Presentation on the topic thutmosis 3. Presentation "Military campaigns of the Egyptian pharaohs" presentation for a history lesson (grade 5) on the topic. Handout for analysis

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Lesson Objectives:

1. Educational: to continue the formation of students' ideas about the state system of Ancient Egypt, the power of the pharaohs; to form ideas about the features of the Egyptian army, the directions of the campaigns of the pharaohs and their goals.
2. Developing: continue the formation of students to work with a historical map, draw up tables, compare, analyze information, draw conclusions based on historical sources.
3. Educators: show that wars bring destruction, loss of life and material losses.

Lesson equipment:

1. Handout - an excerpt from the annals of Thutmose III, carved on the walls of the temple of Amun-Ra in Thebes.
2. Slideshow "Military campaigns of the Egyptian pharaohs"

Board layout:

1. The topic of the lesson on the left (for the teacher) wing of the board
2. Slideshow screen in the center of the board
3. During the lesson, the date of the military campaigns of Thutmose III can be written on the right wing of the board.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

The teacher checks the readiness of students for the lesson, it is necessary to have atlases on the history of the Ancient World on each desk. The topic of the lesson shown on the first slide of the presentation is announced.

2. Checking homework.

Checking homework is carried out in the form of a frontal survey. In this case, the second slide of the presentation for the lesson is used, in which questions appear sequentially:

• How did the nobles live in ancient Egypt?
• To whom did the nobles obey?
• What orders did the pharaoh give to the nobles?
• Who obeyed the Egyptian nobles?

The activity of students at this stage involves the answers to these questions within the framework of the information provided in the textbook:

• the story of the life of an Egyptian nobleman
• the nobles obeyed the pharaoh
• Types of service of a nobleman (tax collection, army command, court, supervision of work in a quarry, supervision of an irrigation system, fulfillment of orders of the pharaoh).
• scribes, guards, warriors.

3. Explanation of new material.

The explanation of the new material is based on the presentation being shown. Before starting the teacher's story, students are invited to prepare for filling out the table “Armament of the Egyptian Warrior”, which involves a subsequent oral verification of the result in the class. A sample blank table is shown to students on slide 3.

After preparing the table, the teacher begins the story, referring to slides 4 and 5 in sequence. A sample teacher's story might look like this:

“Let's take a closer look at the military service of the nobles, and at the same time find out where and why the pharaohs sent their troops on campaigns, who became ordinary warriors, how these people were armed.

Let's start our acquaintance with the military affairs of Ancient Egypt with its troops. Egypt was united around 3000 BC, and at the end of the 18th century. BC. The country was taken over by the Hyksos who invaded from Asia. They captured the delta, and then southern Egypt. For 150 years the country lost its independence. The Hyksos forced the Egyptians to create a strong army. At the head of the struggle against them stood the Theban pharaohs, who liberated Egypt by 1600 BC.

The basis of the Egyptian army was the infantry. Every tenth young man was taken into the army after the census. For the manufacture of weapons used an alloy of tin (1/10) and copper (9/10) - bronze. According to the type of weapons, the infantry was divided into archers and spearmen. A common weapon for hand-to-hand combat were battle axes. Shields protected infantrymen. During their manufacture, leather was stretched over a wooden or reed base. Metal helmets were not common in Egypt. Usually warriors wore hats made of linen or leather, with plaques attached to them. Noble warriors could have a leather shell with metal plates sewn on it and daggers.

Another part of the Egyptian army were charioteers. The war chariot is a light, two-wheeled wagon that is stable when cornering. The charioteers were all noble and wealthy people: they received horses from the royal stables, and they bought chariots, harness, shells themselves. In battles, the chariots made a breakthrough, broke into the thick of the enemy army, and pursued the retreating enemy. The charioteer drove the horses, and the owner of the chariot shot from a bow or threw darts.

After this story, the table is checked by students; slide 6 is used to determine the correctness of the answers.

The next task for the class is reflected on slide 7. Students are invited to find a similar map in the atlas on the history of the Ancient World and determine the directions of the military campaigns of the pharaohs and their purpose from it. After the oral answers of the students, their results are compared with those shown on slide 7. In the latter case, the purpose of the Egyptian campaigns in Palestine, Phenicia and Syria is not indicated. This allows us to dwell on the campaigns of Thutmose III in more detail and give students the opportunity to try to independently formulate several different goals for conquest campaigns in this region.

4. Fixing the material.

To consolidate the material, work is organized with the text of the document on the conquests of Thutmose III and the preparation of oral answers to questions to it. The presentation uses slide 8.

Handout for analysis:

From the Chronicle of Thutmose III

His majesty set off on a golden chariot, adorned with his military weapons ... And the enemies saw that his majesty was overpowering them, and fled headlong to Megiddo with faces full of fear. They abandoned their horses and their golden and silver chariots, and they were dragged into this city with the help of clothes ... And now, if the army of his majesty had not had the intention of plundering the property of enemies, it would have captured Megiddo at that moment ...

Then their horses and their golden and silver chariots were captured ... Their warriors lay stretched out on their backs like slaves, and the victorious army of his majesty counted their property ... And the whole army rejoiced, giving glory to Amon for the victory he had given to his son that day . They gave praise to his majesty, extolling his victories.

(The siege of the fortress lasted 7 months). And so the rulers of this country crawled on their stomachs to bow to the power of his majesty, to ask for breath for their noses, because his strength is great, because the power of Amon over all foreign countries is great ... And so all the rulers were brought before the power of his majesty with their tribute: silver, gold, lapis lazuli, turquoise, grain and wine, bulls and small cattle.

Questions to the text:

1. What role did the pharaoh play in the battle?
2. What can you say about the level of military development among the Egyptians?
3. Guess if Thutmose III was pleased with the results of the campaign? What goals could he set for himself?

Students' answers to these questions require direct references to the source text.

If there is time, work is carried out with the illustration on slide 9, showing the pharaoh on the battlefield. Answering the question about the features of the image of the pharaoh on the battlefield, students can point out the exaggeration of the role of the pharaoh, on the correspondence of the size of his image to the high status in the state.

5. Homework.

Displayed on the screen on slide 10.

The following sources of information were used in the preparation of this lesson and presentation for it:

1. Vigasin A.A., Goder G.I., Sventsitskaya I.S. Ancient world history. - M., 1996.
2. Goder G.I. Methodical manual on the history of the Ancient World. 5 cells - M., 2003.
3. Goder G.I. Workbook on the history of the ancient world. 5 cells part 1. - M, 2004.
4. Mikhailovsky F.A. Ancient world history. - M., 2004.
5. Mikhailovsky F.A. Ancient world history. The book for the teacher. - M., 2000.
6. Tsvetkova G.A. Didactic materials on the history of the ancient world. 5 cells - M., 2004.
7. World Art. Multimedia tutorial. 2003.
8. Art of Ancient Egypt. CD. 2004.

Bortnikova T.I.

Ancient world

slide 2

Army of the pharaohs

Around 1500 B.C. Egypt was ruled by Pharaoh Thutmose. In those days, the Egyptian kingdom was so strong that no foreigners threatened it. The pharaohs used a strong army to conquer new lands and keep conquered countries under their rule.

slide 3

Most of the troops were infantry. The outcome of the war largely depended on her training and endurance. Recruitment to the army was carried out by scribes on the orders of the pharaoh, most of the recruits were from farmers. Experienced commanders taught warriors to march and run in ranks, shoot their bow, wield a spear, hatchet and dagger. The lazy ones were mercilessly beaten with sticks, the wounds from beatings on the head and body did not heal for a long time.

slide 4

According to the type of weapon, the infantry was divided into archers - archers - and spearmen. The bow was the main type of long-range weapon. Arrows were often made of cane with bronze tips, they were worn in special cases - quivers. During the battle, for speed and convenience, archers took out several arrows at once and held them in their right hand between the thumb and forefinger.

slide 5

The Egyptian spear consisted of a long strong shaft and a bronze tip. The infantrymen defended themselves with small light shields, convenient in hand-to-hand combat. The shields consisted of a base made of wood and woven from strong reeds, covered with leather. Metal helmets in Egypt were very rare. Usually warriors wore hats made of leather or linen, often with stripes.

slide 6

On the ancient Egyptian painting, the artist perfectly conveyed the rapid movement of the detachment of spearmen, their skill and cohesion. Everyone steps in step, warriors in striped caps armed with shields, spears, axes and twisted swords.

Slide 7

At the head of the army was the supreme ruler of the country - the pharaoh. In all important battles, he personally commanded the army. Flattering and obsequious nobles attributed all military victories to the pharaoh. “Oh, if not for his Majesty, may he live, long live, may he be prosperous! We would never defeat an enemy army."

Slide 8

In the middle of the second millennium BC. The Egyptians began to use horse-drawn war chariots. This made it possible to create a large chariot army, which played a huge role in the Egyptian army.

