to a merchant named Fedor Alekseev, by whose name the river flows into the river. Kamchatka, the Nikul river is called Fedotovshchina. They say that Alekseev, having gone on seven koch on the Arctic Ocean from the mouth of the river. Kovymi (Kolyma - M.Ts.), During a storm he was abandoned with his koch to Kamchatka, where after wintering, the next summer he rounded the Kuril Lopatka (the southernmost cape of the peninsula - Cape Lopatka - M.Ts.) and reached by sea Tigel (the Tigil river, the mouth of which is located at 58 ° N lat. Most likely, he could have reached the Tigil river mouth from the eastern coast of the peninsula by land. - M. Ts.), Where he was killed by local Koryaks in winter (apparently, in the winter of 1649-1650 - M.Ts.) with all his comrades. At the same time, they say that they themselves gave a reason for the murder, when one of them stabbed the other, because the Koryaks, who considered people who wielded firearms, immortals, seeing that they could die, did not want to live with terrible neighbors and all of them (apparently, 17 people. - M. Ts.) Were killed ”(35, p. 740, 749).

Koryak warriors

According to Krasheninnikov, it was F.A.Popov who was the first of the Russians to winter on the land of Kamchatka, the first to visit its eastern and western coasts. Krasheninnikov, referring to the above message from Dezhnev, suggests that F.A.Popov and his comrades did not die on the river. Tigil, and on the coast between Anadyr and Olyutorsky bays, trying to get to the mouth of the river. Anadyr.

A certain confirmation of Popov's stay with comrades or other Russian pioneers in Kamchatka is that a quarter of a century before Krasheninnikov about the remains of two winter huts on the river. Fedotovshchina, set by Russian Cossacks or industrialists, was reported in 1726 by the first Russian explorer of the Northern Kuril Islands, who was on the river. In Kamchatka from 1703 to 1720, esaul Ivan Kozyrevsky: “In the past years from the city of Yakutsk there were people in Kamchatka on the kochi. And what they had in amanats, those Kamchadals said. And in our years, yasak was taken from these old people. Two koch said. And the winter quarters are known to this day ”(18, p. 295; 33, p. 35).

From the indications given at different times (XVII-XVIII centuries) and rather different in meaning, it is still possible to assert with a high degree of probability that Russian pioneers appeared in Kamchatka in the middle of the XVII century. Perhaps it was not Fedot Alekseev Popov with his comrades, not his son, but other Cossacks and industrialists. Modern historians do not have an unambiguous opinion on this matter. But the fact that the first Russians appeared on the Kamchatka Peninsula no later than the beginning of the 50s. XVII century, is considered an undoubted fact.

The issue of the first Russians in Kamchatka was studied in detail by the historian B.P. Polevoy. In 1961 he managed to find a petition of the Cossack foreman IM Rubts, in which he mentioned his campaign "up the Kamchatka River". Later, the study of archival documents allowed BP Polevoy to assert “that Rubets and his companions were able to spend their wintering in 1662-1663. in the upper reaches of the river. Kamchatka "(33, p. 35). He refers to the Scar and his comrades and the message of I. Kozyrevsky, which was mentioned above.

Kamchadals

In the atlas of the Tobolsk cartographer S. U. Remezov, work on which he completed at the beginning of 1701, on the "Drawing of the land of the Yakutsk city" was also depicted the Kamchatka peninsula, on the north-western bank of which at the mouth of the river. Voemlya (from the Koryak name "Uemlyan" - "broken line"), that is, at the modern river. Lesnoy depicted a winter hut and next to it was given the inscription: “R. Howling. Fedotov's winter quarters used to be here. " According to BP Polevoy, only in the middle of the twentieth century. managed to find out that "Fedotov son" is a fugitive Kolyma Cossack Leonty Fedotov son, who fled to the river. Prodigal (now the river Omolon), from where he moved to the river. Penzhin, where at the beginning of the 60s. XVII century together with the industrialist Seroglaz (Sharoglaz), for some time he controlled the lower reaches of the river. Later he went to the western coast of Kamchatka, where he settled on the river. Voemle. There he controlled the passage through the narrowest part of North Kamchatka from the r. Lesnoy (river Voemli) on the river. Karagu. True, the data on the stay of Leonty "Fedotov's son" on the river. B.P. Polevoy does not cite Kamchatka. Perhaps, I. Kozyrevsky has information about both "Fedotov's sons" and merged together. Moreover, according to the documents in Rubts' detachment, the kisser Fyodor Laptev was in charge of collecting yasak.

