Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Abkhaz SSR Abkhaz SSR

Occupying the north-west. corner of Transcaucasia, A. r. represents a mountainous country, two-thirds of which are covered with various forests, which are one of the main treasures of the arctic region. (boxwood, plane tree, beeches, etc.). In the north-east of A. r. passes the Caucasian ridge. Its spurs - Gagrinsky, Bzybsky (or Chedymsky) and Kodorsky (or Panavsky), individual peaks of which are 3,700 m long, are covered with eternal snow; crossing L. r. with S.-V. in the southeast, they gradually, through a series of ramifications, pass into a hilly region, and then into the Black Sea lowland, narrow in the middle and expanding in the northern and southern parts.

Population

Population. In the hilly and low-lying parts of the A. river. and the main mass of its population is concentrated. In 4 mountains. A. r. lives approx. 16% of the population, or 30.6 thousand people, of which 20 tons are in the center of the A.R. Sukhum (see), and the rest - in the cities: Gagra, Gudauta and Ochemchira (3.4 - 3.7 thousand inhabitants). The main ethnic groups of A. r. are (1926) Georgians (33.6%, of which 3/5 are Mingrelians), Abkhazians (27.8%), Armenians (12.8%) and Greeks (7.1%).

Climate

The low-lying part of Abkhazia is characterized by a mild and humid subtropical climate (average temperature in January + 5 °, August + 24 °; annual precipitation - up to 1.700-1.800 mm); in the more elevated parts of the Abkhaz SSR, the temperature becomes lower, and at an altitude of more than 700 m the climate becomes temperate; at the heights - glaciers and glacial lakes.

Communication routes

Ways of communication A. r. are limited by two large highways along the Black Sea coast (Military-Sukhum road) and a number of small dirt and pack roads. Five berths of the Arkhangelsk region: Sukhum, Gagra, Gudauta, Ochemchiry, Psyr-tskha (Novy Afon) are completely unfurnished - loading onto steamships is carried out from feluccas (Turkish boat) carrying goods and passengers from the shore to the steamer, storage facilities are small etc. The construction started on the Black Sea railway. the road (Tuapse-Akhal-Senaki) so far through the A. r. does not pass; at the end of the road, the Gagra-Zugdida section, almost entirely passing through the territory of the Abkhaz SSR, will measure 170 km.

Agriculture

In the village. in relation to climatic conditions, the low-lying part of the A. river. is a natural area for the cultivation of valuable garden and vegetable garden crops and highly profitable technical plants of the subtropical zone. This is facilitated by the very small size of farms (1.3 dess. Of cultivated land per farm), caused by the insignificance of the territory suitable for cultivation. However, under modern transport conditions and remoteness of A. r. from the market, the sowing of a number of crops and the cultivation of many fruits is for A. p. inaccessible. Of the industrial plants, tobacco has become widespread (gl. Image, in the Sukhumi district), occupying 10.2 thousand dessiatins in 1927, or 26.0% of the total sowing, area. A. r. About 2/3 of tobacco growers A. p. united into a powerful cooperative organization, the Abtabsoyuz, which harvests more than two-thirds of the total tobacco crop in Armenia. Viticulture (Gudauta district) and horticulture are widespread. Gardening, cotton growing, silkworm farming and beekeeping are less developed. Grain farming is conducted in a very primitive manner, mainly sowing is done. maize, accounting for 42.6 thousand hectares, 71.6% of the total sown area and 99.8% of all grain. A.'s own bread. not enough, supplementing it with bringing it from the North Caucasus.

Livestock raising is also at a low level, despite the presence of beautiful meadows, in which cattle predominate. A huge share of the peasantry of the A. p. conducts a semi-subsistence economy, and agricultural marketability. production is extremely low.

Industry

Industry A. r. very poorly developed: out of 11 qualified (with at least 30 workers or a mechanical engine with 16 workers) establishments, the largest are three sawmills (Gagrinsky, Zhaakvarsky, Kodorsky), the Sukhum curved furniture factory, the Sukhum tobacco factory and the Gudauta distillery.-rectified ... factory. According to 1927/28 data, the listed largest (planned) establishments employ 285 permanent workers. At present, the first essential oil plant (“Zhirkost” trust) has been laid near Gulripsh (near Sukhum). The Kozhsindikat is planning to build a large factory for tanning extracts. Even less developed in A. mining, which are presented here Ch. arr. Tkvarcheli deposit with reserves of up to 300 million tons of stone. coal suitable for producing metallurgical coke. In addition, in A. p. there are less significant deposits of lead, zinc, copper, iron and other minerals.

Resorts

The cities and a number of settlements of the AR: Sukhum, Gagra, Gudauta, Novy Afon (Psyrtskha), Gulripshch, Ochemchiry are excellent climatic stations and are known as resorts.

M.O. Galitsky.

Public education

During the period of Soviet power, a large network of educational institutions grew, and in 1926-27 there were registered 280 labor schools, 3 technical schools (agricultural, pedagogical and chemical-land) and 1 vocational courses (in Sukhum); in addition, there is a network of schools for the eradication of illiteracy and for the illiterate (4), the soviet school, as well as libraries (10), reading rooms (79) and clubs (11).

Story

Abazgi, the ancestors of the Abkhazians, occupied in antiquity a much larger area than the present-day A. r. On the Abkhazian coast of the Black Sea there were trading Greek. colonies. Subsequently, aba zgi fell under the rule of neighboring Lazes (see). Under Justinian, Abkhazia submitted to Byzantium, and its population was converted to Christianity. In the 15th century. Abkhazia is subdued by the Turks, and its population is gradually converting to Islam. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russians were ousted from Abkhazia by the Turks. As under the Turks, so at first, under the Russians, Abkhazia retained its own internal government, headed by the princely house of Shervashidze.

After the Russians conquered Zap. Caucasus to Abkhazia was renamed "the Sukhum department" in the military position. governorship. In the 60s. part of the population took part in the uprising of Shamil (see) and after his defeat moved to Turkey. In the 70s. the Abkhazians staged a series of uprisings. This caused new emigration to Turkey. Finally, their participation in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877 on the side of the Turks ended with the third and last emigration, as a result of which a number of regions of Abkhazia were completely depopulated. After that, the Abkhazians were declared the "guilty population" and subjected to harsh rule. After

Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic(abh. Aҧsnytәi ​​Autonomtә Soviet Socialist Republic , cargo. აფხაზეთის ავტონომიური საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა ) - an autonomous republic within the Georgian SSR, which existed from 1931 to 1992. The successor to the Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia, an independent republic within the USSR, which became part of the Georgian SSR in 1927 (and through it into the ZSFSR) and in 1931 lost its independence (became autonomous within the Georgian SSR).

On August 25, 1990, Abkhazia was proclaimed a sovereign Abkhaz Soviet Socialist Republic... , which was inconsistent with the Constitution of the USSR. When Georgia announced the restoration of its independence in the spring, Abkhazia expressed a desire to remain in the USSR (most of its population participated in the referendum on the preservation of the USSR and did not participate in the referendum on the restoration of Georgia's independence) and intended to join a new union - the Union of Sovereign States (UIT). the conclusion of which was thwarted as a result of the speech of the State Emergency Committee. After the formation of the CIS, and in connection with the refusal (before) of Georgia to become its member, the leadership of Abkhazia announced its desire to independently enter the CIS.

In the Abkhaz ASSR, republican newspapers "Soviet Abkhazia" (in Russian, since 1921), "Aҧsny kaҧsh" (in Abkhaz, since 1921), "Sabchota Abkhazeti" (in Georgian, from 1937), "Kokinos kapnas" ( in Greek, in 1932-1938), "Mchita Murutskhi" in Laz (1929-1938).

National composition

According to the 1989 census, the population was 525,061 people. namely:

• georgians 239 872
• Abkhazians 93 267
• Armenians 76 541
• Russian 74 914
• Greeks 14,664
• Ukrainians 11 655
• Belarusians 2084
• Estonians 1466
• Jews 1426
• Ossetian 1165
• Tatars 1099

Organizational Bureau of the RCP (b) in Abkhazia, executive secretaries

• 1921 Agniashvili, Pyotr Semyonovich (1898-1937)
• 9.1921-1922 Svanidze, Nikolay Samsonovich (1895-1937)

Abkhaz Regional Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) - Communist Party of Georgia, responsible - 1st secretaries

• 1922-1923 Executive Secretary Akirtava, Nikolai Nikolaevich (1894-1937)
• 1923-1925 executive secretary Asribekov, Ervand Mikhailovich (1898-1937)
• 1925-1927 Executive Secretary Sturua, Georgy Fedorovich (1884-1956)
• 1928-1929 executive secretary Amas, (Amirbekov) Alexander Semyonovich (1904-1938)
• 1929-1930 executive secretary Meladze, Pavel Grigorievich (−1937)
• 1930 - 5.1932 executive secretary of Ladaria, Vladimir Konstantinovich (1900-1937)
• 5.1932 - 1.1936 Ladaria, Vladimir Konstantinovich (1900-1937)
• 1.1936 - 1937 Agrba, Alexey Sergeevich (1897-1938)
• 1937 - 6.1938 and. O. Bechvaya, Kirill Georgievich (1903-)
• 6.1938 - 1940 Bechvaya, Kirill Georgievich (1903-)
• 1940 - 20.2.1943 Baramia, Mikhail Ivanovich (1905-)
• 20.2.1943 - 12.1951 Mgeladze, Akaki Ivanovich (1910-1980)
• 12.1951 - 21.4.1953 Getia, Shota Dmitrievich (1904-)
• 21.4 - 2.10.1953 Karchava, Grigory Zosimovich (1907-)
• 10.2.1953 - 1.1956 Gegeshidze, Georgy Andreevich (1924-1971)
• 1.1956 - 1958 Gotsiridze, Otar Davidovich (1919-)
• 1965-1975 Kobakhia, Valerian Osmanovich (1929-1992)
• 1975 - 2.1978 Khintba, Valery Mikhailovich
• 2.1978 - 6.4.1989 Adleiba, Boris Viktorovich (1931-)
• 6.4.1989 - 1991 Khishba, Vladimir Filippovich

CEC and Supreme Council

• February 1922-1922 Chairman of the CEC Eshba, Efrem Alekseevich

• 1922-1923 Chairman of the CEC Kartozia, Samson Alekseevich

• 1925 - 04/17/1930 Chairman of the CEC Chanba, Samson Yakovlevich

• 04/17/1930 - 12/28/1936 Chairman of the Central Election Commission Lakoba, Nestor Apollonovich

• 28.12.1936 - 02.1937 vacancy, etc. O. Deputy Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Abkhaz ASSR

• 17.02 - 09.1937 Chairman of the Central Election Commission Agrba, Alexey Sergeevich

• 11/02/1937 - 07/12/1938 Chairman of the Central Election Commission Rapava, Avksentiy Narikievich

• 07/13/1938 - 04/07/1948 Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council Delba, Mikhail Konstantinovich

• 04/07/19484 - 1958 Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of Chochua, Andrei Maksimovich

• 1958-1978 Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Shinkuba, Bagrat Vasilievich

• 1978 - 12.24.1990 Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of Kobakhia, Valerian Osmanovich

• 12.24.1990 - 11.26.1994 Chairman of the Supreme Council Ardzinba, Vladislav Grigorievich

RK, SNK and CM

• 02.1921 - 02.1922 Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee Eshba, Efrem Alekseevich

• 02.1922 - 28.12.1936 Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Lakoba, Nestor Apollonovich