Slide 9

The chariot had two spoked wheels. A platform was fortified on the axis between the wheels, where two people stood - one controlled the horses, and the other shot from a bow and threw short spears - darts at opponents. The platform was attached to a long stick - a drawbar, for which two horses were carrying a chariot. The entire chariot, including wheels and spokes, was made of durable wood. Leather-covered sides were made on the platform to protect the legs of the charioteer and the shooter.

Slide 10

Conquests of the pharaohs

What country was conquered south of Egypt?

What country to the west of the Nile Delta was invaded by the pharaoh's troops?

Which peninsula was captured by the pharaoh's troops to the west of the delta?

Which countries north of the Sinai Peninsula were conquered by Egyptian troops?

On the map in the textbook, find the name of the river, which reached the possessions of the Egyptians in the north?

slide 11

The largest conquests were made around 1500 BC. e. pharaoh Thutmose.

Let us read the description of one of Thutmose's campaigns on p. 46.

slide 12

Consequences of conquests

After each campaign, the troops returned with booty to the capital of Egypt, which became the city of Thebes.

slide 13

From the conquered countries, Egyptian soldiers drove crowds of captives. The winner had the right to kill the vanquished. If he spared the prisoner, then he became the master of his life and death. Captives could be turned into slaves, branded like cattle, and sold.

From top to bottom - Nubian,

Libyan, Asian

Slide 14

Some Egyptians were enriched by wars: the pharaohs generously rewarded military leaders and charioteers. The nobles became even richer. Other Egyptians were driven to impoverishment by long wars. Wars ruined the main population of the country - its workers.

slide 15

Pharaohs often distrusted Egyptian warriors. For their protection, they preferred a mercenary army of foreigners. The mercenaries, who received payment from the treasury, seemed to the pharaoh a more reliable support in case of a conspiracy of nobles or indignation of ordinary Egyptians.

Internet resources

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81_III

http://www.husain-off.ru/hg7n/images1/drm5-069.gif

http://mathemlib.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000011/st027.shtml

http://www.ms77.ru/articles/fashionhistory/drmir/egypt/14917/

http://istoriya-ru.ucoz.ru/news/pokhody_tutmosa_iii_v_aziju/2011-01-31-132#

http://www.trinitas.ru/rus/doc/0211/008a/02111080.htm

http://bronexod.com/forum/lofiversion/index.php?t941.html

http://www.husain-off.ru/hg7n/hg7-a1-14.html

http://www.home-edu.ru/user/uatml/00000754/histbibil/faraon/faraon.htm

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Slides captions:

Military campaigns of the Egyptian pharaohs History of the Ancient World, grade 5 Municipal state educational institution "Peregrebinsky secondary school No. 1" of the Oktyabrsky district of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra

Lesson plan The army of ancient Egypt. Conquests of the Egyptian pharaohs. Thutmose III. Results and consequences of the conquests.

Checking homework How did the nobles live in ancient Egypt? To whom did the nobles obey? What orders did the pharaoh give to the nobles? Who obeyed the Egyptian nobles?

Ancient Egypt

The foot soldiers of the Egyptian army formed the basis of the Egyptian army. wall painting

Egyptian foot soldiers

Egyptian archers

War chariots - the striking force of the Egyptian army One warrior drove the chariot, and the second shot from the bow and threw darts.

In 1750 B.C. Egypt was attacked by the Hyksos nomads. After their defeat, the Egyptian pharaohs themselves began aggressive campaigns against their neighbors.

Pharaoh on a chariot. Restored ancient Egyptian painting, showing the power and greatness of the pharaoh and Egypt.

The largest conquests were made by Pharaoh Thutmose III (c. 1500 BC)

Directions and goals of military campaigns Nubia - gold, slaves of Libya - goats, sheep, cows Sinai Peninsula - copper ore Palestine, Syria - valuable wood species, incense, jewelry, etc.

Importance of the military campaigns of the Egyptian pharaohs Military booty Accession of new territories Increase in the number of subjects Increase in taxes

The significance of the military campaigns of the Egyptian pharaohs The military power of Egypt and its superiority over its neighbors The growth of the Egyptian economy The power and greatness of Egypt

They bore all the hardships of military service. They did not receive military booty. During their service, their farms fell into disrepair. The situation of ordinary soldiers

What are the main directions of the conquest campaigns of the pharaohs Nubia - the capture of slaves and gold Libya - the capture of livestock Sinai Peninsula - the capture of copper Palestine, Syria - the capture of wood, jewelry, fabrics, incense.

Homework § 9. Questions after § 9 - orally; write a story "A Day in the Life of an Egyptian Warrior"

Vigasin A. A. History of the Ancient World. Grade 5: textbook. for general education institutions /A. A. Vigasin, G. I. Goder, I. S. Sventsitskaya. – 17th ed. – M.: Enlightenment, 2010. http://war-strategy.narod.ru/html/preancient/egypt.htm http://maxbooks.ru/vostok/antor67.htm http://historic.ru/books/ item/f00/s00/z0000054/ http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Thutmose_ III Literature

Introduction

Thutmose III - Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, who ruled from about 1479 - 1425 BC. e., from the XVIII dynasty. Son of Thutmose II by concubine Isis.

The name Thutmosis (Thutmosis or Thutmoses) is the ancient Greek pronunciation of the Egyptian name Jehutimesu - "the god That is born" (sometimes translated as "born of Thoth"). As the throne Thutmose III used the name Menkheperra (Minkheperra), which is transmitted in the Amarna Writings as Manahbiria, or Manahpirra.

1. Rise to power and time of co-ruling with Hatshepsut

Inheritance during the 18th Dynasty was maternal, so that by birth Thutmose III could not claim the throne. The legitimate line of succession to the throne went back to Hatshepsut, the daughter of Thutmose I and sister and, apparently, the wife of Thutmose II.

However, having no explicit rights to the throne, Thutmose III, at one of the holidays in honor of Amon, was proclaimed pharaoh by the oracle of Amon, allegedly by the will of God. Apparently, this happened due to the absence of other male contenders for the throne. In the 3rd year of his reign, Thutmose erected on the site of the ancient brick temple of Senusret III at Semna, south of the second rapids, a new temple of fine Nubian sandstone, in which he carefully restored the ancient boundary plate of the Middle Kingdom, and renewed Senusret's decree providing offerings to the temple through permanent income. At the same time, he did not say a single word in his royal title, standing at the beginning of the dedicatory inscription, about any co-rulership with Hatshepsut. However, then the ambitious widow of Thutmose II, probably with the active support of the Theban priesthood, seized all real power into her own hands and proclaimed herself pharaoh (apparently, this happened at the end of the 4th year of the reign of Thutmose III).

After that, Thutmose was almost completely removed from the government of the country and is almost not mentioned in the documents until the death of the queen, which happened at the end of the 20th year of the formal reign of Thutmose.

2. Monuments telling about the wars of Thutmose in Asia

After the death of Hatshepsut, there were no more direct descendants of Pharaoh Ahmose I, both in the male and female lines, and Thutmose continued to rule without any obstacles alone. Furiously pursuing the memory of his stepmother, he ordered the destruction of all her statues, and to cut off her name from the walls of temples. There was no mercy for people from the environment of the late queen, and those who had previously died, like Senmut, whose tomb was destroyed, and still alive. The political life of the country has changed dramatically. Relying primarily on the army and the new service nobility, Thutmose began active conquests. The young pharaoh was not only unusually warlike, but also a very strong warrior; he claimed to have shot through a hammered copper target 3 fingers thick, so that the arrow came out from behind 3 palms.

His Syrian victories are told in the annals inscribed on the walls in the Temple of Amun at Karnak, and representing extracts from the detailed annals placed in the temple library, which is stated specifically as follows:

“Everything that His Majesty did regarding the city, regarding this worthless enemy-prince and his miserable army, is immortalized in daily records under the name (of the corresponding day), under the name of the corresponding campaign. This is too much to immortalize in writing in this inscription - it is already immortalized on a leather scroll in the temple of Amun to this day.

Luckily, we even know the author of these "annals", which is extremely rare in Egyptian literature in general. In Sheikh Abd al-Kurna there is a tomb of a nobleman, a contemporary of Thutmose III, the “royal scribe” Chanini (Tanini), who is depicted on its walls recording recruits, cattle, taxes, etc. He wears honorary titles and says among other things: “I followed the good god, the king of truth. I saw victories; king, conquered by him in all countries, when he captured the princes of the Phoenicians and led them away to Egypt, when he plundered all their cities and cut down their trees, and no country could stand against him. I immortalized the victories won by him in all countries, in a letter, in accordance with the perfect "... Of course, there can be no doubt that we have before us the real author of the chronicle of the royal campaigns, perhaps not all of them and not from the very beginning, since we meet him under Thutmose IV performing important assignments.