The information of SP Krashennikov about the stay in Kamchatka of the participant of Dezhnev's campaign "Thomas the Nomad" is confirmed. It turned out that Foma Semyonov Permyak, nicknamed "Bear" or "Old Man", took part in Rubts' campaign "up the Kamchatka River". He sailed with Dezhnev to Anadyr in 1648, then repeatedly walked along Anadyr, from 1652 he was engaged in the extraction of walrus bones at the Anadyr corgi discovered by Dezhnev. And from there in the fall of 1662 he went with the Rubts to the river. Kamchatka.

I also found confirmation of Krasheninnikov's story about strife among Russian Cossacks over women in the upper reaches of Kamchatka. Later, the Anadyr Cossacks reproached Ivan Rubets for the fact that during a long campaign "with two women ... he was always ... in lawlessness and in fun and with servicemen and merchants, and with eager and industrial people, not in advice about women" (33, p. .37).

Information from Miller, Krasheninnikov, Kozyrevsky about the presence of the first Russians in Kamchatka could refer to other Cossacks and industrialists. BP Polevoy wrote that the news of walrus rookeries on the coast of the southern part of the Bering Sea was first received from the Cossacks of the group of Fyodor Alekseev Chyukichev - Ivan Ivanov Kamchaty, who went to Kamchatka from their winter quarters in the upper reaches of the Gizhiga across the northern isthmus with the river. Lesnoy on the river Karagu "to the other side" (33, p. 38). In 1661, the entire group died on the river. Omolon when returning to the Kolyma. Their killers, the Yukaghirs, fled to the south.

yukaghir warriors

This may be the origin of the stories about the murder of Russians returning from Kamchatka, which Krasheninnikov mentions.

The Kamchatka Peninsula got its name from the river. Kamchatka, crossing it from the southwest to the northeast. And the name of the river, according to the authoritative opinion of the historian B.P. Polevoy, with which most scholars agree, is associated with the name of the Yenisei Cossack Ivan Ivanov Kamchaty, which was mentioned earlier.

Kamchatka river

In 1658 and 1659. Kamchatka twice from the winter quarters on the river. Gizhige proceeded south to explore new lands. According to BP Polevoy, he probably passed the western coast of Kamchatka up to the river. Lesnoy, which flows into the Shelikhov Bay at 59 ° 30 N. and along the river. Karage reached the Karaginsky Bay. There was also collected information about the presence of a large river somewhere in the south.

In the following year, a detachment of 12 people, led by the Cossack Fedor Alekseev Chyukichev, left the Gizhiginsky winter hut. I.I. The detachment crossed to Penzhina and proceeded south to the river, later called Kamchatka. The Cossacks returned to Gizhiga only in 1661.

It is curious that, nicknamed Ivan Kamchaty, two rivers received the same name "Kamchatka": the first one was in the mid-1650s. in the p. The Indigirki is one of the tributaries of the Paderikha (now the Bodyarikha River), the second - at the very end of the 1650s. - the largest river of the peninsula, still little known at that time. And this peninsula itself began to be called Kamchatka already in the 90s of the XVII century. (33, p. 38).