• 07/14/1938 - 11/23/1938 chairman of the Council of People's Commissars View this template - And our teacher today said that there is no soul at all, and all the talk about it is just an invention of the priests in order to “undermine the happy psyche of Soviet people” ... Why are they lying to us, dad? I blurted out in one breath.
  - Because the whole world in which we live here is built precisely on lies ... - the father answered very calmly. - Even the word - SOUL - is gradually leaving circulation. Rather, they “leave” him ... Look, they used to say: sentimental, soul to soul, heartbreaking, heartbreaking, sincere, open soul, etc. And now it is being replaced - painful, friendly, quilted jacket, responsive, need ... Soon there will be no soul at all in the Russian language ... And the language itself has become different - stingy, faceless, dead ... I know you did not notice, Svetlenkaya - Dad smiled affectionately. - But this is only because you were already born with him the way he is today ... And before he was unusually bright, beautiful, rich! .. Truly sincere ... Now sometimes you don't even want to write, - dad fell silent for a few seconds, thinking about something of his own, and then added indignantly. - How can I express my “I” if they send me a list (!) Of which words can be used and which are “a relic of the bourgeois system” ... Wildness ...
  - Then what - is it better to learn on your own than to go to school? I asked, puzzled.
  - No, my little man, you have to go to school. - And without giving me the opportunity to object, he continued. - At school you are given the "grains" of your foundation - mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, etc., which I simply would not have had time to teach you at home. And without these "seeds", unfortunately, you will not be able to grow your "mental harvest" ... - Dad smiled. - Only first, you will definitely have to sift these "grains" thoroughly from the husks and rotten seeds ... And what kind of "harvest" you get later will depend only on you ... Life is a difficult thing, you see .. And it is not so easy sometimes to stay on the surface ... without sinking to the bottom. But there is nowhere to go, right? - Dad again patted me on the head, for some reason he was sad ... - Think about it - whether to be one of those who are told how you should live or be one of those who think and are looking for their own way .. True, for this they beat on the head very thoroughly, but on the other hand, you will always wear it proudly raised. Think hard before you decide what you like best ...
  - And why, when I say what I think at school, the teacher calls me an upstart? This is so insulting! .. I never try to be the first to answer, on the contrary - I prefer it when I am not touched ... But if they ask, I have to answer, right, right? And for some reason they very often do not like my answers ... What to do, dad?
  - Well, this, again, is the same question - do you want to be yourself or do you want to say what is required of you and live in peace? Again, you have to choose ... And they don't like your answers because they do not always coincide with those that they have already prepared, and which are always the same for everyone.
  - How is it - the same? I can't think the way they want to? .. People can't think the same way ?!
  - You are mistaken, my Light ... This is precisely what they want - that we all think and act in the same way ... This is the whole moral ...
  - But this is wrong, dad! .. - I was indignant.
  - And you take a closer look at your school friends - do they often say not what is written? - I was embarrassed ... he was again, as always, right. “This is because their parents teach them to be just exemplary and obedient students and get good grades. But they do not teach them to think ... Perhaps because they did not really think themselves ... Or maybe also because fear had already taken root in them too deeply ... So they moved their convolutions, my Svetlenkaya, to find for yourself what is more important to you - your grades, or your own thinking.
  - And how can you be afraid to think, dad? .. After all, no one hears our thoughts? .. Why then be afraid?
  - They won't hear ... But each matured thought forms your consciousness, Light One. And when your thoughts change, then you also change with them ... And if your thoughts are correct, then they may be very, very displeasing to someone. Not all people like to think, you see. Many people prefer to blame it on the shoulders of others like you, while they themselves remain only "executors" of other people's desires for the rest of their lives. And happiness for them if the same "thinkers" do not fight in the struggle for power, because then it is not real human values ​​that come into play, but lies, bragging, violence, and even a crime if they want to get rid of those who think with them " out of place "... Therefore, thinking can be very dangerous, my Light. And it all depends only on whether you are afraid of it or prefer your human honor to fear ...
  I climbed onto my dad's sofa and curled up next to him in a ball, imitating (very unhappy with this) Grishka. Next to my dad, I always felt very protected and peaceful. It seemed that nothing bad can reach us, just as nothing bad can happen to me when I am with him. Which, of course, could not be said about the disheveled Grishka, since he also adored the hours spent with dad and could not stand it when someone intruded at these hours ... He hissed at me very unfriendly and showed with his whole appearance that it was better I wish I could get out of here as soon as possible ... I laughed and decided to leave him calmly enjoying such a pleasure so dear to him, and she went to warm up a little - to play snowballs with the neighboring guys in the yard.
  I counted the days and hours left until my tenth birthday, feeling almost “completely grown up”, but, to my great shame, I was not able to forget for a minute my “birthday surprise”, which, of course, was nothing positive to my very "adulthood" did not add ...
  I, like all children in the world, adored gifts ... And now all day I wondered what it could be that, in the opinion of my grandmother, with such confidence I should have “really liked”? ..
  But the wait was not so long, and very soon it was fully confirmed that it was very worth doing ...
  Finally, my "birthday" morning was cold, sparkling and sunny, as befits a real holiday. The air "burst" from the cold with colored stars and literally "rang", forcing pedestrians to move faster than usual ... It was breathtaking for all of us, going out into the yard, and steam literally poured out of "all living things" around, making everyone look like multicolored locomotives hurrying in different directions ...
  After breakfast, I simply could not sit still and walked with my “tail” after my mother, waiting for the time when I would finally see my long-awaited “surprise”. To my greatest surprise, my mother went with me to the neighbor's house and knocked on the door ... Despite the fact that our neighbor was a very pleasant person, what relation she could have to my birthday remained a mystery to me ...

(Ancnyti Autonomt∋ Soviet Socialist∋ Republic)

Abkhazia, self-name Apsny ("Country of the Soul"). As part of the Georgian SSR. Formed on March 4, 1921. Area 8.6 thous. km 2 The population is 481 thousand people (1969, estimate; 405 thousand people according to the 1959 census). Armenia has 6 districts, 6 cities, and 3 urban-type settlements. The capital is the city of Sukhumi. (cm. map ).

Political system. The Abkhaz ASSR is a socialist state of workers and peasants, an autonomous Soviet socialist republic. The current Constitution was adopted on August 2, 1937 by the 8th All-Abkhaz Congress of Soviets. The highest organs of state power are the unicameral Supreme Soviet of Armenia, elected for four years at the rate of 1 deputy from 3,000 inhabitants, and its Presidium. The Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan forms a government — the Council of Ministers of Azerbaijan. The Abkhaz ASSR is represented in the Soviet of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR by 11 deputies. Local government bodies - city, district, settlement and village Soviets of Working People's Deputies, elected by the population for 2 years. The Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan elects for a period of 5 years the Supreme Court of the Abkhaz ASSR, consisting of 2 judicial boards (for criminal and civil cases) and the Presidium The Supreme Court... The Prosecutor of the Abkhaz ASSR is appointed by the Prosecutor General of the USSR for 5 years.

Nature... A. is located in the northwestern part of Transcaucasia, in the southwest. washed by the Black Sea. The coast is little indented, in many places there are wide pebble beaches. Sea expanses, subtropical vegetation, plantations of tea, tobacco, and citrus fruits, dense forests, turbulent rivers, and the peaks of the Greater Caucasus give Armenia an extraordinary scenic beauty. Most of the territory of Armenia is occupied by spurs of the southern slope of the Glavny, or Vodorazdelny, ridge that limits Armenia from the north (heights up to 4046 m, Mount Dombai-Ulgen). Its spurs are the Gagra, Bzybsky, Abkhaz and Kodori ridges. The passes Klukhorsky (2781 m), Marukhsky (2739 m) and others with Yu.-V. the Colchis Lowland enters Armenia, gradually narrowing. A narrow strip of lowland stretches along the coast to the north-west. from the Kodori river. Between the mountains and lowlands there is a belt of hilly foothills. Karst phenomena are developed in Armenia (the caves of Abrskila, Anakopiyskaya, and others).

In the zone of lowlands and foothills, the climate is warm, humid subtropical, in the mountains it is humid, moderately warm and cold. The average January temperature in the subtropical zone is from 4 to 7 ° C, in the mountains from 2 to -2 ° C; July, respectively 22-24 ° C and 18-16 ° C. Average annual rainfall: 1300-1500 mm on lowlands and foothills, up to 2000-2400 mm in the mountains. The frost-free period in the coastal zone is 250-300 days. Snow cover is established in the mountains for 2-3 months; there are many glaciers in the crest of the Main Ridge.

The rivers belong to the Black Sea basin. The most significant of them - Kodori, Bzyb, Kelasuri, Gumista - are rich in water, rich in hydropower (potential hydropower resources are over 3.5 mln. kW). The rivers are mainly fed by rain and snow and spring-summer floods. In the mountains there are lakes Ritsa and Amtkel.

In the lowlands and in the foothills, marsh, subtropical podzolic, red earth and yellow earth soils are combined. In the mountains up to an altitude of 1700 m - humus-calcareous and brown forest soils, and above - sod and sod-peaty mountain meadow. The flora of Albania includes more than 2,000 plant species. Forests cover over 55% of A. and others) and alder groves. A grove of relict Pitsunda pine has been preserved on Cape Pitsunda. In the mountains, beech forests prevail (in places with boxwood in the second tier), on the upper part of the slopes there are fir and spruce forests. Since 2000 m and higher - subalpine crooked forest, alpine meadows and rocky-gravel vegetation. In the forests there are bears, wild boars, lynxes, red deer, roe deer, and rounds; in the highlands - chamois, Caucasian black grouse; in the lowlands - the jackal; in rivers and lakes - trout, salmon, carp, pike perch, etc. Reserves - Ritsinsky, Gumistsky, Pitsundsky.

A. A. Mints.

Population. A. inhabits more than 10 peoples. Among them, according to the 1959 census, Abkhazians accounted for 61.2 thousand people, Georgians 158.2 thousand people, Russians 86.7 thousand people, Armenians 64.4 thousand people; Ukrainians, Greeks, Jews, Belarusians, Estonians, etc. also live. The average density is 56 people per 1 km 2(1969). The population of Armenia increased by 269,000 from 1926 to 1969. The most densely populated are the coastal plain and foothills, where all cities are located and where most of the rural population lives (150-200 people per 1 km 2), 93% of the total population is concentrated here. A significant part of mountainous regions (above 1000 m) does not have a permanent population, some settlements are located in mountain basins and along river valleys. In 1969 the urban population was 42% (15% in 1926). Cities (1969, thousand inhabitants): Sukhumi (92), Tkvarcheli (30), Gagra (22), Ochamchira (18), Gudauta (15), Gali (11).

Historical sketch. The first traces of man on the territory of modern Africa date back to the early Paleolithic era. Archaeological sites of the 2nd half of the 3rd-2nd millennia BC e. testify to the presence here of agriculture, cattle breeding and handicrafts, processing of copper and bronze, and then iron. At the beginning of the 1st millennium, an urban-type settlement arose in the area of ​​modern Sukhumi. The first information about the ancestors of the Abkhaz people dates back to the Late Bronze Age. In the 7-6 centuries. BC e. in Armenia the process of disintegration of the primitive communal system and the formation of a class society begins. In the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. Albania was part of the Colchis kingdom (See the Colchis kingdom). Greek colonies - Dioscuria, Pitiunt, and others - arose on the coast of Armenia. BC e. A. was subordinate to the Pontic king Mithridates VI Eupator, and from 65 AD. e. - the Romans, who created the fortress of Sebastopolis on the site of Dioscuria. By the end of the 1st century. n. e. tribal formations of the early feudal type (the princedoms of the Apsils, Abazgs, and Sanigovs) developed on the territory of Armenia; throughout the 4th-6th centuries. Byzantium gradually subjugated all of Armenia. In the first half of the 6th century. Christianity was introduced in Armenia as an official religion. In the 6th century. feudal relations developed. By the 8th century. basically the Abkhazian people were consolidated. In the 80s. 8 c. ruler A. Leon II seeks the liberation of the country from the power of Byzantium and unites all of Western Georgia under the name of the Abkhazian Kingdom (see Abkhazian Kingdom) with the capital initially in Anakopia, and then in Kutaisi. It reaches its highest development in the 9-10th centuries. and takes an active part in the struggle for the unification of all of Georgia. In the second half of the 10th century. Armenia became part of the united feudal Georgia. In the coastal part of Armenia, the population was mainly engaged in agriculture. Trade with overseas countries grew. An ancient trade route from Transcaucasia to Kievan Rus ran along the Black Sea coast. In the mountainous part, cattle breeding prevailed. In the highlands, primitive communal relations were still preserved. A significant prosperity in the 11-13th centuries. feudal culture reached. Byzantine cultural influence is gradually being replaced by Georgian one. In the context of the political disintegration of feudal Georgia, Armenia at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries. stands out as an independent principality. However, even from the 2nd half of the 16th century. A., like the whole of Western Georgia, found itself dependent on Turkey, which sought to destroy the material and spiritual culture of the Abkhaz people, to forcibly implant the religion of Islam among the population. The staunch resistance of the population of A. this policy often took the form of open armed uprisings (in 1725, 1728, 1733, 1771, 1806, etc.). She saw the possibility of getting rid of the Turkish yoke in rapprochement with Russia, which was formalized in 1810 by an act of official annexation to the Russian Empire. The feudal ruler remained the nominal ruler of A. - ah.