The annals themselves, of course, have been lost in antiquity. What we have is an extract made from these chronicles, written on the inside of the walls in front of the sanctuary of the temple of Amun, and the bypass corridors surrounding the sanctuary. All these walls have long been destroyed, dismantled, pulled apart; of the long inscriptions, only fragments remained on pieces of the walls, but nevertheless they are enough to restore the majestic chronicle of Thutmose's victories and form a general idea of ​​​​the vast distances that he traveled with his army. The texts of the Annals Hall in the Temple of Karnak are a unique source on the military operations of the Egyptians in Asia during the era of Thutmose III.

The stele of Jebel Barkal has also been preserved - the memoirs of Thutmose III about his first Asian campaign, when the Egyptians reached the banks of the "great river Naharina", that is, the Euphrates.

The biography of Amenemheb, nicknamed Mahu, deserves attention - a colorful biography of a soldier of the troops of Thutmose III, who participated in several battles and saved the king while hunting elephants.

At that time, Syria and Palestine were inhabited by a great union of peoples of the same origin, which the monuments call by the common name "renu". These peoples were ruled by kings who sat in fortified cities. Among the kings, the king of the city of Kinza (this city is better known by its Egyptian name - Kadesh) played a particularly prominent role. Other princes and their peoples obeyed him as a leader "from the land of the rivers of Naharin (Mesopotamia) to the waters of Egypt."

The Phoenicians also joined this union of the Renu peoples, who lived in the coastal strip, called Jahi by the Egyptians; their chief city was Arvad. The Hittites apparently also joined the same alliance.

3. The first campaign of Thutmose

Basalt statue of Thutmose III in the Luxor Museum

At the end of the 22nd year of the reign of Thutmose, on April 19, the Egyptian army, led by the pharaoh, set out from the border fortress of Jaru (Greek Sile) on their first campaign in a long time. 9 days later (April 28) Thutmose in Gaza (Azzatu) celebrated his 23rd anniversary of accession to the throne. On the 24th day of the campaign (May 14), the Egyptian army reached the foot of the Carmel Range. According to Egyptian information, the whole country to the far north was covered "uprising against (that is, against) his majesty". On the other side of the mountains, in the valley of Ezraelon, near the city of Megiddo, the Egyptians were waiting for the allied army of the Syrians. "Three hundred and thirty" Syro-Palestinian rulers, each with his own army, decided to jointly block the path of the Egyptian king here. The soul of the union was the ruler of Kadesh on the Orontes, who managed to raise almost all of Syria-Palestine to fight against Egypt.

Contrary to the persuasion of his associates to choose a detour, Thutmose, not wanting to be considered a coward by the enemies, went out to the enemy troops along the most difficult, but on the shortest road, right through the gorge, where, if desired, it was easy to destroy the entire army of the Egyptians. This gorge was so narrow that the soldiers and horses were forced to move along it in a column one by one, one after another, and Thutmose himself led his soldiers. The enemy, who did not expect such a rapid advance of the Egyptians, did not have time to block the mountain gorges and the entire army of the pharaoh freely entered the plain in front of the city. Such a strange behavior of the Syrians is explained, perhaps, by the fear of leaving the camp near the city, behind the walls of which one could hide in case of defeat.

In the battle that took place on the 26th day of the campaign (May 15), the rebel coalition was defeated, and the enemy soldiers and their commanders fled under the protection of the walls of Megiddo, abandoning their horses, their chariots and their weapons. However, the gates of the city, in fear of the Egyptian soldiers, were locked and the inhabitants of the city were forced to raise their fugitives to the walls with the help of tied clothes and ropes. Although both the king of Megiddo and the king of Kadesh were able to escape in this way, the son of the king of Kadesh was captured. The Egyptians, however, could not take advantage of the favorable moment and take the city on the move, as they were engaged in collecting equipment and weapons abandoned by the enemy and looting the camp they had abandoned. The Egyptians captured 3,400 prisoners, over 900 chariots, over 2,000 horses, royal property and many livestock.

The rich booty captured by the Egyptians in an abandoned camp did not make any impression on the pharaoh - he turned to his soldiers with an inspiring speech in which he proved the vital necessity of taking Megiddo: “If you followed this with a city, then I would make today (a rich offering) Ra, because the leaders of each country who rebelled are locked in this city and because the captivity of Megiddo is like the capture of a thousand cities”. The Egyptians were forced to go over to a long siege, as a result of which Megiddo was surrounded by an Egyptian siege wall, called "Menkheperra (the throne name of Thutmose III), who took possession of the plain of Asiatics". The siege of the city lasted quite a long time, as the Egyptians had time to harvest in the surrounding fields. During the siege, the rulers of the Syrian cities arrived with tribute to Thutmose, who had escaped the encirclement in Megiddo. “And so the rulers of this country crawled on their stomachs to bow to the glory of his majesty and beg for breath to their nostrils (that is, to give them life), because the strength of his hand is great and his power is great. And Pharaoh forgave the foreign kings.".

During the first campaign, Thutmose also captured three cities in the Upper Rechen: Inuama, Iniugasa and Hurenkara (the exact location of which is unknown), where more than two and a half thousand prisoners were captured and huge values ​​\u200b\u200bin the form of precious metals and artificial things. To crown it all, Thutmose laid a very strong fortress in the country of Remenen, he called "Men-kheper-Ra binding the barbarians", and he uses the same rare word for "barbarians" that Hatshepsut applies to the Hyksos. From this it can be seen that Thutmose considered his campaign against the Syrian princes as a continuation of the war with the Hyksos launched by his ancestor Ahmose I. In the light of this, it becomes clear why Manetho (in the transmission of Josephus) attributes the victory over the Hyksos to Thutmose III, whom he calls Misfragmufosis ( from the throne name of Thutmose - Menkheperra).

After that, Thutmose returned to Thebes, taking with him to Egypt as hostages the eldest sons of the kings, who expressed their obedience to him. Thus, Thutmose III gave rise to a practice that the Egyptian administration used throughout the New Kingdom, since it both neutralized the possibility of anti-Egyptian unrest and ensured the loyalty to the power of the pharaoh of the local rulers of the cities of the Eastern Mediterranean, brought up at the Egyptian court. On the wall of the Third Pylon, an almost complete list of the Syrian-Palestinian cities included in the alliance, defeated by the pharaoh at Megiddo, has been preserved. The list contains 119 names, including such famous cities as Kadesh, Megiddo, Hamat, Damascus, Hazor, Akko, Berit, Joppa, Afek, Taanach and many others. Here is the inscription:

“This is a description of the inhabitants of the land of upper Rutenu, who were taken prisoner (literally “caught”) in the enemy city of Megiddo. His Holiness took their children alive prisoners to the city and fortress of Suhen in Thebes, during his victorious campaign, as his father Amon commanded him, who leads him on the right path.

The story of the first campaign of Thutmose III ends with the image of the triumph of the pharaoh, who returned to Thebes with his army. In honor of his grandiose victory, Thutmose III arranged three holidays in the capital, lasting for 5 days. During these holidays, the pharaoh generously endowed his commanders and distinguished soldiers, as well as temples. In particular, during the main 11-day holiday dedicated to Amun - Opet - Thutmose III transferred to the temple of Amun three cities captured in Southern Phoenicia, as well as vast possessions in Egypt itself, on which prisoners captured in Asia worked.

4. Further military campaigns of Thutmose

Granite statue of pharaoh Thutmose III

4.1. Fifth campaign

In the annals of Thutmose, nothing has been preserved about the 2nd, 3rd, 4th campaigns. Apparently, at this time, Thutmose was strengthening his power over the conquered territories. In the 29th year of his reign, Thutmose undertook his 5th campaign in Asia Minor. By this time, the Syrian-Phoenician principalities had formed a new anti-Egyptian coalition, in which both the coastal Phoenician cities and the cities of Northern Syria began to play a significant role, among which Tunip advanced. On the other hand, Egypt, mobilizing both its own resources and the resources of the previously conquered regions of Palestine and Southern Syria (Kharu and Lower Rechen), began to prepare for a new major military campaign in Asia Minor. Knowing full well that Egypt would never be able to dominate Syria if it did not stand firmly on the Phoenician coast, Thutmose III organized a fleet whose task was to conquer the cities of the Phoenician coast and protect the sea lanes leading from Phoenicia to Egypt. It is very possible that this fleet was commanded by that very old associate of not only Thutmose III, but also Thutmose II, the nobleman Nebamon, whom Thutmose III appointed commander "of all the ships of the king". The fifth campaign of Thutmose III was aimed at isolating Kadesh from his strong allies on the Phoenician coast and thus creating favorable conditions for a complete blockade and further capture of Kadesh.