Koryak shaman

In the "Drawing of the Siberian land", compiled by decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1667 under the leadership of the steward and the Tobolsk governor Peter Ivanovich Godunov, was first shown r. Kamchatka. In the drawing, the river flowed into the sea in the east of Siberia between the Lena and the Amur, and the way to it from the Lena by sea was free. True, there was not even a hint of the Kamchatka Peninsula on the drawing.

In Tobolsk in 1672 a new, somewhat more detailed "Drawing of the Siberian Lands" was drawn up. It was accompanied by a "List from the drawing", which contained an indication of Chukotka, and the rivers Anadyr and Kamchatka were first mentioned in it: "... and opposite the mouth of the Kamchatka river, a stone pillar emerged from the sea, high without measure, and no one had been on it" (28, p. 27), that is, not only the name of the river is indicated, but also some information about the relief in the area of \u200b\u200bthe mouth is given.

In 1663-1665. the previously mentioned Cossack I.M. Rubets served as a clerk in the Anadyr prison. Historians I. P. Magidovich and V. I. Magidovich believe that it was according to his data that the river. Kamchatka, in the upper reaches of which he wintered in 1662-1663, is indicated quite realistically in the general drawing of Siberia, drawn up in 1684.

Information about the r. Kamchatka and the interior regions of Kamchatka were known in Yakutsk long before the campaigns of the Yakut Cossack Vladimir Vasilyevich Atlasov, this, according to Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, "Kamchatka Ermak", which in 1697-1699. actually annexed the peninsula to the Russian state. This is evidenced by the documents of the Yakut command hut for 1685-1686.

They say that during these years a conspiracy of Cossacks and servicemen of the Yakutsk prison was discovered. The conspirators were accused of wanting to “beat to death” the steward and governor Pyotr Petrovich Zinoviev and city residents, “rob their bellies”, as well as “rob” merchant and industrial people in the Gostiny Dvor.

In addition, the conspirators were accused of wanting to seize the gunpowder and lead treasury in the Yakutsk prison and flee behind the "Nos" to the Anadyr and Kamchatka rivers. This means that the Cossack conspirators in Yakutsk already knew about Kamchatka and were going to flee to the peninsula, apparently by sea, as evidenced by the plans to “run for the nose,” that is, for the Chukotka peninsula or the eastern cape of Chukotka - Cape Dezhnev, and not “ beyond the Stone ”, that is, beyond the ridge - the watershed between the rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean and the rivers flowing into the Far Eastern seas (29, p. 66).

In the early 90s. XVII century began campaigns of the Cossacks from the Anadyr prison to the south to see the "new land" on the Kamchatka Peninsula.

Anadyr prison

In 1691, a detachment of 57 people went south from there, led by the Yakut Cossack Luka Semyonov Staritsyn, nicknamed Morozko, and the Cossack Ivan Vasiliev Golygin. The detachment passed along the north-western, and perhaps along the north-eastern coasts of Kamchatka and by the spring of 1692 returned to the Anadyr prison.

In the years 1693-1694. Morozko and Golygin with 20 Cossacks again headed south and, "one day before reaching the Kamchatka River," turned north. On the river Opuke (Apuke), which originates on the Olyutorsky ridge and flows into the Olyutorsky Bay, in the habitats of the "reindeer" Koryaks, they built the first Russian winter hut in this part of the peninsula, leaving in it two Cossacks and an interpreter to guard the hostages of amanats taken from the local Koryaks Nikita Vorypaeva (10, p. 186).

From their words, no later than 1696, a "skaska" was compiled, in which the first message about the Kamchadals (Itelmens) that has survived to this day is given: "They will not be born with iron, and they cannot smelt ores. And the jails are spacious. And they have dwellings ... in those prison - in the winter in the ground, and in the summer ... above the same winter yurts on top of the pillars, like storage sheds ... And between the prison ... days go by two and three and five and six days ... Reindeer foreigners (Koryaks. - M.Ts.) are called, which have deer. And those who do not have deer, and those are called sedentary strangers ... Reindeer are honored most honestly ”(40, p. 73).