Economic development was hampered by the colonialist policy of tsarism; nevertheless, Armenia’s annexation to Russia, which freed it from the rule of an extremely backward Turkey, and its involvement in the all-Russian market system facilitated the transition of Armenia to higher forms of economic and social life and created opportunities for penetration into Armenia. advanced Russian culture, and the introduction of the Armenian people to the Russian liberation movement.

In 1864, Russian administration was introduced into Armenia and the city was turned into the "Sukhum military department." The officials of the tsarist military-administrative apparatus relied on the local feudal nobility. The instrument of tsarist colonialism in Armenia was Orthodox Church, pursuing a policy of restoring Christianity. In Armenia, the struggle of the popular masses against feudal and colonial oppression grew. The largest was the Abkhaz uprising of 1866 . Serfdom was abolished in Armenia in 1870, but the peasants remained temporarily liable until the Great October Socialist Revolution. The grave aftermath of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-78 (See Russian-Turkish wars of the 17-19th centuries) the forcible eviction by the Turks of a significant part of the Abkhaz people to Turkey (mahajirism). In 1877 there were over 78,000 inhabitants in Armenia; by the end of the same year, about 46 thousand remained.

During the post-reform period Armenia was gradually drawn into the channel of capitalist relations. In the 90s. the first highway Novorossiysk - Sukhumi - Batumi was built. The turnover of the external and internal markets grew. Leading industry Agriculture became tobacco growing. At the beginning of the 20th century. the large landowners of Armenia had more than 135,000 dessiatines of land, while the peasants only 72,000 dessiatines. At that time in Armenia there were about 400 small, mainly handicraft industrial enterprises, which employed only 1,030 people.

Late 19th - early 20th centuries marked by the activities of prominent Abkhaz teachers and educators - F. Kh. Eshba, D. I. Gulia, A. M. Chochua, and others. In 1902-03 the first social democratic organizations appeared in Armenia. In 1903, on the initiative of A.G. Tsulukidze, the Sukhumi Social Democratic group of the Batumi Committee of the RSDLP took shape. The revolutionary movement of 1905–1907 in Armenia was led by the Caucasian Union Committee of the RSDLP. In 1905, armed detachments of revolutionary peasants, the Red Hundreds, began to be formed (in Gudauta, Gagra, and the Gali region); a people's militia was organized in Sukhumi in November 1905. The armed uprising in November - December 1905 was prepared by the Bolsheviks, headed by G.K. Ordzhonikidze. In Sukhumi, Gudauta and Gagra in December 1905, power was actually in the hands of the working people, but revolutionary uprisings were suppressed by the tsarist troops.

Since 1916, a military group of Bolsheviks operated in Sukhumi, which, after the February Revolution of 1917, had a great influence on the soldiers. In May 1917, the District Committee of the RSDLP (b), headed by E.A. Eshba, was created. From the very beginning the Mensheviks seized the leadership of the Sukhum Soviet. But in some areas of Albania, the Soviets were Bolshevik. Beginning in November 1917, the authority of the local bodies of the counter-revolutionary Menshevik Transcaucasian Commissariat was established in Armenia. In March 1918, under the leadership of the Bolsheviks, the working people of Azerbaijan rose up in an armed uprising; on April 8, Sukhumi was occupied, and Soviet power was proclaimed. But on May 17, 1918, after stubborn battles, the armed forces of the counter-revolutionary Transcaucasian Seim entered Sukhumi. In February - March 1921, the working people of Armenia, together with the working people of all Georgia, raised an armed uprising, supported by the Red Army. A revolutionary committee was created in Armenia (E. A. Eshba, N. A. Lakoba, N. N. Akirtava). On March 4, 1921, Sukhumi became Soviet, and on the same day Soviet power was proclaimed in Armenia. On March 4 and 10, the leaders of the revolutionary committee of Armenia telegraphed to V.I. Lenin about the victory of the socialist revolution in Armenia. ... On March 31, the revolutionary committee of A. notified V. I. Lenin, I. V. Stalin, and G. V. Chicherin about this event by radiogram. In May 1921, the Revolutionary Committee of Georgia issued a declaration on the independence of the Socialist Soviet Republic A. and on December 16, 1921, on the basis of the "Union Treaty between the Georgian SSR and the Abkhaz SSR," A. became part of the Georgian SSR; then December 13, 1922 - in the TSFSR as part of the Georgian SSR. On December 30, 1922, Armenia, as part of the ZSFSR, entered the USSR. Armenia's first constitution was adopted on April 1, 1925. In February 1931, Armenia entered the Georgian SSR as an autonomous republic.

In April 1921 the Revolutionary Committee of Georgia issued a Decree on Land. On its basis, the nationalization of the land and the distribution of the former landlord and private lands (more than 44 thousand dessiatines in total) were carried out. The nationalization of industry was carried out and other revolutionary economic transformations were carried out.

During the years of the prewar five-year plans, a developed industry was created in Armenia: in 1940 the state and cooperative industry produced products worth 91.5 million rubles. in prices of 1926-27 (in 1914, products were produced for 185.5 thousand rubles; in 1924-25, for 805 thousand rubles). A diversified collective and state farm agriculture arose - by 1940, 93.8% of peasant farms had been collectivized. A cultural revolution has taken place: illiteracy has been eliminated; the ancestral and feudal remnants that had existed here earlier have basically disappeared; the national cadres of the working class and the intelligentsia have grown; higher educational institutions, scientific and research institutions, libraries, clubs, etc. that were absent before were created. Abkhazian literature and art achieved significant development. On March 15, 1935, A. was awarded the Order of Lenin for her successes in agriculture and industry. On August 2, 1937, at the 8th All-Abkhazian Congress of Soviets of Azerbaijan, a new Constitution of the Abkhaz ASSR was approved, reflecting the victory of socialism in the republic. The Abkhaz people have consolidated into a socialist nation.

During the Great Patriotic War in August - September 1942, fascist German troops tried to break through from the north through the passes of the Main Ridge of the Greater Caucasus into Armenia, occupied the high-mountain Abkhazian village of Pskhu, but were stopped and then driven back by the Soviet Army. Workers A... showed courage and heroism at the front and in the rear. 20 sons of A. were awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union... The medal "For the Defense of the Caucasus" in Armenia was awarded to 8776 people and the medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War 1941-45" - 32,102 people.

In the postwar period, Armenia's economy and culture continued to develop. In 1968, the gross industrial output of the republic increased 5.2 times over 1940. The material and cultural standard of living of the people has significantly increased. In A. 264 Hero of Socialist Labor (1969).

G. A. Dzidzaria.

National economy. In the USSR, Albania is one of the main bases for high-quality tobacco growing, well-developed tea growing, and citrus growing. The resort economy and tourism are of great importance in the Armenian economy.

Armenia's industry was wholly created after the establishment of Soviet power. The energy sector relies on the use of local fuels (coal) and hydropower. On the river Gumista - Sukhum hydroelectric power station. In 1968, 810 mln. kWh electricity (155 million kWh in 1940). Armenia has deposits of coal (Tkvarchelskoe), polymetals, mercury (Avadkharskoe), and barite (Pitsikvarskoe, Apshinskoe). In 1968, 939 thous. T coal (229 thous. T 1940) - about 40% of coal production in the Georgian SSR, most of it is processed into concentrate and exported for coke production to the Rustavi Metallurgical Plant. An important role is played by the branches for the processing of agricultural raw materials, to a large extent associated with the subtropical complex - tea (Gali, Achigvara, Okumi, Ochamchira, Akhali-Kindgi, Dranda, Gudauta, etc.), tobacco (Sukhumi, Gudauta, Ochamchira, Gantiadi, etc. .), as well as wine, essential oil, canning, meat, dairy, and fishing industries. The production of tea (baikhov primary processing) in 1968 amounted to 9.5 thousand. T(1.2 thous. T in 1940), 13.5 million standard cans of canned food (2.1 million standard cans in 1940). There is leather and footwear (Sukhumi), sewing (Sukhumi, Gudauta, Ochamchira), woodworking (Kodori, Sukhumi, Bzyb, etc.), instrument-making and metalworking (Sukhumi) industries, production of building materials (Sukhumi, Tkvarcheli, Bzyb, etc.).

Agriculture. A. is distinguished by its tea growing, tobacco growing, and the cultivation of citrus fruits, essential oils, and tunga. Viticulture, fruit growing, vegetable growing, grain farming and animal husbandry are developed.

In 1969 there were 133 collective farms and 22 state farms in Abkhazia (citrus, tea, etc.). The sown area was 39.8 thous. ha(59.7 thous. ha in 1940), the area of ​​perennial plantations (tea and citrus plantations, orchards, vineyards) 34.1 thous. ha. Tea culture 13.7 thous. ha(9 thous. ha 1940), mainly in the southeastern part of the republic; Albania produces 15% of the tea leaf in the USSR (38.3 thous. T in 1968). For the production of high-quality yellow tobacco (in 1968 the sown area was more than 6 thousand sq. ha, collection 5.9 thous. T) A. occupies a leading place in the Georgian SSR; the main massifs are located in the northwestern and central regions of the foothill-hilly strip. Citrus fruits (3.3 thous. ha) are cultivated in the foothill-hilly regions. Fruit growing (12.1 thous. ha) and viticulture (5.0 thous. ha) are common in many areas of the coastal strip. Of grain crops, corn is mainly sown (24.5 thous. ha). Potatoes and vegetables and melons (2.2 thous. ha 1968) - in the foothills and around large resorts.

In lowlands, flood control in the lower reaches of rivers and drainage of individual swamps are of great importance. In 1968 the area of ​​drained land was 24.5 thousand sq. ha.

Breeding of dairy and dairy-meat cattle, pigs, goats, poultry prevails in animal husbandry. In the flat strip, where there are few natural forage lands, stall and stall-camp keeping of livestock is practiced. Part of the livestock in the summer is driven to subalpine and alpine pastures. Livestock on January 1, 1969 (thousand): cattle 142, sheep and goats 41.6, pigs 56.6. Sericulture and beekeeping are well developed.

State purchases of agricultural products in 1968 (thous. T): tea leaf (varietal) 38.3 (6.5 in 1940), fruits 15.4, incl. citrus fruits 4.6, tobacco 5.9, livestock and poultry [in live weight (the term "live weight" is common)] 3.4 (1.4 in 1940), milk and dairy products (in terms of milk) 5.5 (0.9 in 1940), eggs (million pieces) 26.1 (1 million pieces in 1940), 4.4 cocoons.

In the Black Sea - fishing (mullet, horse mackerel, etc.).