Unfortunately, at present it is not possible to identify the name of the city Wardzhet (Uarchet), which, as the chronicler points out, was captured during this campaign. Judging by the further text of the Annals, one can think that Wardjet was a rather large Phoenician city, since, according to the chronicler, there was a “storehouse of sacrifices” and, obviously, in addition, the sanctuary of Amun-Horakhte, in which the pharaoh made sacrifices the Theban supreme god. Apparently, this large Phoenician city was a fairly significant Egyptian colony. There is reason to believe that Uarchet was located relatively close to Tunip, and was part of the sphere of influence of this large city of Northern Syria, since the pharaoh, during the occupation of Uarchet, captured along with other large booty "the garrison of this enemy from Tunip, the prince of this city". It is quite natural that the ruler of Tunip, economically and politically closely connected with the cities of the Phoenician coast, fearing an Egyptian invasion, sent auxiliary troops to Warchet in order to repel the onslaught of the Egyptian troops with common efforts.

The desire of Egypt to capture not only the cities of the Phoenician coast, but also sea communications is emphasized in the passage from the Annals, which describes the capture by the Egyptians “two ships [equipped with their crew] and loaded with all sorts of things, slaves and slaves, copper, lead, white gold (tin?) And all the beautiful things”. Among the captured booty, the scribe noted slaves, female slaves and metals as the most desirable values ​​for the Egyptians.

On the way back, the Egyptian pharaoh devastated the large Phoenician city of Iartita with "by his [stores] of grain, cutting down all his good trees." The victories won by the Egyptian troops over the enemy on the Phoenician coast gave the rich agricultural region into the hands of the Egyptians. According to the chronicler, the country of Jahi, occupied by Egyptian troops, abounded in gardens in which numerous fruit trees grew. The country was rich in grain and wine. Therefore, the Egyptian army was abundantly supplied with everything that it was supposed to receive during the campaign. In other words, the rich Phoenician coast was given to the Egyptian army for plunder. Judging by the fact that the description of the fifth campaign of Thutmose III in Asia Minor mentions only the capture of one city of Wardjeta and the devastation of only the city of Iartitu, the rest of the cities of the Phoenician coast were not captured by the Egyptians. That is why the Egyptian scribe, describing the wealth of the country of Jahi, lists only orchards, wine and grain, which fell into the hands of Egyptian soldiers, which made it possible to supply the army with everything necessary. The enumeration of those offerings that were delivered to the pharaoh during this campaign is consistent with this. In this list of offerings, attention is drawn to a large number of cattle and small cattle, bread, grain, wheat, onions, "all good fruits of this country, olive oil, honey, wine", that is, mainly agricultural products. Other valuables are listed either in very small numbers (10 silver dishes) or in the most general form (copper, lead, lapis lazuli, green stone). Obviously, the entire local population hid with their valuables behind the strong walls of numerous Phoenician cities, which the Egyptian army could not occupy.

Thus, the most important result of the fifth campaign of Thutmose III was the capture of the country of Jahi (Phoenicia) - a rich agricultural region that provided several strongholds on the Phoenician coast. This bridgehead would have made it possible during the next campaign to land here an already larger military force with the aim of penetrating into the Orontes valley and capturing the most important cities of inner Syria. Undoubtedly, the mood of the Egyptian army should have been upbeat, since, according to the chronicler, “His Majesty’s army got drunk [enough] and anointed themselves with olive oil every day, as on holidays in the country of Egypt”. With such naive words and very frankly, the Egyptian scribe described the material security of the Egyptian army, which won a number of major victories in Phoenicia.

Most likely, an interesting historical novel of the late edition, which tells about the capture of Joppa by the Egyptian commander Jhuti (Tuti), belongs to this campaign. This Jhuti allegedly summoned the king of Joppa and his soldiers to his camp for negotiations, and there he made them drunk. In the meantime, he ordered that one hundred Egyptian soldiers be put into huge pots of wine and carried these pots to the city, supposedly the booty of the king of the city. Of course, in the city, the hidden soldiers jumped out of the pots and attacked the enemy; as a result, Joppa was taken. It is impossible not to see in this legend a motive in common with the story of the Trojan horse.

4.2. Sixth campaign

In the 30th year of his reign, Thutmose undertakes his 6th campaign in order to expand the conquered territories and capture the most important military and political center of Syria, Kadesh. It was decided to undertake a sea campaign. In the Mediterranean, the ships sailed to Phoenicia, and it can be assumed that the Egyptian troops landed in Simir. After all, it was from here that the shortest and most convenient path opened, leading along the valley of the Elateros River (Nar-el-Kebir) to the Orontes valley. On the other hand, the capture of the large city of Simira allowed the Egyptian troops to strengthen their positions on the Phoenician coast. The assumption that the Egyptians landed in Simira is also confirmed by the fact that, according to the "annals", the Egyptian troops after the siege of Kadesh returned back to Simira, which is named by the Egyptian chronicler Jemara. From Simir the Egyptian army went to Kadesh. Kadesh lay on the western bank of the Orontes. A small tributary from the west connected with Oron just north of the city, so that the latter was between them. Across the spit, south of the city, a canal was dug, which can be traced even now and which undoubtedly existed in the days of Thutmose, it connected both streams, and thanks to this the city was surrounded on all sides by water. The high walls, to top it off, made it a very fortified point. Kadesh was probably the most formidable fortress in Syria. The siege of Kadesh lasted from spring to autumn, as the Egyptians managed to harvest crops in the vicinity of the city, but Thutmose could not take the city, and limited himself only to the devastation of its environs.

On the way back to Simira, the Egyptians recaptured the city of Iartita and completely destroyed it. In order to finally suppress the resistance of the recalcitrant Syrian-Phoenician princes, Thutmose took their children and brothers as hostages and took them with him to Egypt. The Annals of Thutmose III record this event in the following words: “And so the children of the princes and their brothers were brought to be kept in the fortified camps of Egypt”. The pharaoh tried to bring these hostages under Egyptian cultural and political influence in order to educate them into future friends of Egypt. That's why “if any of these princes died, then his majesty brought [his son] to put him in his place”.

4.3. Seventh campaign

In the 31st year of his reign, the 7th campaign was undertaken, also by sea. The Annals very briefly reports that the pharaoh during this campaign occupied the Phoenician city of Ullazu, located near Simira, which was named by the Egyptian chronicler Iunrachu. Obviously, Ullaza was a major center around which the forces of the anti-Egyptian coalition of the Syro-Phoenician princes were grouped. The Syrian city of Tunip also played an important role in this coalition, which supported Ullaza during this campaign. In the Annals, it is reported that during the capture of Ullaza, the Egyptians captured about 500 prisoners, and among others "son of this enemy from Tunip", that is, the son of Prince Tunip, who, apparently, with a detachment of auxiliary troops was sent from Tunip to Ullaza to delay the further advance of the Egyptian troops. However, despite the help of the Syrian cities, Ullaza was occupied by the Egyptian army, as emphasized in the Annals, “in a very short time. And all his possessions became easy prey.” Egyptians. From this we can conclude that the Egyptians had a significant numerical superiority over the coalition of the Syro-Phoenician princes, not only on land, but also at sea. After all, the mention that the enemy city was captured very quickly is found in the Annals for the first time.

Local kings, as usual, appeared with an expression of humility, and Thutmose collected almost 500 kg of silver from them, not counting a large amount of natural products. Then Thutmose sailed along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea from one port to another, demonstrating his strength and everywhere organizing the administration of cities. The Annals states that “All the harbors to which His Majesty arrived were supplied with beautiful forests, all kinds of bread, olive oil, incense, wine, honey and all the beautiful fruits of this country”. Obviously, Thutmose III organized in the cities of the Phoenician coast permanent food supply bases for the Egyptian army, which, thanks to this, could make long trips inland.

Returning to Egypt, Thutmose found there ambassadors from Nubia, from the countries of Ganabut and Uauat, who brought him tribute, mainly consisting of cattle, but elephant tusks, ebony, panther skins and other valuable products of these countries are also mentioned.

4.4. Eighth campaign

In the 33rd year of his reign, the 8th campaign took place. The conquest of Palestine, the cities of the Phoenician coast and southern Syria, and finally, the penetration into the Orontes valley opened strategically important roads for the Egyptian troops leading north to northern Syria and northeast to the valley of the middle Euphrates, where the country of Naharin and the powerful state of Mitanni were located. . The fact that the main strategic blow during this campaign was inflicted on the state of Mitanni is quite clearly emphasized in the Annals. The author of the Annals, who very sparingly described the eighth campaign of Thutmose III, at the very beginning of his description, reports on the most important achievements of the Egyptians, which were expressed in the crossing of the Euphrates and the devastation of the country of Naharin. Fortunately, two other inscriptions that have survived from this time - an inscription from Jebel Barkal and Amenemheb's autobiography, allow at least in general terms to restore the events that occurred during the eighth campaign of Thutmose III in Asia Minor.