In August 1695, a new clerk (head of the prison), a Pentecostal man, was sent from Yakutsk to the Anadyr prison with a hundred Cossacks Vladimir Vasilievich Atlasov. The following year, he sent a detachment of 16 people under the command of Luka Morozko south to the seaside Koryaks, which penetrated the Kamchatka Peninsula to the river. Tigil, where he met the first settlement of Kamchadals. It was there that Morozko saw unknown Japanese letters (apparently, they got there with a Japanese ship nailed to the Kamchatka shores by a storm), collected information about the Kamchatka Peninsula, which stretches far to the south, and about the ridge of islands south of the peninsula, that is, about the Kuril Islands.

At the beginning of the winter of 1697, a detachment of 120 people headed for a winter campaign against the Kamchadals on reindeer, headed by V.V. Atlasov himself. The detachment consisted of half of Russians, servicemen and industrial people, half of Yasak Yukaghirs and arrived in Penzhina 2.5 weeks later. There, the Cossacks gathered from the foot (that is, the sedentary Koryaks, who did not have deer, of which there were more than three hundred souls, the tribute of red foxes. Atlasov walked along the eastern coast of the Penzhinskaya Bay to 60 ° N, and then turned east and reached the mouth of the Olyutora River, which flows into the Olyutorsky Bay of the Bering Sea. There were Koryaks-Olyutors who had never seen Russians before. Although nearby in the mountains there were white sables (so named because their fur is not as dark as the Siberian ones), but the Olyutors did not hunt them "because they know nothing in sables," according to Atlasov.

Atlasov then sent half of the detachment south along the eastern coast of the peninsula. D. and. n. MI Belov noticed that due to an inaccurate message from S.P. Krasheninnikov, this party was commanded by Luka Morozko. But the latter was at that time in the Anadyr prison, where, after Atlasov left for the campaign, he remained the clerk of the prison for him. The Cossacks and interpreter Nikita Vorypaev, who were left in Kamchatka by Morozka, could have taken part in Atlasov's campaign, but not himself (10, p. 186, 187).

Atlasov himself with the main detachment returned to the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk and headed along the western coast of Kamchatka. But at this time, part of the Yukaghirs of the detachment rebelled: “On the Palana River, the great sovereign was betrayed, and after him Volodimer (Atlasov - M.Ts.) Came and walked around from all sides, and began to shoot from bows and 3 Cossacks killed, and Volodimer was wounded in six (six - M.Ts.) Places, and servicemen and industrial people were relocated. " Atlasov with the Cossacks, choosing a convenient place, sat down in the "siege". He sent the faithful Yukagir to inform the detachment sent to the south of what had happened. “And those servicemen came to us and helped us out of the siege,” he later reported (32, p. 41).

Then he went up the river. Tigil to the Seredinny ridge, crossed it, leaving in June-July 1697 to the mouth of the river. Kanuchi (Chanych), which flows into the river. Kamchatka. There was erected a cross with the inscription: "In 205 (1697 - M.Ts.) on July 18, the Pentecostal Volodimer Atlasov set up this cross with goods", which survived until S.P. Krasheninnikov came to these places 40 years later (42 , p.41). Having left their reindeer here, Atlasov with servicemen and with yasak Yukaghirs and Kamchadals "sat in plows and swam down the Kamchatka river to the bottom."

The joining of the Atlasov detachment of part of the Kamchadals was explained by the struggle between various native clans and groups. Explained Kamchadals from the headwaters of the Kamchatka asked Atlasov to help them against their own relatives from the lower reaches of the river, who attacked them and plundered their villages.

The Atlasov detachment sailed for "three days", embracing the local Kamchadals and "smashing" those who did not submit. Atlasov sent a scout to the mouth of the river. Kamchatka and became convinced that the river valley was relatively densely populated - on an area about 150 km long there were up to 160 Kamchadal forts, each of which was home to up to 200 people.