Transport. The Tuapse-Sukhumi-Samtredia electrified railroad and the Novorossiysk-Sukhumi-Batumi highway run along the coastal strip of A. The deep mountainous regions are served by the Ochamchira - Tkvarcheli railway line and the Bzyb - Avadkhara, Sukhumi - Klukhor pass and other highways. Sea transportation is carried out through the port of Sukhumi and the port points of Gagra, Gudauta, Novy Afon, Ochamchira. Allied airlines pass through Sukhumi.

Tobacco, tea, fruits, including citruses, wine, and essential oils are exported from Armenia; import grain, meat and dairy products, sugar, etc.

The well-being of the people is steadily increasing on the basis of the growth of the republic's national income. The volume of retail trade in 1968 compared with 1950 (in comparable prices) increased 3.2 times. In 1968, state and cooperative enterprises and organizations (without collective farms) were commissioned, as well as workers and employees in cities and rural areas, 74.3 thousand. m 2 total (useful) area. In addition, 555 residential buildings have been built by collective farms, collective farmers and rural intelligentsia. Social insurance and pension funds are growing, and the real incomes of the population are increasing.

A. A. Mints.

Health care... In 1913, Armenia had 4 hospitals (with 92 beds) and 9 doctors. At the beginning of 1969, Armenia had 1,391 doctors (403 in 1940), 4,100 nurses (909 in 1940), 63 hospitals (for 4,300 beds), 242 institutions providing outpatient polyclinic assistance to the population. On the coast of the Black Sea, protected from the north-east. mountains of the Greater Caucasus, for several dozen km there are climatic resorts of Union significance - Sukhumi, Gagra, Gudauta, Novy Afon, Gulripshi, Pitsunda, Leselidze. In mountainous areas there are outcrops of mineral springs used for medicinal purposes (Tkvarcheli, Ritsa-Avadhara, etc.). At the beginning of 1969, there were 36 sanatorium-and-spa establishments (for 11,400 beds). Tourism is developing successfully. Comfortable tourist centers (open all year round), boarding houses and campings have been created, summer shelters have been created on Avadhar and near the Klukhor pass. It is planned to build suspended cable cars to the Iverskaya Mountain in New Athos, to the Sukhum Mountain in Sukhumi.

Public education and cultural and educational institutions. Before the Great October Socialist Revolution, the literacy rate of the population was about 10%. In the 1914–15 academic year, Armenia had only 150 primary schools (7.6 thousand students), four higher primary schools (0.6 thousand students), and two secondary schools (0.5 thousand students). There were no secondary specialized and higher educational institutions. During the years of Soviet power, illiteracy was eliminated in Armenia, and universal compulsory education was introduced. In 1968, about 10,000 children were educated in 193 preschool institutions. In the 1968/69 academic year, there were 162 primary schools(5 thousand students), 129 eight-year-olds (19.8 thousand students) and 146 secondary schools (72.9 thousand students), 38 schools for working and rural youth (over 5.2 thousand students), 8 pioneer houses and schoolchildren, 10 children's sports schools, 3 stations young technicians and young naturalists. In 6 secondary special educational institutions(industrial and agricultural technical schools, medical, music, cultural and educational and art schools) and a vocational school trained about 3 thousand students. At the Institute of Subtropical Economy and the Pedagogical Institute. Gorky had 7.9 thousand students. In 1968 the graduation of specialists of secondary and higher qualifications amounted to more than 1,800 people.

In A. there are (1968): the Abkhazian State Museum. DI Gulia (Sukhumi), Pitsunda Museum-Exhibition, Museum of Abkhaz Weapons (Gagra), 290 public libraries, 194 club institutions, 147 cinema installations. See also sections Music and Theater.

Scientific institutions. In 1968 there were 15 scientific institutions in the republic, including the Abkhazian Institute of Language, Literature and History named after I. D.I. Gulia, Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, Institute of Experimental Pathology and Therapy of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (with a monkey nursery), Abkhazian Branch of the Research Institute of Balneology and Physiotherapy of the Ministry of Health of the Georgian SSR, Sukhum Branch of the All-Union Institute of Tea and Subtropical Cultures, Sukhumi Botanical Garden and others. The only scientific research institute of tourism in the USSR was established in Sukhumi.

In 1969 there were more than 700 scientific workers in universities and research institutions, including 27 doctors and about 300 candidates of sciences. Corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR I.G. Gverdtsiteli (physics), corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR A.A. Kolakovsky (botany), corresponding member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR B.A. 3. V. Anchabadze, G. A. Dzidzaria, Sh. Inal-Ipa; doctor medical sciences, professor S. Ya. Arshba, professor A. L. Grigelia (medicine) and other prominent scientists.

Printing and broadcasting. In 1968 the publishing house "Alashara" ("Light") published 80 books and brochures with a total circulation of 237,000 copies. 3 republican newspapers are published - "Apsny kapsh" ("Red Abkhazia", ​​from 1921) in the Abkhaz language, "Sabchota Abkhazeti" ("Soviet Abkhazia", ​​from 1937) in the Georgian language, "Soviet Abkhazia" (from 1921) in Russian - with a total one-time circulation of 57 thousand copies (1968). The literary-artistic and socio-political magazine “Alashara” (“Light”, since 1955), the magazine for children “Amtsabz” (“Flame”, since 1957), both in the Abkhaz language, are published.

Republican radio broadcasts in the Abkhaz, Georgian and Russian languages; radio and television programs are relayed from Moscow, Tbilisi, Sochi.

Literature... One of the sources that fed the Abkhaz fiction from the moment of its inception was folklore. Many genres are represented in Abkhaz folklore - from heroic epic legends about the heroes of the Narts and about Abrskil to lyrical songs and wise aphorisms. The first attempt to compose the Abkhaz alphabet on a Russian graphic basis was made in 1862 by the Russian linguist P.K. Uslar. The first Abkhazian primer was published in 1865. In 1892 the updated and revised "Abkhazian alphabet" was published, compiled by DI Gulia and KD Machavariani. The founder fiction was the people's poet of Abkhazia DI Gulia; in 1912 he published his first collection of poetry, Poems and Chastushki. In 1919, the first Abkhaz newspaper Apsny (ed. By DI Gulia) began to appear, around which young writers gathered. In 1919, DI Gulia wrote the story "Under a strange sky", which laid the foundation for Abkhazian prose. In 1920 S. Ya. Chanba published the first Abkhaz drama "Mahadzhirs"; started creative activity poet I. Kogonia. In his best poems, published in 1925 ("Abataa Beslan", "Navay and Mzauch", "Khmydzh the Hunter", "Zoskhan Achba and the sons of Beslan Zhanaa"), he reflected the heroism of the people's life. After the establishment of Soviet power (1921), conditions were created in Armenia for the development of realistic literature, and a transition to syllabo-tonic versification was outlined. In the 30-40s. Abkhaz writers have created works that have received wide recognition: the novel "Kamachich" (1940) and the drama "Ghosts" (1946) by D. I. Gulia; the story "Seydyk" (1934) by S. Ya. Chanba; "The birth of the collective farm" Forward "" (1931) V. V. Agrba: novels: "Temir" (1937), "Women's honor" (1949) I. G. Papaskiri. Later, the book of stories "Alamys" (1961) by MA Lakerbay appeared; poems, poems, stories by L. Kvitsinia, Sh. Tsvizhba, L. Labakhua, K. Agumaa, D. Darsalia, S. Kuchberia, M. Khashba, P. Chkadua; poems, poems and novels in verse "My fellow countrymen" (1950), "Song of the Rock" (1958) by the people's poet of Abkhazia B. Shinkuba; works by I. Tarba, A. Lasuria, A. Jonua, C. Jonua, K. Lomia, K. Chachkhalia, M. Papaskiri, G. Gublia, V. Ankvaba, A. Ajinjal. Many works of G. Gulia, who writes in Russian, are dedicated to the life of the Abkhaz people. N. Tarba, A. Gogua, Sh. Chkadua, and D. Akhuba emerged from the literary youth. For children they write: D. Tapagua, G. Papaskiri and others. Sh. Inal-Ipa, Kh. Bgazhba, M. Delba, Sh. Salakaia and others work in the field of criticism. Many works of Russian, Georgian and Western European classics. In collaboration with Abkhaz writers, a group of talented writers writing in the Georgian, Russian and Armenian languages ​​works - Sh. Akobia, A. Dzhidaryan, L. Lyubchenko and others.

I.K. Tarba.

Architecture and fine arts. Dolmens of the Bronze Age (second half of the third to the beginning of the second millennium BC), traces of Cyclopean structures, and the remains of ancient and early medieval civil and defensive structures (ruins of the cities of Dioscuria - Sebastopolis, Anakopia, Pitiunta, 160 km Abkhazian wall, etc.). With the adoption of Christianity (6th century), Byzantine influences penetrated into Armenia. In the cult architecture of the 6-8 centuries, characterized by geometric simplicity of forms (the church of the ancient fortress in Gagra, the one-apse basilica in Novy Afon), local building traditions (the use of rough squares of stone) are also manifested. During the epoch of the Abkhazian (late 8th – 10th centuries) and Georgian (10th – 13th centuries) kingdoms, medieval architecture of Armenia flourished. The buildings of this time are characterized by restrained severity and variety of forms, the avarice of carved decor (basilicas in Ambar, Gantiadi, slender domed basilicas in Mokva and Lykhny, cross-domed churches in Dranda, Novy Afon, Agu Bedia, Pitsunda, etc.). By the 11th-12th centuries. include a palace in Bedia, a single-span arched bridge on the Besleti River, and a number of fortifications (Bagrat's castle in Sukhumi, etc.). During the period of feudal fragmentation (14th – 16th centuries) and Turkish expansion (16th – early 19th centuries), construction was sharply reduced; mainly fortresses and castles were erected. With the accession to Russia (1810) and the development of capitalism (late 19th - early 20th centuries), the growth of coastal cities began, the construction of industrial and administrative buildings, private dachas, villas, hotels and sanatoriums (a hotel and a palace in Gagra, Aloizi's house in Sukhumi, sanatorium in Gulripshi).

In socialist Armenia, cities are being reconstructed and improved, and monuments are being restored. The House of the Government of the Abkhaz ASSR (1932-39, architect V. A. Shchuko, V. G. Gelfreikh), the hotel "Abkhazia" (1938, architect Yu. S. Golubev, Yu. V. Shchuko) were built in Sukhumi. Train Station(1951, architect L. and L. Mushkudiani), Institute of Subtropical Economy (1968, architect D. Kipshidze, O. Paichadze, K. Tsulaya). Since the early 1960s. standard housing construction was developed. The Sukhumi redevelopment project was approved (1968). The sea terminal is under construction (1969). Resort construction began on the coast: in Novy Afon, Gudauta, Gagra (rest house of the Council of Ministers of the Georgian SSR, 1935, architect N.P. Severov; sanatorium "Ukraine", 1936, architect Ya. A. Steinberg; rest house named after 17- 1st Party Congress, 1952, architect A. Alkhazov; rest house "Russia", 1969, architect Yu. L. Schwarzbreim) and Sukhumi (rest house "Sinop", 1967, architect V. Aleksi-Meskhishvili; rest house of composers, 1969, architects Sh.Davitashvili, G. Jabua). In 1959-67 a new resort complex was created in Pitsunda (a group of architects headed by M.V. Posokhin).

In the folk architecture of Armenia, wicker and wooden dwellings with hipped roofs and pyramidal roofs, rectangular or rounded in plan (akuascia, apatskha, amhara, abor, and others), dating back to ancient times, are preserved. A 2-storey dwelling is widespread (the lower floor is stone, the upper one is wooden) with a gallery along the facade. On state and collective farms, the construction of comfortable stone buildings is expanding.