This campaign, as is evident from the inscription of Amenemheb, was undertaken by land. Egyptian troops under the command of the pharaoh moved from the borders of Egypt to the country of Negeb, which was located in the southern part of Palestine. This route is apparently explained by the fact that the Egyptians, due to the range of the campaign, needed to firmly fix their rear and provide the main land communications. It is also possible that an uprising of local tribes against Egyptian domination broke out in South Palestine, which forced the Egyptians to give battle to the rebels in the Negeb. Having suppressed the uprisings, the Egyptian army passed through all of Palestine and entered southern Syria. "Annals" as, obviously, the first major success of the Egyptians celebrate "arrival to the Keden region". Keden, as the Egyptians called Qatna, was occupied by Egyptian troops, as can be assumed from the text of the Annals, as well as from a fragment of an inscription preserved on the seventh pylon of the Theban temple of Amun. The capture by the Egyptians of Qatna, a large city that from ancient times had great commercial and military-political significance, was a major military success, which greatly facilitated the further advance of the Egyptian army to the north. Judging by the fact that Qatna is not mentioned in the Annals when describing the previous campaigns of Thutmose III, the city until that time retained its independence from Egypt, which, of course, made it very difficult for the further advance of the Egyptian troops.

Having occupied Qatna, the Egyptian army moved further north and near "the heights of Huana, west of Kharabu"(apparently, Aleppo) gave battle to the enemy, who, perhaps, concentrated rather large forces here. Describing this battle, Amenemheb reports: “I took Asians as captives - 13 people and 70 live donkeys, as well as 13 bronze axes, [moreover] the bronze was decorated with gold”. Apparently, among the enemy troops were the elite troops of either one of the large cities of Syria, or even the Mitanni king himself, armed with the precious weapons described by Amenemheb. Having defeated the enemy troops, the Egyptian troops occupied Aleppo, after which they advanced further to the northeast, captured the entire area up to the Euphrates and approached this river, which was the natural boundary between Syria and Mesopotamia, near Karchemish. Here, near this large and strong city, located on the eastern bank of the Euphrates, the Egyptian troops, as it is said in the inscription of Amenemheb, gave a great battle to the troops of the enemy. Having completely defeated the enemy, the Egyptians captured the strongholds of Carchemish and the crossing over the Euphrates, which made it possible for the Egyptian army to invade the regions of the Mitanni state, which were already in Mesopotamia. This major success of the Egyptian weapons was rightly regarded by contemporaries as a victorious conclusion to the entire campaign, which established the dominance of Egypt in Asia Minor and handed over to the Egyptians vast and rich areas not only of Northern Syria, but also of Mitanni. Therefore, the crossing of the Euphrates is reported in all three inscriptions describing the eighth campaign of Thutmose III. The Annals briefly reports that the pharaoh, at the head of his army, crossed the “great inverted river of Naharin,” that is, the river that flows not to the north, as the Nile is familiar and familiar to the Egyptians, but to the south.

An inscription from Jebel Barkal eloquently describes how the Egyptian army devastated this vast area, putting all the settlements to fire and sword, cutting down fruit trees and capturing all the inhabitants as slaves, as well as many livestock and grain reserves. In the same inscription, which contains a number of essential data regarding the eighth campaign of Thutmose III, which are not found in other inscriptions, it is described in detail how the pharaoh ordered the construction of many ships from durable Lebanese cedar, cut down "in the mountains of God's country" near the Lady of Byblos. The ships were then loaded onto large carts pulled by oxen and taken to the banks of the Euphrates. On these ships, the Egyptian troops crossed "through the great river that flows between this foreign country and the country of Naharin". These last words clearly indicate that the Egyptians in the reign of Thutmose III called the country "Naharin" the area immediately east of the middle course of the Euphrates.

These major military successes of the Egyptian army and the successful crossing of the Euphrates gave into the hands of the Egyptians not only the western, but also the eastern coast of the Euphrates. Judging by the text of the Annals, Thutmose III, realizing these successes, moved south, partly sailing on ships along the river, partly moving on foot along its eastern bank, "capturing cities, devastating the regions of this enemy of the despicable land of Naharin". “I set them on fire, my majesty turned them into ruins ... I took away all their people who were taken captive, their cattle without number, as well as their things, I took away their livestock, I tore out their barley, I cut down all their groves, all their fruit trees". Obviously, the resistance of the Mitannian army was completely broken. The Egyptian chronicler figuratively depicts the demoralization of the defeated enemy, who was rapidly retreating to the southeast, saying that "not one of them looked back, for they ran and jumped like goats of the mountains". In the inscription from Jebel Barkal, the complete defeat of the Mitannian army is emphasized by the indication that the Mitannian king was forced to flee and that the pharaoh “searched for a despicable enemy in the foreign countries of Mitanni. He fled from Pharaoh in fear to another country, to a distant place.”. Tsars alone with their wives were captured 30 persons, 80 representatives of the nobility were also captured. Obviously, Thutmose III limited himself to the devastation of the western part of the Mitannian kingdom and did not consider it necessary to pursue the Mitannian king, who had fled to the far eastern borders of his state. Considering that the Egyptian troops had fully completed the strategic tasks of this campaign, Thutmose III placed two memorial stones, one on the eastern side of the Euphrates, the other near the slab, which was placed by Thutmose I. This is reported both in the Annals and in the inscription from Jebel - Barkala. Apparently, the installation of commemorative plates on the banks of the Euphrates was that solemn moment that was supposed to mark the end of the victorious campaign. Having reached the maximum possible, the pharaoh turned back.

Near Nia, the pharaoh decided to hunt elephants, which were then found in abundance in these places. Thutmose on his chariot attacked a huge herd of 120 individuals, but almost died during this hunt. A huge furious, apparently wounded elephant, the leader of this herd, grabbed the king with its trunk and was ready to throw him to the ground to trample him. However, the faithful Amenemheb, from the inscription in whose tomb we know this incident, was nearby. He cut off the elephant's trunk and rushed to run, diverting the elephant's attention to himself. Pharaoh at this time was able to hide.

However, on the way back, Thutmose III had to overcome some resistance from certain regions and cities of Syria, which were still not completely conquered by the Egyptians. Amenemheb states in his autobiography that "he saw the victories of the king" "in the country of Sanger", when he "made a great massacre there". Further, on this return journey, the Egyptian army had to again fight the prince of Kadesh, who, apparently, was trying to use the current situation to raise an uprising against the pharaoh. However, still having quite large forces, Thutmose III captured the city of Kadesh. Finally, Amenemheb reports that he “I again saw the victories of His Majesty in the despicable country of Takhsi, near the city of Meriu”. All these battles described by Amenemheb were not random small skirmishes, but rather significant battles, during which the resistance of individual still recalcitrant Syrian regions and cities was finally crushed. It is especially significant that the Phoenician cities and regions had to pay annual taxes to Egypt. Thus, these conquered countries were, as it were, economically incorporated into the Egyptian state.

The results of the eighth campaign of Thutmose III were the strengthening of Egyptian domination in Syria, Palestine and Phoenicia, inflicting a strong blow on the Mitannian state, crossing the Euphrates and devastating the western regions of Mitanni, and finally capturing huge booty, some of which are listed in the Annals. In addition, the undoubted result of the eighth campaign was the strengthening of the military-political and economic influence of Egypt in Asia Minor. This was expressed in the fact that Assyria and the Hittite state (Great Heta) sent their "tribute" to Egypt. Of course, these states were not subject to Egypt. As independent states, they were not obliged to send their tribute to Egypt. But since both Assyria and the Great Hittite state were in constant struggle with Mitanni, by sending gifts to the pharaoh they seemed to solidify themselves with his policy in Asia Minor, put themselves in the position of his allies, recognize his conquests and at the same time, as it were, paid off the formidable pharaoh's troops. This was one of the moments of the highest tension of the military-aggressive policy of the Egyptian state, when the policy of Egypt's continuous aggressive campaigns in Asia Minor reached its climax. Egypt was at the height of its military power. The Annals indicate that the Egyptian army, led by the pharaoh "arrived... safely in Egypt". The chronicler notes twice that the pharaoh expanded "Borders of Egypt". Quite deliberately placing lists of receipts from Punt and Nubia in the same description of the eighth campaign, the chronicler, as it were, marks the vast expanse of the Egyptian state, into which countless riches from Western Asia and distant African regions constantly flowed down to the “country of God”, that distant country of Punt , which, obviously, was located on the coast of East Africa.

4.5. Ninth campaign

In the 34th year of the reign, Thutmose undertakes his 9th campaign. After major victories won in northern Syria and northwestern Mesopotamia during the eighth campaign of Thutmose III, the Egyptian troops had the task of holding their positions and suppressing rebellions, which was necessary to strengthen the position of Egypt in the conquered countries. Therefore, it is natural that during the next campaigns Thutmose III tried only to preserve what was retained and did not consider it necessary to move deep into the conquered countries. During the ninth campaign, Egyptian troops occupied the main city of the Nukhashshe region and two other secondary cities in the same region. In the Annals it is reported that the pharaoh captured the city of Iniugasa, and “The people of another city located in his region, completely pacified by his majesty, came to him with a bow”. Further in the attached list "cities captured this year", are mentioned “Two cities and a city that surrendered in this area of ​​Iniugasa. There are three [cities]." This area was of great economic importance, because important trade routes passed here, connecting the Euphrates valley with the northern Phoenician coast and the deep regions of Northern Syria. The country of Nukhashshe was, of course, also of great strategic importance as a border region located at the junction of the spheres of influence of three large states: Egypt, Mitanni and the Hittite kingdom. Therefore, the strong occupation of this outpost provided the Egyptians with dominance in the entire vast area between the middle course of the Euphrates and the northern Phoenician coast.