Then the Atlasov detachment returned up the river. Kamchatka. Having crossed the Sredinny ridge and discovering that the Koryaks had driven away the reindeer left by Atlasov, the Cossacks set off in pursuit. They managed to repulse the reindeer after a fierce battle on the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, during which about 150 Koryaks died.

Atlasov again descended along the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk to the south, walked for six weeks along the western coast of Kamchatka, collecting tribute from the Kamchadals they met along the way. He reached p. Ichi and moved even further south. Scientists believe that Atlasov reached the river. Nynguchu, renamed into r. Golygin, by the name of a Cossack lost there (the mouth of the Golygin river near the mouth of the Opala river) or even a little further south. Only about 100 km remained to the southern tip of Kamchatka.

Kamchadals lived on Opal, and on the river. Golygina, the Russians had already met the first "Kuril men - six forts, and there are a lot of people in them." The Kurils, who lived in the south of Kamchatka, are the Ainu - the inhabitants of the Kuril Islands, mixed with the Kamchadals. So it is p. Golyginu was meant by Atlasov himself, reporting that “opposite the first Kuril river on the sea I saw as if there was an island” (42, p. 69).

Undoubtedly, with p. Golygina, at 52 ° 10 N. sh. Atlasov could see the northernmost island of the Kuril ridge - Alaid (now Atlasov Island), on which the volcano of the same name is located, the highest in the Kuril Islands (2330 m) (43, p. 133).

Atlasov Island

Returning from there to the river. Ichu and putting a winter hut there, Atlasov sent to the river. In Kamchatka, a detachment of 15 service people and 13 Yukaghirs led by the Cossack Potap Serdyukov.

winter hut

Serdyukov and the Cossacks were held in the Verkhnekamchatka prison laid by Atlasov in the upper reaches of the river. Kamchatka is three years old.

Verkhnekamchatka prison

Those who remained with Atlasov “gave him a petition for their own hands so that they could go from that Igireki to the Anadyr prison, because they had no gunpowder and lead, they had nothing to serve with” (42, p. 41). On July 2, 1699, Atlasov's detachment, consisting of 15 Cossacks and 4 Yukaghirs, returned to Anadyr, delivering the yasak treasury there: 330 sables, 191 red foxes, 10 gray foxes (a cross between red and silver foxes), a park (clothing) with sable. Among the collected furs were 10 skins of sea beavers (sea otters) and 7 beaver rags, which were not known to the Russians before.

Atlasov brought the Kamchadal "prince" to the Anadyr prison and took him to Moscow, but in the Kaigorodsky district on the river. Kame "foreigner" died of smallpox.

In the late spring of 1700, Atlasov reached Yakutsk with the collected yasak. After the "skasok" interrogations were removed from him, Atlasov left for Moscow. On the way to Tobolsk, the famous Siberian cartographer, the boyar son Semyon Ulyanovich Remezov, met Atlasov's "skaskami". Historians believe that the cartographer met with Atlasov and with his help made one of the first detailed drawings of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

In February 1701 in Moscow, Atlasov submitted to the Siberian order his "skats", which contained the first information about the relief and climate of Kamchatka, about its flora and fauna, about the seas washing the peninsula, and their ice regime, and, naturally, a lot of information about the indigenous inhabitants of the peninsula.

It is interesting that it was Atlasov who also reported some information about the Kuril Islands and Japan, which he collected from the inhabitants of the southern part of the peninsula - the Kuril residents.

Atlasov described the local residents whom he met during the campaign across the peninsula: “And on Penzhin live Koryak hollow-bearded, with a brown face, medium height, speak their own special language, but there is no faith, but they have their own brothers-shemans: than they need, they beat the tambourines and shout. And clothes and shoes are worn by a deer, and the soles of a seal. And they eat fish and all kinds of animals and seals. And their yurts are reindeer and solid (suede, made from reindeer skins. - M. Ts.).