Fine and decorative arts have been developing in Armenia since ancient times. The most ancient works of small plasticity (figurines of people and animals, mainly dogs, sheep and rams, made of clay and bronze), samples of ornamented ceramics, artistic metal products (bronze axes, buckles, bracelets, clasps decorated with sculptural and engraved images of animals). Unique are the bronze rhyton from the village of Bambora (early 1st millennium BC), marble relief stele (5th century BC) from Sukhumi, early Byzantine mosaics from Pitsunda (4th-5th centuries), chased gold chalice II c. from the village of Bedia, miniatures of the Mokva and Pitsunda Gospels of the early 14th century, frescoes of the 14th-16th centuries. in the temples of Lykhny, Pitsunda, etc.

An important role in the development of contemporary fine arts in Armenia was played by the art studio opened in 1918 in Sukhumi by the first professional Abkhaz artist A.K.Shervashidze (Chachba), as well as the work of artists A.I.Sadkevich, V.S.Kontarev, O. A. Segal, L. N. Nevsky and others. In 1935 an art school was opened in Sukhumi and in 1937 - a school. Fine arts have received further development... Painters (I.P. Tsomaya, V.F.Europina, N.O. Tabukashvili, V.Ya. Shcheglov, O.V.Brendel, Kh.T. and revolutionary themes, still lifes, landscapes. Easel and illustration graphics (V.D.Bubnova, Ch.V. Kukuladze, V. Meskhi, etc.), portrait and monumental sculpture (A.I. Razmadze, M.E.Eshba, V.E. Iuanba, B . G. Gogoberidze, Yu. V. Chkadua). In decorative and applied folk art, weaving, woodcarving, bone and horn carving, chasing and engraving on metal, embroidery with gold and silver threads, weaving of patterned belts are developed.

Z.S. Arshba, A.K. Katsia.

Music. Abkhazian folk music is polyphonic. The two- and three-part songs of the Abkhaz are unusually unique. Among the samples of folk art there are many songs, the musical structure of which testifies to their ancient origin. These include cult songs, a large number of hunting and labor songs. A special place in the Abkhaz musical folklore is occupied by the historical and heroic epic, which vividly reflected the harsh and courageous life of the people and their character. The new way of life and attitude are expressed in modern folk songs. Among the Abkhaz musical instruments are ayumaa (angular harp), akhimaa (a zither-type instrument, a trapezoidal frame with strings), aphertsa (two-stringed bowed instrument), acharpan (a kind of flute), etc. In Abkhaz songs, the instrument is usually accompanying, but in national folklore there are samples and instrumental music.

K. Dzidzaria, K. Kovach, I. Lakerbay, D. N. Shvedov, A. M. Balanchivadze, Sh. M. Mshvelidze, I. Kortua, V. Akhobadze, A. Pozdneev and others were engaged in the recording of Abkhaz folk songs. The following operas were created based on Abkhazian folk art: Shvedov's "Exiles" (staged in 1940, Moscow, WTO Ensemble, excerpts), Balanchivadze's "Mzia" (staged in 1950, Tbilisi), symphonic, chamber instrumental and vocal works.

After the establishment of Soviet power in Armenia (1921), a professional musical culture developed intensively. In 1930, the State Musical College was opened in Sukhumi and School of Music, under which the People's Choir under the direction of P. Pantsulai, symphony and brass orchestras, and the State String Quartet soon began to function. In 1966, the Opera Studio was organized at the School of Music. The Abkhaz State Philharmonic Society, the State Song and Dance Ensemble A., the choir chapel, the symphony orchestra, the House of Folk Art with its only choir of centenary folk singers in the world are doing a great deal of creative work. Amateur art is developed (ensemble "Apsny-67", etc.)

ABKHAZ AUTONOMOUS SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC

Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Ancyt "and Autonomt" Sovett "Socialist" Republic), Abkhazia, self-name Apsny ("Country of the Soul"). As part of the Georgian SSR. Formed on March 4, 1921. Area 8.6 thousand km2 Population 481 thousand people (1969, estimate; 405 thousand people according to the 1959 census). Armenia has 6 districts, 6 cities, and 3 urban-type settlements. The capital is the city of Sukhumi. (see map).

Political system. The Abkhaz ASSR is a socialist state of workers and peasants, an autonomous Soviet socialist republic. The current Constitution was adopted on August 2, 1937 by the 8th All-Abkhaz Congress of Soviets. The highest organs of state power are the unicameral Supreme Soviet of Armenia, elected for four years at the rate of 1 deputy from 3,000 inhabitants, and its Presidium. The Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan forms a government — the Council of Ministers of Azerbaijan. The Abkhaz ASSR is represented in the Soviet of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR by 11 deputies. Local government bodies - city, district, settlement and village Soviets of Working People's Deputies, elected by the population for 2 years. The Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan elects for a term of 5 years the Supreme Court of the Abkhaz ASSR, consisting of two judicial collegia (for criminal and civil cases) and the Presidium of the Supreme Court. The Prosecutor of the Abkhaz ASSR is appointed by the Prosecutor General of the USSR for 5 years.

Nature. A. is located in the northwestern part of Transcaucasia, in the southwest. washed by the Black Sea. The coast is little indented, in many places there are wide pebble beaches. Sea expanses, subtropical vegetation, plantations of tea, tobacco, and citrus fruits, dense forests, turbulent rivers, and the peaks of the Greater Caucasus give Armenia an extraordinary scenic beauty. Most of Armenia's territory is occupied by the spurs of the southern slope of the Glavny, or Vodorazdelny, ridge that borders Armenia from the north (heights up to 4,046 m, Mount Dombai-Ulgen). Its spurs are the Gagra, Bzybsky, Abkhaz and Kodori ridges. The passes Klukhorsky (2781 m), Marukhsky (2739 m), and others lead across the Main ridge to Armenia. the Colchis Lowland enters Armenia, gradually narrowing. A narrow strip of lowland stretches along the coast to the north-west. from the Kodori river. Between the mountains and lowlands there is a belt of hilly foothills. Karst phenomena are developed in Armenia (the caves of Abrskila, Anakopiyskaya, and others).

In the zone of lowlands and foothills, the climate is warm, humid subtropical, in the mountains it is humid, moderately warm and cold. The average January temperature in the subtropical zone is from 4 to 7 | C, in the mountains from 2 to -2 | C; July 22-24 | C and 18-16 | C, respectively. Average annual precipitation: 1300-1500 mm in the lowlands and foothills, up to 2000-2400 mm in the mountains. The frost-free period in the coastal zone is 250-300 days. Snow cover is established in the mountains for 2-3 months; there are many glaciers in the crest of the Main Ridge.

The rivers belong to the Black Sea basin. The most significant of them - Kodori, Bzyb, Kelasuri, Gumista - are rich in water, rich in hydropower (potential hydropower resources are over 3.5 million kW). The rivers are mainly fed by rain and snow and spring-summer floods. In the mountains there are lakes Ritsa and Amtkel.

In the lowlands and in the foothills, marsh, subtropical podzolic, red earth and yellow earth soils are combined. In the mountains, up to an altitude of 1700 m, there are humus-calcareous and brown forest soils, and higher - soddy and soddy-peaty mountain meadow soils. The flora of Albania includes more than 2,000 plant species. Forests cover over 55% of A. and others) and alder groves. A grove of relict Pitsunda pine has been preserved on Cape Pitsunda. In the mountains, beech forests prevail (in places with boxwood in the second tier), on the upper part of the slopes there are fir and spruce forests. From 2000 m and above - subalpine crooked forest, alpine meadows and rocky-gravel vegetation. In the forests there are bears, wild boars, lynxes, red deer, roe deer, and rounds; in the highlands - chamois, Caucasian black grouse; in the lowlands - the jackal; in rivers and lakes - trout, salmon, carp, pike perch, etc. Reserves - Ritsinsky, Gumistsky, Pitsundsky.

A. A. Mints.

Population. A. inhabits more than 10 peoples. Among them, according to the 1959 census, Abkhazians accounted for 61.2 thousand people, Georgians 158.2 thousand people, Russians 86.7 thousand people, Armenians 64.4 thousand people; Ukrainians, Greeks, Jews, Belarusians, Estonians, etc. also live. The average density is 56 people per 1 km2 (1969). The population of Armenia increased by 269,000 from 1926 to 1969. The most densely populated are the coastal plain and foothills, where all the cities are located and the majority of the rural population lives (150-200 people per 1 km2), 93% of the total population is concentrated here. A significant part of mountainous regions (above 1000 m) does not have a permanent population; some settlements are located in mountain basins and along river valleys. In 1969 the urban population was 42% (15% in 1926). Cities (1969, thousand inhabitants): Sukhumi (92), Tkvarcheli (30), Gagra (22), Ochamchira (18), Gudauta (15), Gali (11).

Historical sketch. The first traces of man on the territory of modern Armenia date back to the early Paleolithic. Archaeological sites of the 2nd half of the 3rd-2nd millennia BC e. testify to the presence here of agriculture, cattle breeding and handicrafts, processing of copper and bronze, and then iron. At the beginning of the 1st millennium, an urban-type settlement arose in the area of ​​modern Sukhumi. The first information about the ancestors of the Abkhaz people dates back to the Late Bronze Age. In the 7-6 centuries. BC e. in Armenia the process of disintegration of the primitive communal system and the formation of a class society begins. In the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. A. was part of the Colchis kingdom. Greek colonies - Dioscuria, Pitiunt, and others - arose on the coast of Armenia. BC e. A. was subordinate to the Pontic king Mithridates VI Eupator, and from 65 AD. e. - the Romans, who created the fortress of Sebastopolis on the site of Dioscuria. By the end of the 1st century. n. e. tribal formations of the early feudal type (the princedoms of the Apsils, Abazgs, and Sanigovs) developed on the territory of Armenia; throughout the 4th-6th centuries. Byzantium gradually subjugated all of Armenia. In the first half of the 6th century. Christianity was introduced in Armenia as an official religion. In the 6th century. feudal relations developed. By the 8th century. basically the Abkhazian people were consolidated. In the 80s. 8 c. ruler A. Leon II seeks the liberation of the country from the power of Byzantium and unites all of Western Georgia under the name of the Abkhazian kingdom with the capital initially in Anakopia, and then in Kutaisi. It reaches its highest development in the 9-10th centuries. and takes an active part in the struggle for the unification of all of Georgia. In the second half of the 10th century. Armenia became part of the united feudal Georgia. In the coastal part of Armenia, the population was mainly engaged in agriculture. Trade with overseas countries grew. An ancient trade route from Transcaucasia to Kievan Rus ran along the Black Sea coast. In the mountainous part, cattle breeding prevailed. In the highlands, primitive communal relations were still preserved. A significant prosperity in the 11-13th centuries. feudal culture reached. Byzantine cultural influence is gradually being replaced by Georgian one. In the context of the political disintegration of feudal Georgia, Armenia at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries. stands out as an independent principality. However, even from the 2nd half of the 16th century. A., like the whole of Western Georgia, found itself dependent on Turkey, which sought to destroy the material and spiritual culture of the Abkhaz people, to forcibly implant the religion of Islam among the population. The persistent resistance of the population of Armenia to this policy often took the form of open armed uprisings (in 1725, 1728, 1733, 1771, 1806, and others. ). She saw the possibility of getting rid of the Turkish yoke in rapprochement with Russia, which was formalized in 1810 by an act of official annexation to the Russian Empire. The feudal ruler remained the nominal ruler of A. - ah.

Economic development was hampered by the colonialist policy of tsarism; nevertheless, Armenia’s annexation to Russia, which freed it from the rule of an extremely backward Turkey, and its involvement in the all-Russian market system facilitated the transition of Armenia to higher forms of economic and social life and created opportunities for penetration into Armenia. advanced Russian culture, and the introduction of the Armenian people to the Russian liberation movement.