In this rich principality, the Egyptian troops captured a large booty listed in the Annals. The chronicler, keeping a record of the captured valuables, mentions here captives, their wives and children, obviously enslaved, horses, richly decorated with gold and silver chariots of Syrian aristocrats, gold vessels, gold in rings, silver vessels, silver in rings, copper, lead , bronze, all kinds of weapons “for battle”, a lot of cattle and small cattle, donkeys, valuable varieties of wood and luxurious wood products - chairs and wooden parts of the tent, decorated with bronze and precious stones.

The list of tribute received by Thutmose III in the 34th year of his reign is striking in the number and variety of articles. From Phoenicia (Jahi), the Egyptians still received "all sorts of beautiful things" with which all Phoenician harbors were rich. In this case, the mention of the chronicler that all products and goods were sent on various ships is of great interest: on the ships of the keftiu (Cretan ships), on the Biblical ships and on sea (maybe even war) ships. In particular, these ships were loaded with masts, wooden poles and large beams for large royal buildings. Obviously, the scribe had in mind in this case to emphasize the development of the maritime trade of Egypt, which now established stronger trade ties with Crete and Phoenicia. This is confirmed by the fact that further lines of the Annals speak of the delivery of "tribute" or the receipt of special supplies (literally: "offerings") from the country of Isi (obviously Cyprus), from where the Egyptians received first of all copper, and then lead, lapis lazuli, ivory and valuable chagu wood. The king of Assyria also sent offerings this year.

4.6. Tenth campaign

In the 35th year of the reign - 10th campaign. Thutmose III was compelled to undertake this campaign into Syria in order to put down rebellions in the northern part of that country and in the adjacent regions of northwestern Mesopotamia, which were covered by the somewhat obscure and vague Egyptian geographical term "Naharin". The main enemy of the Egyptians this year was "that despicable enemy from Naharin", who, according to the chronicler, gathered a large army "from the ends of the country", and the enemy soldiers were "more numerous than the sand on the shore". Obviously, this time Egypt in Syria was opposed by a rather significant coalition of northern Syrian and, possibly, Mitannian regions and cities, headed by one of the local princes. The battle took place around "the cities of the land of Jaraiana", whose exact location cannot be determined at present. The Annals describes the brilliant victory of the Egyptian army, after which the enemies "They ran, falling one on top of the other". However, it is clear that in fact the battle was stubborn, and only inferior to the military skill of the Egyptian army, the Syrians withdrew under the cover of the walls of the city. But this retreat was not a stampede, as it is said in the annals, but, obviously, it took place in an organized manner, since the Egyptians were able to capture only 10 prisoners, but 180 horses and at least 60 chariots.

As a result of the pacification by the Egyptian troops of the recalcitrant regions of Northern Syria, the countries of Rechenu and Remenen (Syria and Lebanon), as well as other Asian countries sent their offerings and taxes to the Egyptian pharaoh, and in the lists of values ​​\u200b\u200bgiven by the chronicler, gold, golden vessels, incense, chariots, horses should be noted Finally, plenty of olive oil and wine. Systematically suppressing the resistance of the peoples of Western Asia, from year to year the Egyptians pumped out from these rich regions a multitude of very diverse products and values, which in some respects could not but strengthen the material base of the Egyptian slave economy and the military power of the Egyptian state.

4.7. Thirteenth campaign

Unfortunately, the Annals do not contain any information about the campaigns that Thutmose III made in Asia Minor in the 36th and 37th years of his reign. But since in the same chronicle under the 38th year the thirteenth “victorious campaign” is mentioned and described, it is obvious that the eleventh and twelfth campaigns refer to the two previous years. The campaign of the 38th year was marked by only one major military event, which the chronicler considered worthy of mentioning in his brief notes. This was the devastation of cities in the area of ​​Iniugas, which was first captured by Thutmose III during his first campaign. However, this region of Syria repeatedly rebelled against the rule of the Egyptians. During the ninth campaign, the pharaoh again conquered this area; finally, at the end of his many years of reign, he was forced to again strike a strong blow at these unconquered northern Syrian cities. In the lists of abundant tribute received by the king from various countries and regions of Western Asia after the thirteenth campaign, Lebanon (Remenen), Phenicia (Jahi), the island of Cyprus (Isi) are mentioned. Along with them, the name “country of Iararekh” is found for the first time.

4.8. Fourteenth campaign

In the 39th year of his reign, Thutmose again made a campaign in Asia Minor, about which we are very little aware. In the annals, in this case, it is only mentioned that during the fourteenth victorious campaign of the king in the country of Rechen, the Egyptian troops encountered "defeated enemies of the land of Shasu", who are usually considered to be "Bedouins". Of course, these Shasu tribes have nothing to do with modern Bedouins. It is possible that under the word "Shasu" the Egyptians meant the nomads of the desert regions of Western Asia. However, in this case, the tribes of a certain country are meant, as can be seen from the corresponding hieroglyph denoting them.

The events of the next two years are hardly noted in the Annals of Thutmose III. The text relating to the 40th year consists of only one poorly preserved line, in which one can try to see a mention of the fifteenth campaign. Under the 41st year, in the surviving lines of the chronicle, there is no mention of any campaign at all, but is immediately given "list of offerings of princes Rechen", then the supply of harbors is described, and it is mentioned, as usual, "harvest from Jahi", then the offerings from the "Great Heta" are reported, and finally, a list of duties from the countries of Kush and Wawat is given. Especially significant in this case is the mention of offerings from the Great Heta, with which the Egyptians from that time establish closer economic ties than before.

4.9. Thutmose's last campaign in Asia

In the 42nd year, Thutmose undertakes his last campaign in Asia Minor. This campaign was a kind of large punitive expedition sent to Syria in order to finally suppress a major uprising of the recalcitrant Syrian cities, headed by Tunip and Kadesh. The Egyptian army, led by the pharaoh himself, arrived in Syria and moved along the coast. Obviously, the expedition was in the nature of a military demonstration, which was supposed to show the Phoenician cities the power of Egyptian weapons. As indicated in the chronicle, the immediate goal of this march was the capture of the Phoenician city of the "country of Irkata", located near Simira. The Egyptian troops, having occupied and devastated Irkata and the cities located in its region, thereby created for themselves a solid base on the coast, which gave them the opportunity, having provided their rear, to move inland. As can be seen from the extremely condensed text of the chronicle, the Egyptian troops first headed north to deliver the first blow to Tunip. This maneuver was intended to drive a wedge between the rebellious cities of Northern and Central Syria and deprive the main enemy of the Egyptians - Kadesh of the support of the Northern Syrian cities, which were probably headed by Prince Tunip. The siege of Tunip dragged on and continued until autumn, but Tunip was taken and devastated, and the Egyptian troops harvested in the Tunip region. Having thus isolated Kadesh from the north and cut it off from his allies who were in northern Syria, Thutmose III moved his troops against Kadesh and captured 3 cities in its vicinity. Apparently, Kadesh was supported by the Mitanni, since over 700 Mitanni with fifty horses were captured in these cities.

Then came the turn of Kadesh, whose inhabitants rebuilt the walls after the pharaoh destroyed the city in the 33rd year, that is, 9 years ago. The annals of Thutmose say nothing about the capture of Kadesh itself, but a colorful story about it has been preserved in the tomb of Amenemheb. At the approach of the Egyptians, the ruler of Kadesh embarked on a trick: towards their chariot teams, he released a swift-footed mare in the hope of upsetting their battle formation, but the idea failed. Amenemheb on foot caught up with the mare, which had already burst into the Egyptian detachments, ripped open her belly and, cutting off the tail, carried it to the pharaoh. Kadesh was taken by storm after the breach of the city wall by the daredevils who volunteered, led by the same Amenemheb.

Thus, this last campaign of Thutmose III in Asia Minor for a long time strengthened the dominance of Egypt in Phoenicia and Syria. During this campaign, Egyptian troops dealt a crushing blow to the main centers of resistance in Syria - Tunip and Kadesh. The memory of the conquering pharaoh was preserved for a long time among the peoples of Syria-Palestine he conquered: even a century later, loyal Egyptian vassals in the region, appealing to Akhenaten with pleas for military assistance, asked: “Who could previously rob Tunip without being (then) robbed by Manakhbiria (from the throne name of Thutmose - Menkheperra)?”