Koryaks

And behind those Koryaks live foreigners Lutors (Olyutors. - M.Ts.), And the language and all the semblance of Koryak, and their yurts are earthen like Ostyak yurts. And behind those Lutors live along the rivers Kamchadals by age (height - M.Ts.) Are small with medium beards, their faces resemble Zyryans (Komi. - M.Ts.). Clothes are worn with sable and fox and deer, and that dress is pushed by dogs. And their yurts are winter earthen, and summer yurts are on poles, three fathoms high from the ground (about 5-6 m. - M.Ts.), paved with boards and covered with spruce bark, and they go to those yurts by stairs. And yurts from yurts to blisk, and in one place there are a hundred yurts in 2, and 3, and 4 each.

And they feed on fish and beasts, and eat raw, frozen fish, and in the winter they store up raw fish: they put it in pits and cover it with earth, and that fish will wear out, and that fish, taking it out, is put in decks and the water is heated and that fish with that water they stir and drink, and a stinking spirit emanates from that fish, which a Russian person needs to endure with urine.

And the wooden dishes and clay pots are made by those people from Kamchadal themselves, and they have other dishes that are levkashenny and olive oil, but they say that they are coming to them from the island, and under which state that island is not known ”(42, p. 42, 43 ). Academician L.S. Berg believed that it was, obviously, about Japanese lacquerware, which from Japan first came to distant smokers, then to neighbors, and these brought it to southern Kamchatka "(43, p. 66, 67) ...

Atlasov reported that Kamchadals had large canoes up to 6 fathoms long (about 13 m), 1.5 fathoms (3.2 m) wide, accommodating 20-40 people.

He noted the peculiarities of the clan structure in them, the specifics of economic activity: “They do not have great domination over themselves, only whoever is richer in their family is more respected. And race and race go and fight in war ". "And in time they are brave in battle, and at other times they are bad and hasty." They defended themselves in prison, throwing stones from them at enemies with sling and hands. The Cossacks called the Kamchadal "yurts" ostrozhki, that is, dugouts, fortified with an earthen rampart and palisade.

Kamchadals began to build such fortifications only after the appearance of Cossacks and industrialists on the peninsula.

Atlasov told how the Cossacks mercilessly dealt with the recalcitrant "foreigners": "And those ostrozhki people come from behind the shields and the prison is lit, and they will stand against the gates, where they (foreigners - M.Ts.) Run, and in those the gates of many of the foreign enemies are beaten. And those ostrozhki were made earthen, and to those Russian people approach and tear the earth with a spear, and foreigners will not be allowed to ascend from the pishchals to the prison ”(43, p.68).

Talking about the combat capabilities of local residents, Atlasov noted: “... they are much afraid of a fiery gun and call the Russian people fiery people ... and they cannot stand against a fiery gun, they run back. And in winter the Kamchadals go out to fights on skis, and the Koryaks are reindeer on sledges: one rules, and the other shoots from a bow.

And in the summer they go to battles on foot, naked, and others in clothes ”(42, pp. 44, 45). "And their guns are whale bows, arrows of stone and bone, and they will not give birth to iron" (40, p. 74).

About the peculiarities of the family structure among the Kamchadals, he reports: "and they have all kinds of wives according to their urine - one, and 2, and 3, and 4". "And there is no faith, only one shamans, and those shamans differ from other foreigners: they wear their hair in debt." Atlasov's translators were Koryaks who lived with the Cossacks for some time and mastered the basics of the Russian language. “And they (Kamchadals. - M. Ts.) Do not have Nikakov's cattle, only one dog, the size of the local ones (that is, they are the same with the local ones in Yakutsk. - M. Ts.), Only they are much shaggy, their hair is a quarter long arshin (18 cm. - M. Ts.) ". "And sables are hunted with kulems (special traps. - M. Ts.) Near rivers where there are many fish, and other sables are shot at the tree" (42, p. 43).