In 1864, Russian administration was introduced in Armenia, and Moscow was turned into the "Sukhum military department." The officials of the tsarist military-administrative apparatus relied on the local feudal nobility. The instrument of tsarist colonialism in Armenia was the Orthodox Church, which pursued a policy of restoring Christianity. In Armenia, the struggle of the popular masses against feudal and colonial oppression grew. The largest was the Abkhaz uprising of 1866. Serfdom was abolished in Armenia in 1870, but the peasants remained temporarily liable until the Great October Socialist Revolution. A grave consequence of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-78 was the forcible eviction by the Turks of a significant part of the Abkhaz people to Turkey (mahajirism). In 1877 there were over 78,000 inhabitants in Armenia; by the end of the same year, about 46 thousand remained.

During the post-reform period Armenia was gradually drawn into the channel of capitalist relations. In the 90s. the first highway Novorossiysk - Sukhumi - Batumi was built. The turnover of the external and internal markets grew. Tobacco growing has become the leading branch of agriculture. At the beginning of the 20th century. the large landowners of Armenia had more than 135,000 dessiatines of land, while the peasants only 72,000 dessiatines. At that time in Armenia there were about 400 small, mainly handicraft industrial enterprises, which employed only 1,030 people.

Late 19th - early 20th centuries marked by the activities of prominent Abkhaz teachers and educators - F. Kh. Eshba, D. I. Gulia, A. M. Chochua, and others. In 1902-03 the first social democratic organizations appeared in Armenia. In 1903, on the initiative of A.G. Tsulukidze, the Sukhumi Social Democratic group of the Batumi Committee of the RSDLP took shape. The revolutionary movement of 1905–1907 in Armenia was led by the Caucasian Union Committee of the RSDLP. In 1905, armed detachments of revolutionary peasants, the Red Hundreds, began to form (in Gudauta, Gagra, and the Gali region); a people's militia was organized in Sukhumi in November 1905. The armed uprising in November - December 1905 was prepared by the Bolsheviks, headed by G.K. Ordzhonikidze. In Sukhumi, Gudauta and Gagra in December 1905, power was actually in the hands of the working people, but revolutionary uprisings were suppressed by the tsarist troops.

Since 1916, a military group of Bolsheviks operated in Sukhumi, which, after the February Revolution of 1917, had a great influence on the soldiers. In May 1917, the District Committee of the RSDLP (b), headed by E.A. Eshba, was created. From the very beginning the Mensheviks seized the leadership of the Sukhum Soviet. But in some areas of Albania, the Soviets were Bolshevik. Beginning in November 1917, the authority of the local bodies of the counter-revolutionary Menshevik Transcaucasian Commissariat was established in Armenia. In March 1918, under the leadership of the Bolsheviks, the working people of Azerbaijan rose up in an armed uprising; on April 8, Sukhumi was occupied, and Soviet power was proclaimed. But on May 17, 1918, after stubborn battles, the armed forces of the counter-revolutionary Transcaucasian Seim entered Sukhumi. In February - March 1921, the working people of Armenia, together with the working people of all Georgia, raised an armed uprising, supported by the Red Army. A revolutionary committee was created in Armenia (E. A. Eshba, N. A. Lakoba, N. N. Akirtava). On March 4, 1921, Sukhumi became Soviet, and on the same day Soviet power was proclaimed in Armenia. On March 4 and 10, the leaders of the revolutionary committee of Armenia telegraphed to V.I. Lenin about the victory of the socialist revolution in Armenia. ... On March 31, the revolutionary committee of A. notified V. I. Lenin, I. V. Stalin, and G. V. Chicherin about this event by radiogram. In May 1921, the Revolutionary Committee of Georgia issued a declaration on the independence of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia, and on December 16, 1921, on the basis of the "Union Treaty between the SSR of Georgia and the SSR of Abkhazia," Armenia became part of the Georgian SSR; then December 13, 1922 - in the TSFSR as part of the Georgian SSR. On December 30, 1922, Armenia, as part of the ZSFSR, entered the USSR. Armenia's first constitution was adopted on April 1, 1925. In February 1931, Armenia entered the Georgian SSR as an autonomous republic.

In April 1921 the Revolutionary Committee of Georgia issued a Decree on Land. On its basis, the nationalization of the land and the distribution of the former landlord and private lands (more than 44 thousand dessiatines in total) were carried out. The nationalization of industry was carried out and other revolutionary economic transformations were carried out.

During the years of the prewar five-year plans, a developed industry was created in Armenia: in 1940 the state and cooperative industry produced products worth 91.5 million rubles. in prices of 1926-27 (in 1914, products were produced for 185.5 thousand rubles; in 1924-25, for 805 thousand rubles). A diversified collective and state farm agriculture arose - by 1940, 93.8% of peasant farms had been collectivized. A cultural revolution has taken place: illiteracy has been eliminated; the ancestral and feudal remnants that had existed here earlier have basically disappeared; the national cadres of the working class and the intelligentsia have grown; higher educational institutions, scientific and research institutions, libraries, clubs, etc. that were absent before were created. Abkhazian literature and art achieved significant development. On March 15, 1935, A. was awarded the Order of Lenin for her successes in agriculture and industry. On August 2, 1937, at the 8th All-Abkhazian Congress of Soviets of Azerbaijan, a new Constitution of the Abkhaz ASSR was approved, reflecting the victory of socialism in the republic. The Abkhaz people have consolidated into a socialist nation.

During the Great Patriotic War in August - September 1942, fascist German troops tried to break through from the north through the passes of the Main Ridge of the Greater Caucasus into Armenia, occupied the high-mountain Abkhazian village of Pskhu, but were stopped and then driven back by the Soviet Army. The working people of Armenia displayed courage and heroism at the front and in the rear. 20 sons of A. were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The medal "For the Defense of the Caucasus" in Armenia was awarded to 8776 people and the medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War 1941-45" - 32,102 people.

In the postwar period, Armenia's economy and culture continued to develop. In 1968, the gross industrial output of the republic increased 5.2 times over 1940. The material and cultural standard of living of the people has significantly increased. In A. 264 Hero of Socialist Labor (1969).

G. A. Dzidzaria.

National economy. In the USSR, Albania is one of the main bases for high-quality tobacco growing, well-developed tea growing, and citrus growing. The resort economy and tourism are of great importance in the Armenian economy.

Armenia's industry was wholly created after the establishment of Soviet power. The energy sector relies on the use of local fuels (coal) and hydropower. On the river Gumista - Sukhum hydroelectric power station. In 1968, 810 million kilowatt-hours of electricity were generated (155 million kilowatt-hours in 1940). Armenia has deposits of coal (Tkvarchelskoe), polymetals, mercury (Avadkharskoe), and barite (Pitsikvarskoe, Apshinskoe). In 1968, 939 thousand tons of coal were mined (229 thousand tons in 1940) - about 40% of the coal production in the Georgian SSR, most of it is processed into concentrate and exported for coke production to the Rustavi Metallurgical Plant. An important role is played by the branches for the processing of agricultural raw materials, to a large extent associated with the subtropical complex - tea (Gali, Achigvara, Okumi, Ochamchira, Akhali-Kindgi, Dranda, Gudauta, etc.), tobacco (Sukhumi, Gudauta, Ochamchira, Gantiadi, etc. .), as well as wine, essential oil, canning, meat, dairy, and fishing industries. The production of tea (baikhov primary processing) in 1968 amounted to 9.5 thousand tons (1.2 thousand tons in 1940), canned food - 13.5 million conventional cans (2.1 million conventional cans in 1940). There is leather and footwear (Sukhumi), sewing (Sukhumi, Gudauta, Ochamchira), woodworking (Kodori, Sukhumi, Bzyb, etc.), instrument-making and metalworking (Sukhumi) industries, production of building materials (Sukhumi, Tkvarcheli, Bzyb, etc.).

Agriculture. A. is distinguished by its tea growing, tobacco growing, and the cultivation of citrus fruits, essential oils, and tunga. Viticulture, fruit growing, vegetable growing, grain farming and animal husbandry are developed.

In 1969 there were 133 collective farms and 22 state farms in Abkhazia (citrus, tea, etc.). The sown area was 39.8 thousand hectares (59.7 thousand hectares in 1940), the area of ​​perennial plantations (tea and citrus plantations, orchards, vineyards) 34.1 thousand hectares. There are 13.7 thousand hectares under tea culture (9 thousand hectares in 1940), mainly in the southeastern part of the republic; Armenia produces 15% of the tea leaf in the USSR (38,300 tons in 1968). In the production of high-quality yellow tobaccos (in 1968 the sown area was more than 6,000 hectares, the harvest was 5,900 tons) Armenia occupies a leading position in the Georgian SSR; the main massifs are located in the northwestern and central regions of the foothill-hilly strip. Citrus fruits (3.3 thousand hectares) are cultivated in the foothill-hilly regions. Fruit growing (12.1 thousand hectares) and viticulture (5.0 thousand hectares) are common in many areas of the coastal strip. Of grain crops, maize is mainly sown (24.5 thousand hectares). Potatoes and vegetables and melons (2.2 thousand hectares in 1968) - in the foothills and around large resorts.

In lowlands, flood control in the lower reaches of rivers and drainage of individual swamps are of great importance. In 1968 the area of ​​drained land was 24.5 thousand hectares.

Breeding of dairy and dairy-meat cattle, pigs, goats, poultry prevails in animal husbandry. In the flat strip, where there are few natural forage lands, stall and stall-camp keeping of livestock is practiced. Part of the livestock in the summer is driven to subalpine and alpine pastures. Livestock on January 1, 1969 (thousand): cattle 142, sheep and goats 41.6, pigs 56.6. Sericulture and beekeeping are well developed.

State purchases of agricultural products in 1968 (thousand tons): tea leaves (varietal) 38.3 (6.5 in 1940), 15.4 fruits, incl. citrus fruits 4.6, tobacco 5.9, livestock and poultry [in live weight (the term "live weight" is common)] 3.4 (1.4 in 1940), milk and dairy products (in terms of milk) 5.5 (0.9 in 1940), eggs (million pieces) 26.1 (1 million pieces in 1940), 4.4 cocoons.

In the Black Sea - fishing (mullet, horse mackerel, etc.).

Transport. The Tuapse-Sukhumi-Samtredia electrified railroad and the Novorossiysk-Sukhumi-Batumi highway run along the coastal strip of A. The deep mountainous regions are served by the Ochamchira - Tkvarcheli railway line and the Bzyb - Avadkhara, Sukhumi - Klukhor pass and other highways. Sea transportation is carried out through the port of Sukhumi and the port points of Gagra, Gudauta, Novy Afon, Ochamchira. Allied airlines pass through Sukhumi.

Tobacco, tea, fruits, including citruses, wine, and essential oils are exported from Armenia; import grain, meat and dairy products, sugar, etc.

The well-being of the people is steadily increasing on the basis of the growth of the republic's national income. The volume of retail trade in 1968 compared with 1950 (in comparable prices) increased 3.2 times. In 1968, state and cooperative enterprises and organizations (excluding collective farms), as well as workers and employees in cities and rural areas, commissioned 74,300 m2 of total (usable) area. In addition, 555 residential buildings have been built by collective farms, collective farmers and rural intelligentsia. Social insurance and pension funds are growing, and the real incomes of the population are increasing.

A. A. Mints.

Healthcare. In 1913, Armenia had 4 hospitals (with 92 beds) and 9 doctors. At the beginning of 1969, Armenia had 1,391 doctors (403 in 1940), 4,100 nurses (909 in 1940), 63 hospitals (for 4,300 beds), 242 institutions providing outpatient polyclinic assistance to the population. On the coast of the Black Sea, protected from the north-east. the mountains of the Greater Caucasus, for several tens of kilometers there are climatic resorts of union significance - Sukhumi, Gagra, Gudauta, Novy Afon, Gulripshi, Pitsunda, Leselidze. In mountainous areas there are outcrops of mineral springs used for medicinal purposes (Tkvarcheli, Ritsa-Avadhara, etc.). At the beginning of 1969, there were 36 sanatorium-and-spa establishments (for 11,400 beds). Tourism is developing successfully. Comfortable tourist centers (open all year round), boarding houses and campings have been created, summer shelters have been created on Avadhar and near the Klukhor pass. It is planned to build suspended cable cars to the Iverskaya Mountain in New Athos, to the Sukhum Mountain in Sukhumi.