5. Conquest in Nubia

5.1. Measures to strengthen influence in Nubia at the beginning of the reign

Despite the fact that the main attention of the Egyptian government in the reign of Thutmose III was turned to the conquest of Palestine, Syria and Phoenicia and the strengthening of the economic, political and military influence of Egypt in Asia Minor, Egypt had to continue its military-aggressive policy in the south, in Nubia and neighboring countries, from which the Egyptians have long exported a number of goods necessary for the development of the slave economy, as well as many slaves.

Already at the very beginning of the reign of Thutmose III, the Egyptian government set itself the task of vigorously resuming the policy of conquest in the south, in order to fully strengthen the rule of Egypt in all of Nubia and even in the countries adjacent to it. This is clearly indicated by the inscription of Thutmose III, referring to the 2nd year of his reign and preserved on the walls of the temple built by the pharaoh in Semna, at the 2nd threshold of the Nile, on the site of the already collapsed temple of Senusret III, who once conquered Nubia. This inscription says that “the good god Men-kheper-Ra (the throne name of Thutmose III), he built a monument for the father of Dedun, the head of Nubia and for the king of Upper and Lower Egypt Kha-kau-Ra (the throne name of Senusret III), having built them a temple of white beautiful stone Nubia. Having depicted on the walls of this temple Senusret III as the deified ruler of Nubia, Thutmose III thereby proclaimed himself the successor of his cause - the conquest of Nubia. Images of the Nubian god Dedun, placed right there, should have clearly indicated that the Nubian priesthood sanctioned the Egyptian conquest. Thus, when conquering Nubia, the Egyptians tried to use the Nubian religion by including the Nubian god Dedun in the Egyptian pantheon. The inscriptions of Thutmose III on the island of Sehel, in the temple at Kumma, in Silsila and Wadi Halfa date back to the same time.

5.2. Conquests in Nubia after the death of Hatshepsut

However, Thutmose III could really start the complete conquest of all of Nubia only after the death of Hatshepsut, when all the fullness of supreme power was concentrated in his hands and he could abandon all the resources of Egypt to complete his policy of conquest. In the Annals, which describe the campaigns of Thutmose III in Asia Minor, starting from the seventh campaign, committed in the 31st year of his reign, the tribute received by the pharaoh from Nubia and the southern countries adjacent to it is listed. It is quite possible that this tribute was not sent to Egypt voluntarily, but entered the royal treasury as a result of military expeditions. Unfortunately, the surviving documents of this time contain very little information about the military actions that the Egyptians undertook in Nubia and neighboring countries.

The attention that Thutmose III began to pay to Nubia after the death of Hatshepsut is evidenced by the construction of numerous temples, which he undertook at various points in Nubia, mainly in those that were of strategic importance. So, after the 30th year of his reign, Thutmose III significantly expanded the temple built earlier in Semna. In the temple in Wadi Halfa, he built a large pillared hall. In Amada, Thutmose III began the construction of a temple in honor of the god Horakhte. Finally, in Upper Nubia, between the 2nd and 3rd cataracts on the island of Sai, the pharaoh's viceroy in Nubia, the "royal son of Kush" by the name of Nehi, built not only a temple, but also a fortress, which clearly indicates the military nature of the intensive construction undertaken pharaoh in Nubia. It is possible that Egyptian settlements already existed in Nubia during this era, which were strongholds of Egyptian economic, political and cultural influence in Nubia. Such, for example, is the city excavated in Sesebi, in the ruins of which, among the many objects of the time of the 18th dynasty, a scarab with the name of Thutmose III was found. Finally, the southernmost Egyptian settlement in Nubia was a settlement near the "sacred mountain" Jebel Barkal, where the capital of the Ethiopian state of Napata subsequently grew. Here, in the ruins of a temple built by Thutmose III, a large stele was found with a valuable historical inscription describing military campaigns and the power of this pharaoh. It is very possible that the text of this inscription, compiled in the 47th year of the reign of Thutmose III, was a kind of manifesto addressed to the Egyptian population of Nubia on the southernmost border of the Egyptian state.

5.3. The final conquest of Nubia

This great construction activity of the Egyptians in Nubia became possible only because the whole of Nubia was firmly conquered by Egyptian troops and Egyptian garrisons were stationed throughout the now conquered country. This conquest of Nubia is evidenced by the lists of areas conquered in Nubia preserved on the sixth and seventh pylons of the Karnak temple of Amun. The inscription above one of these lists reads: “a list of these southern areas of the troglodytes of Nubia in Khent-khen-nofer, slain by his majesty, who made a massacre among them, the number of which is unknown, who brought all their people as living captives to Thebes to fill the “workhouse” of the father of Amon-Ra , lords of Thebes. And now all the countries became slaves of his majesty, according to the order of father Amon ". These lists list 269 geographical names that still cannot be identified, but which nevertheless indicate that at that time Nubia was already firmly conquered by the Egyptians.

Thutmose III was able to devote all his attention to Nubia only after the dominance of Egypt was completely consolidated in Western Asia. That is why only at the end of his reign, in the 50th year, Thutmose III took real measures to more firmly annex Nubia to Egypt. In order to be able to smoothly transport troops and goods along the Nile, Thutmose ordered to clear the old, clogged canal in the region of the 1st threshold. This is stated in the inscription on the rock on the island of Sehel in the following words:

“The 50th year, the 1st month of the 3rd season (shemu), the 22nd day under his majesty the king of Upper and Lower Egypt Men-kheper-Ra, who gives life. His Majesty ordered to dig this channel, after he found it clogged with stones, so that the ship did not pass through it. He went south along it with a joyful heart, defeating his enemies. The name of this channel is: "The opening of the happy path of Men-kheper-Ra, who lives forever." The fishermen of Abu (Elephantine) must clear this channel every year.”

6. Significance of Thutmose's campaigns

During the military campaigns of Thutmose, Egypt turned into a powerful world power, stretching from north to south for 3,500 km along with its subordinate territories. None of his successors went beyond the boundaries reached under him, both in the north and in the south. The degree of dependence on Egypt of the conquered countries and cities was different. Nubia, which was directly controlled by the Egyptian administration headed by the governor, was most firmly connected with Egypt. Thutmose could not create for himself an equally strong position in Western Asia because of the difficulty of crossing the desert and the constant opposition of neighboring powers. Dozens of local kings remained in Palestine, Syria and Phoenicia. However, Egyptian garrisons stood in the nearest Asian cities, and the heirs of their rulers were brought up as hostages at the Egyptian court, in a spirit pleasing to the pharaoh. As for the kings of larger states, such as Mitanni, Babylonia and the Hittite kingdom, they retained their independence and called themselves "brothers" of the Egyptian king. This, however, did not prevent the pharaoh from considering the gifts they sent as a tribute, although there could be no question of real submission.

The huge wealth coming to Egypt from the conquered countries allowed Thutmose to launch extensive construction. Its traces are noticeable not only throughout Egypt, but also beyond its borders, even in Syria-Palestine and Nubia. The construction of temples, primarily with the glorification of the pharaoh himself, served the glory and greatness of the god Amon. One after another, pylons, obelisks, majestic statues rose in the main temple of Amon, living quarters and passages were erected.

The national temple in Karnak turned into a monument in honor of the victories of Amon and his "son" Thutmose III. On the walls and towers, the masters of the pharaoh depict treasures that he presented to Amon.

7. Domestic policy

Obelisk of Thutmose III taken to Constantinople

Under Thutmose III, construction work inside Egypt did not stop either. Traces of the construction activity of Thutmose III have been preserved in Faiyum (a city with a temple), Kumma, Dendera, Koptos (Kopta), El-Kab, Edfu, Kom-Ombo, Elephantine. Construction was carried out with the help of prisoners of war, and architectural projects were often made by the pharaoh himself, which testifies to certain creative talents of the king. The most ambitious building project of Thutmose III was the Karnak temple of Amun-Ra. In fact, it was rebuilt by the chief architect of Puemra on the thirtieth anniversary of his reign (1460 BC), when the pharaoh participated in the heb-sed ceremony. In addition to general changes in the temple, commemorative obelisks were erected, one of which is now destroyed, and the second, containing a mention of Thutmose "crossing the Bend of Naharin", is located in Istanbul. Under Thutmose III at Heliopolis in 1450 BC. e. two more large obelisks were erected - the so-called "Cleopatra's Needles". In 19 N. e. The obelisks were transferred to Alexandria by order of the Roman Emperor Augustus. One of them fell on its side and was taken to London in 1872, and the other was brought to New York in 1881. Also, under Thutmose III, an obelisk was begun at the temple of Ra in Heliopolis, completed under Thutmose IV.