Atlasov assessed the possibility of spreading arable farming in the Kamchatka land and the prospects for trade exchange with Kamchadals: “And in Kamchadal and Kuril lands, bread is plowed with bread, because the places are warm and the lands are black and soft, only there is no cattle and there is nothing to plow, and foreigners are not to sow anything do not know ”(43, p. 76). "And the goods are needed for them: adek azure (blue beads. - M. Ts.), Knives." And in another place "skaski" adds: "... iron, knives and axes and palms (wide iron knives. - M. Ts.), Because iron will not be born in them." And against them taking sables, foxes, large beavers (apparently, sea beavers. - M. Ts.), Otters. "

In his report, Atlasov paid considerable attention to the nature of Kamchatka, its volcanoes, flora, fauna, and climate. About the latter, he said: “And winter in Kamchatka land is warm against Moscow, and the snow is light, and in the Kuril foreigners (that is, in the south of the peninsula. - M. Ts.) The snow is less. And the sun in Kamchatka in winter is a day long opposite Yakutsk, twice as fast. And in summer in the Kuriles the sun goes directly against the human head and there is no shadow against the sun from a person ”(43, p. 70, 71). Atlasov's last statement is generally incorrect, because even in the very south of Kamchatka, the sun never rises above 62.5 ° above the horizon.

It was Atlasov who reported for the first time about the two largest volcanoes of Kamchatka - Klyuchevskaya Sopka and Tolbachik, and about Kamchatka volcanoes in general: “And from the mouth of the Kamchatka River up the river there is a mountain for a week, like a bread stack, large and much high, and another near it is like a haystack and much higher, smoke comes out of it during the day, and sparks and glow at night. And Kamchadals say that if a person climbs up to half of the mountain, and there they hear a great noise and thunder, which is impossible for a person to endure. And above half of the mountain that people ascended, they did not go back, and what happened to people there, they do not know ”(42, p. 47).

“And from under those mountains came a spring river, in it the water is green, and in that water, as they throw a penny, you can see three fathoms deep”.

Atlasov also paid attention to the description of the ice regime off the coast and in the rivers of the peninsula: “And on the sea near the lutors (that is, olyutors. - M. Ts.) In winter the ice goes, and the whole sea does not freeze. And against Kamchatka (river - M.Ts.) At sea there is ice, he does not know. And in summer nothing happens to ice on that sea. " “And on the other side of that Kamchadal land on the sea in winter there is no ice, only from the Penzhina river to Kygylu

(Tyagilya - M. Ts.) On the shores the ice is small, but from Kygylu into the distance nothing ice happens. And from the Kygyl river to the mouth of the course, it is a quick walk to the Kamchatka river, through a stone, that is, through the mountains. - M.Ts.), on the 3rd and 4th day. And Kamchatka to swim to the bottom in a tray to the sea for 4 days. And there are many bears and wolves near the sea. " “And he does not know any silver ores and what other kinds there are, and he does not know any ores” (43, p.71, 72).

Describing the forests in Kamchatka, Atlasov noted: “And the trees grow - cedars are small, the size of a cereal plant, and they have nuts. And there are a lot of birch, larch and spruce trees on the Kamchadal side, and on the Penzhinsky side along the rivers there are berezniks and aspen trees. " He also listed the berries found there: "And in the Kamchatka and Kuril lands, berries - lingonberry, bird cherry, honeysuckle - smaller than raisins and sweet against raisins" (43, p. 72, 74).

His observation and meticulousness are striking when describing berries, herbs, shrubs, and animals previously unknown to Russians. For example: “And there is grass, foreigners call agatatka, it grows in height in a knee, a twig, and foreigners tear that grass and peel off the skin, and intertwine the middle with tallow bast and dry it in the sun, and as it dries up, it will be white and that grass will be eaten with a sweet taste , but how that grass will crumble, and become white and sweet, like sugar "(43, p. 73). From the grass agatatka - "sweet grass", the locals mined sugar, and the Cossacks subsequently adapted to drive wine from it.