Public education and cultural and educational institutions. Before the Great October Socialist Revolution, the literacy rate of the population was about 10%. In the 1914–15 academic year, Armenia had only 150 primary schools (7.6 thousand students), four higher primary schools (0.6 thousand students), and two secondary schools (0.5 thousand students). There were no secondary specialized and higher educational institutions. During the years of Soviet power, illiteracy was eliminated in Armenia, and universal compulsory education was introduced. In 1968, about 10,000 children were educated in 193 preschool institutions. In the 1968/69 academic year, there were 162 primary schools (5 thousand students), 129 eight-year schools (19.8 thousand students) and 146 secondary schools (72.9 thousand students), 38 schools for working and rural youth (St. 5 , 2 thousand students), 8 houses of pioneers and schoolchildren, 10 children's sports schools, 3 stations for young technicians and young naturalists. In 6 secondary specialized educational institutions (industrial and agricultural technical schools, medical, music, cultural and educational and art schools) and a vocational school, about 3 thousand students studied. At the Institute of Subtropical Economy and the Pedagogical Institute. Gorky had 7.9 thousand students. In 1968 the graduation of specialists of secondary and higher qualifications amounted to more than 1,800 people.

In A. there are (1968): the Abkhazian State Museum. DI Gulia (Sukhumi), Pitsunda Museum-Exhibition, Museum of Abkhaz Weapons (Gagra), 290 public libraries, 194 club institutions, 147 cinema installations. See also sections Music and Theater.

Scientific institutions. In 1968 there were 15 scientific institutions in the republic, including the Abkhazian Institute of Language, Literature and History named after I. D.I. Gulia of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, the Institute of Experimental Pathology and Therapy of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (with a monkey nursery), the Abkhaz branch of the Research Institute of Balneology and Physiotherapy of the Ministry of Health of the Georgian SSR, the Sukhum Branch of the All-Union Institute of Tea and Subtropical Cultures, the Sukhumi Botanical Garden, etc. In Sukhumi the only scientific research institute of tourism in the USSR was created.

In 1969 there were more than 700 scientific workers in universities and research institutions, including 27 doctors and about 300 candidates of sciences. Corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR I.G. Gverdtsiteli (physics), corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR A.A. Kolakovsky (botany), corresponding member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR B.A. 3. V. Anchabadze, G. A. Dzidzaria, Sh. Inal-Ipa; doctor of medical sciences, professor S. Ya. Arshba, professor A. L. Grigelia (medicine) and other prominent scientists.

Printing and broadcasting. In 1968 the publishing house "Alashara" ("Light") published 80 books and brochures with a total circulation of 237,000 copies. 3 republican newspapers are published - "Apsny kapsh" ("Red Abkhazia", ​​from 1921) in the Abkhaz language, "Sabchota Abkhazeti" ("Soviet Abkhazia", ​​from 1937) in the Georgian language, "Soviet Abkhazia" (from 1921) in Russian - with a total one-time circulation of 57 thousand copies (1968). The literary-artistic and socio-political magazine "Alashara" ("Light", since 1955), the magazine for children "Amtsabz" ("Flame", since 1957) - both in the Abkhaz language, are published.

Republican radio broadcasts in the Abkhaz, Georgian and Russian languages; radio and television programs are relayed from Moscow, Tbilisi, Sochi.

Literature. One of the sources that fed the Abkhaz fiction from the moment of its inception was folklore. Many genres are represented in Abkhaz folklore - from heroic epic legends about the heroes of the Narts and about Abrskil to lyrical songs and wise aphorisms. The first attempt to compose the Abkhaz alphabet on a Russian graphic basis was made in 1862 by the Russian linguist P.K. Uslar. The first Abkhazian primer was published in 1865. In 1892, the updated and revised "Abkhazian alphabet", compiled by DI Gulia and KD Machavariani, was published. The founder of fiction was the people's poet of Abkhazia DI Gulia; in 1912 he published his first collection of poetry, Poems and Chastushki. In 1919 the first Abkhaz newspaper "Apsny" (ed. By DI Gulia) began to appear, around which young writers gathered. In 1919, DI Gulia wrote the story "Under a strange sky", which laid the foundation for Abkhazian prose. In 1920 S. Ya. Chanba published the first Abkhaz drama "Mahajirs"; the poet I. Kogonia began his creative activity. In his best poems, published in 1925 ("Abataa Beslan", "Navay and Mzauch", "Khmydzh the Hunter", "Zoskhan Achba and the sons of Beslan Zhanaa"), he reflected the heroism of the people's life. After the establishment of Soviet power (1921), conditions were created in Armenia for the development of realistic literature, and a transition to syllabo-tonic versification was outlined. In the 30-40s. Abkhaz writers have created works that have received wide recognition: the novel "Kamachich" (1940) and the drama "Ghosts" (1946) by DI Gulia; the story "Seydyk" (1934) by S. Ya. Chanba; "The birth of the collective farm" Forward "" (1931) V. V. Agrba: novels: "Temir" (1937), "Women's Honor" (1949) I. G. Papaskiri. Later, the book of stories "Alamys" (1961) by M. A. Lakerbay appeared; poems, poems, stories by L. Kvitsinia, Sh. Tsvizhba, L. Labakhua, K. Agumaa, D. Darsalia, S. Kuchberia, M. Khashba, P. Chkadua; poems, poems and novels in verse "My fellow countrymen" (1950), "Song of the Rock" (1958) by the people's poet of Abkhazia B. Shinkuba; works by I. Tarba, A. Lasuria, A. Jonua, C. Jonua, K. Lomia, K. Chachkhalia, M. Papaskiri, G. Gublia, V. Ankvaba, A. Ajinjal. Many works of G. Gulia, who writes in Russian, are dedicated to the life of the Abkhaz people. N. Tarba, A. Gogua, Sh. Chkadua, and D. Akhuba emerged from the literary youth. For children they write: D. Tapagua, G. Papaskiri and others. Sh. Inal-Ipa, Kh. Bgazhba, M. Delba, Sh. Salakaia and others work in the field of criticism. Many works of Russian, Georgian and Western European classics. In collaboration with Abkhaz writers, a group of talented writers writing in the Georgian, Russian and Armenian languages ​​works - Sh. Akobia, A. Dzhidaryan, L. Lyubchenko and others.

I.K. Tarba.

Architecture and fine arts. Dolmens of the Bronze Age (the second half of the third to the beginning of the second millennium BC), traces of Cyclopean structures, and the remains of ancient and early medieval civil and defensive structures (the ruins of the cities of Dioscuria - Sebastopolis, Anakopia, Pitiunta, 160 km of the Abkhaz wall, etc.). With the adoption of Christianity (6th century), Byzantine influences penetrated into Armenia. In the cult architecture of the 6-8 centuries, characterized by geometric simplicity of forms (the church of the ancient fortress in Gagra, the one-apse basilica in Novy Afon), local building traditions (the use of rough squares of stone) are also manifested. During the epoch of the Abkhazian (late 8th – 10th centuries) and Georgian (10th – 13th centuries) kingdoms, medieval architecture of Armenia flourished. The buildings of this time are characterized by restrained severity and variety of forms, the avarice of carved decor (basilicas in Ambar, Gantiadi, slender domed basilicas in Mokva and Lykhny, cross-domed churches in Dranda, Novy Afon, Agu Bedia, Pitsunda, etc.). By the 11th-12th centuries. include a palace in Bedia, a single-span arched bridge on the Besleti River, and a number of fortifications (Bagrat's castle in Sukhumi, etc.). During the period of feudal fragmentation (14th – 16th centuries) and Turkish expansion (16th – early 19th centuries), construction was sharply reduced; mainly fortresses and castles were erected. With the accession to Russia (1810) and the development of capitalism (late 19th - early 20th centuries), the growth of coastal cities began, the construction of industrial and administrative buildings, private dachas, villas, hotels and sanatoriums (a hotel and a palace in Gagra, Aloizi's house in Sukhumi, sanatorium in Gulripshi).

In socialist Armenia, cities are being reconstructed and improved, and monuments are being restored. The House of the Government of the Abkhaz ASSR (1932-39, architect V. A. Shchuko, V. G. Gelfreikh), the hotel "Abkhazia" (1938, architect Yu. S. Golubev, Yu. V. Shchuko), a railway station ( 1951, architect L. and L. Mushkudiani), Institute of Subtropical Economy (1968, architect D. Kipshidze, O. Paichadze, K. Tsulaya). Since the early 1960s. standard housing construction was developed. The Sukhumi redevelopment project was approved (1968). The sea terminal is under construction (1969). Resort construction began on the coast: in Novy Afon, Gudauta, Gagra (rest house of the Council of Ministers of the Georgian SSR, 1935, architect N.P. Severov; sanatorium "Ukraine", 1936, architect Ya. A. Steinberg; rest house named after 17- 1st Party Congress, 1952, architect A. Alkhazov; rest house "Russia", 1969, architect Yu. L. Schwarzbreim) and Sukhumi (rest house "Sinop", 1967, architect V. Aleksi-Meskhishvili; rest house of composers, 1969, architects Sh.Davitashvili, G. Jabua). In 1959-67 a new resort complex was created in Pitsunda (a group of architects headed by M.V. Posokhin).

In the folk architecture of Armenia, wicker and wooden dwellings with hipped roofs and pyramidal roofs, rectangular or rounded in plan (akuascia, apatskha, amhara, abor, and others), dating back to ancient times, are preserved. A 2-storey dwelling is widespread (the lower floor is stone, the upper one is wooden) with a gallery along the facade. On state and collective farms, the construction of comfortable stone buildings is expanding.

Fine and decorative arts have been developing in Armenia since ancient times. The most ancient works of small plasticity (figurines of people and animals, mainly dogs, sheep and rams, made of clay and bronze), samples of ornamented ceramics, artistic metal products (bronze axes, buckles, bracelets, clasps decorated with sculptural and engraved images of animals). Unique are the bronze rhyton from the village of Bambora (early 1st millennium BC), marble relief stele (5th century BC) from Sukhumi, early Byzantine mosaics from Pitsunda (4th-5th centuries), chased gold chalice II c. from the village of Bedia, miniatures of the Mokva and Pitsunda Gospels of the early 14th century, frescoes of the 14th-16th centuries. in the temples of Lykhny, Pitsunda, etc.

An important role in the development of contemporary fine arts in Armenia was played by the art studio opened in 1918 in Sukhumi by the first professional Abkhaz artist A.K.Shervashidze (Chachba), as well as the work of artists A.I.Sadkevich, V.S.Kontarev, O. A. Segal, L. N. Nevsky and others. In 1935 an art school was opened in Sukhumi and in 1937 - a school. The fine arts were further developed. Painters (I.P. Tsomaya, V.F.Europina, N.O. Tabukashvili, V.Ya. Shcheglov, O.V.Brendel, Kh.T. and revolutionary themes, still lifes, landscapes. Easel and illustration graphics (V.D.Bubnova, Ch.V. Kukuladze, V. Meskhi, etc.), portrait and monumental sculpture (A.I. Razmadze, M.E.Eshba, V.E. Iuanba, B . G. Gogoberidze, Yu. V. Chkadua). In decorative and applied folk art, weaving, woodcarving, bone and horn carving, chasing and engraving on metal, embroidery with gold and silver threads, weaving of patterned belts are developed.

Z.S. Arshba, A.K. Katsia.