The right hand of the pharaoh, the chati (the equivalent of a vizier in medieval Muslim countries) of Upper Egypt, Rekhmir (Rekhmira), effectively ruled Upper Egypt during the military campaigns of Thutmose III, however, the pharaoh himself proved to be a talented administrator. It is thanks to the images and texts in the tomb of Rekhmir that we know the order of government in Egypt of the New Kingdom. Another faithful companion of Thutmose III was a descendant of the early dynastic rulers of Thinis, Iniotef (or Garsiniotef), who ruled the oases of the Libyan desert, and was also to some extent an analogue of the Mamluk Rustam with Napoleon, as he prepared the royal apartments. In peacetime, Thutmose III was engaged in the construction of temples, especially those dedicated to the supreme god of Thebes, Amun. For the sake of the needs of the temples, Thutmose in 1457 BC. e. again equipped the expedition to Punt, trying not to yield to Hatshepsut in its scope. Myrrh, ivory, gold, ebony and cattle were brought from Punt in large quantities.

Thutmose III was the first pharaoh whose interests went beyond state activity. The horizons of Thutmose III, albeit against his will, were formed under the influence of the stepmother of the pharaoh, who patronized the arts in every possible way. This fact also explains the broad outlook and interest of Thutmose III in culture, uncharacteristic for the ancient Eastern ruler. An inscription in the Karnak temple reports a list of plant and animal species unknown to the Egyptians, brought into the country from Asia by special personal order of the pharaoh. In addition, as the relief in the Karnak temple testifies, the pharaoh devoted his free time to modeling various products, in particular vessels. He handed over his projects to the head of the artisans of state and temple workshops. It is difficult to imagine any other pharaoh engaged in such an occupation. It is interesting that the first glass products that have survived to our time were created in Egypt under Thutmose III, and they keep the name of this pharaoh.

8. Tomb

Staircase leading to the tomb KV34

Thutmose III died March 11, 1425 BC. e. (on the 30th day of the month before the 54th year of his reign), leaving his son Amenhotep II a huge state, which was the hegemon in the entire Middle East. An inscription in the tomb of the closest royal associate of Amenemheb confirms that Thutmose III ruled for 53 years, 10 months and 26 days - this is the third longest reign of the Egyptian pharaoh (only Pepi II and Ramesses II ruled longer - respectively 94 and 67 years). Amenhotep II (1436-1412 BC), who was co-ruler of his father in the last two years of his reign, will conduct another punitive campaign in Asia, accompanied by cruelties against the local population, in sharp contrast to the humane attitude of his father towards prisoners of war, after which the Egyptian dominion in Syria and Palestine will remain inviolable until the reign of Akhenaten.

"Napoleon of the Ancient World" was buried in the Valley of the Kings in a tomb KV34. The tomb of Thutmose III was discovered in 1898 by an expedition led by the French Egyptologist Victor Loret. In the tomb of Thutmose III, Egyptologists first discovered the full text of Amduat - "Books about the afterlife", which James Henry Breasted called "the monstrous creation of a perverted priestly fantasy." Amduat, in a peculiar fantastic manner, tells about the twelve caves of the underworld, passed by the Sun-Ra during the twelve hours of the night.

The mummy of Thutmose III was discovered back in 1881 in a cache in Der el-Bahri near the burial temple of Hatshepsut Djeser Djeseru. Mummies were placed in such caches starting from the end of the 20th dynasty, when, on the orders of the High Priest of Amon Herihor, most of the mummies of the rulers of the New Kingdom were transferred, the safety of which was in danger due to the increased looting of tombs. Near the mummy of Thutmose III, the bodies of Ahmose I, Amenhotep I, Thutmose I, Thutmose II, Ramses I, Seti I, Ramses II and Ramses IX, as well as a number of rulers of the XXI dynasty - Siamon, Pinedjem I and Pinedjem II were also found.

Although it is generally believed that the pharaoh's mummy was first examined by the French Egyptologist Gaston Maspero in 1886, in fact it first came into the hands of the German Egyptologist Emil Brugsch, who discovered the mummies of the pharaohs hidden in a cache in Deir el-Bahri. At the same time, the mummy of Thutmose was unswaddled for a short examination, so when Maspero began to analyze the mummy five years later, he discovered the deplorable state of the body of the pharaoh. However, the head of Thutmose III is much better preserved, which makes it possible to correlate the real face of the pharaoh with his sculptural images.

Lacking an exact portrait resemblance, the statues of the pharaoh are still far from the idealized image of the Egyptian pharaoh, quite accurately reflecting certain features of the face of Thutmose III, for example, the characteristic “nose of Thutmose” and the narrow cheekbones of the conqueror. However, some researchers point out that stylistically many of his statues have the features of his predecessor Hatshepsut, depicted in the guise of a male pharaoh (almond-shaped eyes, somewhat aquiline nose and a half-smile on his face), which indicates a single canon of the image of the pharaohs of the XVIII dynasty. Often, a range of stylistic, iconographic, contextual, and technical criteria are required to distinguish a statue of Hatshepsut from that of her successor. There are also many examples of statues depicting Thutmose III kneeling offering milk, wine, oil, or other offerings to the deity. Although the first examples of this style are already found among some of Thutmose's successors, it is believed that the spread of it under Thutmose testifies to changes in the social aspects of Egyptian religion.

9. Board results

The dominions of Thutmose III stretched from Cyprus in the north and the Euphrates in the northeast to the 5th threshold of the Nile in the south and the oases in the Libyan Desert in the west. The world power of Thutmose exceeded in size all the states that existed before, including Sargon of Akkad and Hammurabi. None of his successors went beyond the boundaries reached under him, both in the north and in the south, with the possible exception of Amenhotep II, who led an aggressive campaign in the south of Nubia, the geographical scope of which is not clear. Egypt has become a powerful world power, stretching along with its subordinate territories from north to south for 3,500 km. The degree of dependence of the island on Egypt has not been finally determined, but it is known that under Thutmose III, the jurisdiction of the commander Tuti, who was appointed governor of the "northern countries", included, in addition to Syria-Palestine, also "islands in the middle of the sea" - Cyprus and centers located in the Aegean Sea basin Crete-Mycenaean civilization (Keftiu).

In addition to the unprecedented expansion of the territory of the state, the merit of Thutmose III was also the creation of a professional army and the acquaintance of the Egyptians with the cultural heritage of the Middle Eastern peoples. At the same time, the conquests of the pharaoh strengthened slavery and brought enormous wealth and influence to the priesthood of Amon-Ra. Due to the abrupt increase in the number of slaves produced in Asian countries, the traditional peasant community has somewhat lost its importance as the main element of the economic system. The trend laid down under Hatshepsut and Thutmose III to form a new service class of people from the middle strata of the population, as well as the creation of a single state that united the Egyptian, Nubian, West Semitic and partly Hurrian cultural traditions, ultimately led to the religious coup of Akhenaten and the creation of one of the oldest religions, containing elements of monotheism, as a response to the strengthening of the political and economic power of the priests, also caused by the successful military activities of Thutmose III.

The famous American Egyptologist James Henry Breasted, summing up the reign of Thutmose III, gave this pharaoh the following description:

“His personality is more individual than the personality of any other king of Early Egypt, excluding Akhenaten ... The genius that manifested itself in the once modest priest makes us remember Alexander and Napoleon. Thutmose created the first true empire and is therefore the first world personality, the first world hero ... His reign marks an era not only in Egypt, but throughout the entire East known at that time. Never before in history has one man controlled the destinies of such a vast nation and given it such a centralized, stable and at the same time mobile character that for many years its influence was transferred with unchanging force to another continent, imprinted there like the blow of a skilled craftsman. heavy hammer on the anvil; it should be added that the hammer was forged by Thutmose himself.

Many Egyptologists call for giving Thutmose III the well-deserved title of "Great". It is fair to say that the pharaoh Ramesses II - the only pharaoh, in relation to whom the established epithet "Great" (Ramses the Great) is used - was in fact not so much a successful ruler as he successfully promoted and exaggerated his merits, not shunning news of his rule on the buildings of predecessors and even acts of vandalism against them.

10. Bibliography

Capture of Yupa

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Turaev B.A. History of the Ancient East / Edited by Struve V.V. and Snegirev I.L. - 2nd stereo. ed. - L .: Sotsekgiz, 1935. - T. 1. - 15,250 copies.

Avdiev V. I. Military history of Ancient Egypt: In 2 volumes - M., 1959. T. 2. S. 97-159.

Breasted J. G., Turaev B. A. History of Ancient Egypt. - Minsk: Harvest, 2004

Turaev B. A. History of the Ancient East. - Minsk: Harvest, 2004

Mertz B. Ancient Egypt: Temples, tombs, hieroglyphs. / Translated from English. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2003

Vasilevskaya V. Thutmose (Series: The Golden Library of the Historical Novel. Great Rulers) - M .: AST, Astrel, 2002

Chronicles of Thutmose III // Reader on the history of the Ancient East / Ed. M. A. Korostovtseva and others - M., 1980.

Redford, Donald B., The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III, , Leiden: Brill, 2003

Cline, Eric H. and O'Connor, David, Thutmose III: A New Biography, University of Michigan Press, 2006

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