Atlasov especially noted the presence of sea animals and red fish important for fishing off the coast of Kamchatka: “But in the sea there are great whales, seals, sea otters, and those sea otters come ashore in big water, but as the water decreases, the sea otters remain on the ground and their They stab them with spears and beat them on the nose with sticks, but those sea otters cannot run, because their legs are the smallest, and the banks are gritty, strong (made of small stones with sharp edges. - M.Ts.) "(43, p.76 ).

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He especially noted the spawning process of fish from the salmon breed: “And the fish in those rivers in Kamchatka is a sea fish, a special breed, it resembles a salmon, and in summer it is red, and salmon are larger in size, and foreigners (Kamchadals. - M. Ts.) it is called a sheep (chinook, among the Kamchadals chovuich, the best and largest of Kamchatka anadromous, that is, from the fish entering the rivers for spawning from the sea. - M. Ts.). And there are many other fish - 7 genera of pink ones, but they don't resemble Russian fish. And that fish goes to the sea along those rivers much much and back that fish does not return to the sea, but dies in those rivers and backwaters. And for that fish, the beast keeps along those rivers - sables, foxes, otters ”(43, p. 74).

Atlasov noted the presence of many birds in Kamchatka, especially in the southern part of the peninsula. In his "skask" it is also said about the seasonal migrations of Kamchatka birds: “And in the Kuril land (in the south of the Kamchatka Peninsula. - M.Ts.) In the winter by the sea there are many birds-ducks and gulls, and in rusts (swamps. - M.Ts. .) swans are many, because those rusty people do not freeze in winter. And in the summer, those birds fly away, and there are only a few of them, because in the summer it is much warm from the sun, and there are large rains and thunders and lightning is frequent. And he hopes that that land moved much at noon (to the south - M.Ts.) ”(43, p. 75). Atlasov described the flora and fauna of Kamchatka so accurately that later scientists easily established the exact scientific names of all the animal and plant species he noted.

In conclusion, we present a well-aimed and capacious, in our opinion, characteristic of the "Kamchatka Yermak", which was given to him by Academician L. S. Berg: "Atlasov is a completely exceptional person. A man of little education, he at the same time possessed a remarkable mind and great observation, and his testimonies, as we will see later, contain a lot of valuable ethnographic and geographic data in general. None of the Siberian explorers of the 17th and early 18th centuries, not excluding Bering himself, gives such meaningful reports. And the moral character of Atlasov can be judged by the following. Granted after the conquest of Kamchatka (1697-1699) as a reward as a Cossack head and sent again to Kamchatka to complete his enterprise, on the way from Moscow to Kamchatka, he decided on an extremely presumptuous deed: being in August 1701 on the Upper Tunguska River, he plundered the following merchant goods on ships. For this, despite his merits, he was imprisoned, after torture, in prison, where he remained until 1707, when he was forgiven and again sent as a clerk to Kamchatka. As a result of riots, intrigues and "showdowns" by the fall of 1710, a very difficult situation. Here, in a poorly developed territory, surrounded by peaceful and non-peaceful local tribes and criminal gangs of Cossacks and "dashing people", there were three clerks at once: Vladimir Atlasov, who had not yet been formally dismissed from office, Pyotr Chirikov and newly appointed Osip Lipin... In January 1711, the Cossacks revolted, Lipin was killed, and Chirikov was tied up and thrown into an ice-hole. Then the rioters rushed to Nizhnekamchatsk to kill Atlasov. As A.S. wrote about this. Pushkin, “… before reaching half a mile, they sent three Cossacks to him with a letter, instructing them to kill him when he reads it… But they found him sleeping and stabbed him. So kamchatka Ermak died!..»

The earthly journey of this extraordinary man, who annexed Kamchatka to the Russian state, which is equal in area to the Federal Republic of Germany, Austria and Belgium combined, has tragically ended.

Vladimir Vasilievich Atlasov

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