Music. Abkhazian folk music is polyphonic. The two- and three-part songs of the Abkhaz are unusually unique. Among the samples of folk art there are many songs, the musical structure of which testifies to their ancient origin. These include cult songs, a large number of hunting and labor songs. A special place in the Abkhaz musical folklore is occupied by the historical and heroic epic, which vividly reflected the harsh and courageous life of the people and their character. The new way of life and attitude are expressed in modern folk songs. Among the Abkhaz musical instruments are ayumaa (angular harp), akhimaa (a zither-type instrument, a trapezoidal frame with strings), aphertsa (two-stringed bowed instrument), acharpan (a kind of flute), etc. In Abkhaz songs, the instrument is usually accompanying, but in national folklore there are samples and instrumental music.

K. Dzidzaria, K. Kovach, I. Lakerbay, D. N. Shvedov, A. M. Balanchivadze, Sh. M. Mshvelidze, I. Kortua, V. Akhobadze, A. Pozdneev and others were engaged in the recording of Abkhaz folk songs. based on the Abkhaz folk art, the following operas were created: "The Exiles" by Shvedov (staged in 1940, Moscow, the WTO Ensemble, excerpts), "Mziya" by Balanchivadze (staged in 1950, Tbilisi), symphonic, chamber instrumental and vocal works.

After the establishment of Soviet power in Armenia (1921), a professional musical culture developed intensively. In 1930, the State Musical College and the Musical School were opened in Sukhumi, under which the People's Choir under the direction of P. Pantsulai, symphony and brass bands, and the State String Quartet soon began to function. In 1966, the Opera Studio was organized at the School of Music. The Abkhaz State Philharmonic Society, the State Song and Dance Ensemble A., the choir chapel, the symphony orchestra, the House of Folk Art with its only choir of centenary folk singers in the world are doing a great deal of creative work. Amateur art is developed (ensemble "Apsny-67", etc.)

S.P. Ketsba, I.E. Cortois.

Theatre. The origins of the Abkhaz theatrical culture are in folk games, rituals, oral folk art (performances of satirist singers - ahdzyrtvu comedians - keches, etc.). Amateur performances have been staged in Sukhumi since 1915. In 1918, a literary and dramatic circle was created at the Sukhum Teachers' Seminary on the initiative of the poet D. I. Gulia. After the establishment of Soviet power in Armenia (1921), a theatrical troupe began to work under the direction of A. D.I. Gulia. In 1928 the Abkhazian sector of the Sukhum theater was opened. In 1930, classes in the newly created Abkhaz drama studio began in Sukhumi, on the basis of which the Abkhaz National Theater was opened in the same year. In subsequent years, the theater included in its repertoire national drama, performances of folk tales and legends, plays dedicated to the present (playwrights S. Ya. Chanba, V.V. Agrba, Sh. A. Pachalia, etc.). Classical drama is being staged (Shakespeare, Gogol, Gorky). Among the works of the theater: "Ghosts" by D. I. Gulia, "Danakai" by M. A. Lakerbay, "My Best Role" by M. A. Lakerbay and V. K. Krakht, "Your Uncle Misha" by G. D. Mdivani , "Before the Sunrise" by G. A. Gabunia, "In remote antiquity" by D. Kh. Darsalia. Among the theater workers: People's Artists of the Georgian SSR and the Abkhaz ASSR A.R. and R.M. Agrba, A.B. Argun-Konoshok, M.I. Zukhba, L. Sh. Kaslandzia, Sh. A. Pachalia, E. 3. Shakirbai, M.A.Kove, artistic director and director of the drama theater N.R. Eshba. The theater employs a Georgian troupe (People's Artists of the Georgian SSR: M. D. Chubinidze, V. V. Ninidze, L. D. Chedia, etc.). In 1967 the theater was named after S. Chanba.

Lit .: Abkhaz ASSR, Tb., 1961; Georgia, M., 1967 (series "Soviet Union"); Kuftyreva N.S., Lashkhia Sh. V., Mgeladze K.G., The Nature of Abkhazia, Sukhumi, 1961; Bgazhba MT, Plant resources of Abkhazia and their use, Sukhumi, 1964; Kuprava A., Saaria B., Apsny aekonomikei akulturyi lyshetkakachra, Akua, 1967; Zamyatnin S.N., Paleolithic of Abkhazia, Sukhumi, 1937; Zvanba S. T., Ethnographic studies, Sukhumi, 1955; Essays on the history of the Abkhaz ASSR, parts 1-2, Sukhumi, 1960-64; Anchabadze 3. V., From the history of medieval Abkhazia (VI-XVII centuries), Sukhumi, 1959; Antelava I.G., Essays on the history of Abkhazia in the 17th-18th centuries, 2nd ed., Sukhumi, 1951; Dzidzaria G.A., National economy and social relations in Abkhazia in the 19th century, Sukhumi, 1958; his, Accession of Abkhazia to Russia and its historical significance, Sukhumi, 1960; From the history of revolutionary events in Abkhazia in 1905-1907. Sat. Art., Sukhumi, 1955; Struggle for October in Abkhazia. Collection of documents and materials 1917-1921, Sukhumi, 1967; Under the banner of October, Sukhumi, 1968; Abshilava A. A. Sons of Abkhazia - Heroes of the Soviet Union, Sukhumi, 1961; Gogokhia Sh. D., Healthcare in Abkhazia, Sukhumi, 1966; Grigolia A. L., Gagra group of resorts, M., 1956; Anthology of Abkhaz poetry, M., 1958; Abkhazian stories, M., 1962; Abkhaz literature. Brief sketch, Sukhumi, 1968; Bgazhba H., Zelinsky K., Dmitry Gulia, M., 1965; Ancya lacuqua, vol. 1-2, Akya, 1965-68; Salakaya Sh., Abkhazian folk heroic epic, Tbilisi, 1966; Anshba A., Questions of poetics of the Abkhaz Nart epic, M., 1966; Inal-Ipa Sh., Notes on the Development of Abkhaz Literature, Sukhumi, 1967; his, Abkhazians, 2nd ed., Sukhumi, 1965; Adzhinjal I.A., Dwellings of Abkhazians, Sukhumi, 1957; Adzinba I.E., Architectural Monuments of Abkhazia, Sukhumi. 1958; Anchabadze 3. V., History and culture of Ancient Abkhazia, M., 1964; Patchulia V.P., In the edge of the golden fleece, M., 1968; his, According to ancient but eternally young Abkhazia, Sukhumi, 1969; Kovach K., 101 Abkhaz folk songs (with historical information), M., 1929; his, Songs of the Abkhazians of Kadori, Sukhumi, 1930; Kortua I.E., Abkhazian folk songs and musical instruments, Sukhumi, 1959; his, Abkhazian folk song, M., 1965; Darsalia V.V., Abkhaz Soviet drama, Tb., 1968; Lakerbay M., Essays on the history of Abkhaz theatrical art, 2nd ed., Sukhumi, 1962.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB. 2012

See also the interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what the ABKHAZ AUTONOMOUS SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• REPUBLIC in the One-Volume Large Law Dictionary:
  (Latin res / publica from res - business, publicus - public) - a form of government in which all the highest authorities ...
• SOVIET
  357329, Stavropol, ...
• SOVIET in the Directory of Localities and Postal Codes of Russia:
  352230, Krasnodar, ...
• SOVIET in the Directory of Localities and Postal Codes of Russia:
  347180, Rostov, ...
• SOVIET
  REPUBLIC - a special kind of republican form of government (see REPUBLIC), formally characterized by the following features. The unified system of public authorities is made up of ...
• REPUBLIC in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  SUPER-PRESIDENTIAL - see SUPER-PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC ...
• REPUBLIC in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  SOVIET - see SOVIET REPUBLIC ...
• REPUBLIC in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  MIXED TYPE (SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC) - a type of republican form of government, in which elements of a presidential republic are combined with elements of a parliamentary republic. The president …
• REPUBLIC in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  PRESIDENTIAL - see PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC ...
• REPUBLIC in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  PARLIAMENTARY. see PARLIAMENTARY REPUBLIC ...
• REPUBLIC in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  MONOCRATIC - see SUPER-PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC ...
• REPUBLIC in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION - one of the six types of subjects of the Russian Federation. In accordance with paragraph 2 of Art. 5 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993 ...
• REPUBLIC in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  AUTONOMOUS - see AUTONOMOUS REPUBLIC ...
• REPUBLIC in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  (lat.res publica - the property of the people, a public matter). a form of government in which the supreme state power is exercised by the elected on ...
• AUTONOMOUS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  REPUBLIC (AUTONOMOUS SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC) - in the former USSR, a form of autonomy. It was a "state" that was part of a union republic (RSFSR, ...
• AUTONOMOUS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  REGION - a national-territorial entity, one of the varieties of the subjects of the Russian Federation. At the present time, there is only one A. about in the structure of the Russian Federation. - ...

Republic of Abkhazia (Apsny) located in the northwestern Transcaucasia. The northwestern and northern border of the Republic of Abkhazia runs along the Psou River, and then along the crest of the Main Dividing Range of the Greater Caucasus. In this part, it borders on the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - the Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Adygea and the Karachay-Cherkess Republic. In the east, the border runs along the Sakyan ridge, the southern spurs of the Kodori (Panayusky) ridge and the lower course of the river. Ingur. Here Abkhazia borders on Georgia. In the south, the territory of Abkhazia is washed by the waters of the Black Sea. The total length of the coastline is about 240 km in the eastern part of the Black Sea.

Most of the territory of the republic is occupied by high mountain ranges: the spurs of the Greater Caucasus Range, bordering Abkhazia from the north. The highest point of the ridge is Mount Dombai-Ulgen (4046 m). The following passes lead to Abkhazia through the Main Range: Klukhorsky (2781 m), Marukhsky (2739 m) and others.

The average length of the territory of Abkhazia from north-west to south-east is 170 km, from south to north - 66 km. It lies between 43 ° 35 ′ and 42 ° 27 ′ north latitude and 40 ° and 42 ° 08 ′ east longitude. The total area of ​​the country is 8.665 thousand square meters. km.

Territory of Abkhazia includes 7 districts (Gagra, Gudauta, Sukhum, Gulrypsh, Ochamchir, Tkuarchal, Gal), 8 cities (Gagra, Pitsunda, Gudauta, Novy Afon, Sukhum, Ochamchira, Tkuarchal, Gal), 4 urban-type settlements (Tsandripsh, Bzyurap. , Gulripsh), 512 villages.

Population of Abkhazia- about 250 thousand people. Abkhazians, Armenians, Russians, Georgians, Greeks, Estonians, Germans, Poles, Jews, etc. live in the multinational republic. Orthodox Christians predominate among the believers. On the territory of Abkhazia there are 144 Orthodox churches (including monastic ones), two monasteries, two rock monasteries, two chapels, four venerated grottoes, two holy springs. Since 2002, the New Athos Theological School has been functioning. Divine services in the Abkhaz language have been resumed. In the city of Sukhum there are also operating Lutheran and Catholic churches, as well as a synagogue.

Capital of Abkhazia- Sukhum (Akua). The population of Sukhum is about 80 thousand people.

Republic of Abkhazia (Apsny)- a sovereign democratic state. Abkhazia is a presidential republic with its own attributes of statehood (coat of arms, flag, anthem). The Constitution of the Republic of Abkhazia was adopted by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Abkhazia on November 26, 1994. State power is exercised on the basis of division into legislative, executive and judicial branches.

President of the Republic of Abkhazia is the head of state. The elections of the President of the Republic of Abkhazia are carried out on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot for a period of 5 years. Simultaneously with the President of the Republic of Abkhazia, the Vice-President of the Republic of Abkhazia is elected. The President of the Republic of Abkhazia directs the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Abkhazia.

Legislative power is represented by a multi-party parliament, elected for a term of 5 years and consisting of 35 members. The highest body of judicial power in the Republic of Abkhazia is the Supreme Court.

The first President of Abkhazia is Vladislav Grigorievich Ardzinba.

Independence of Abkhazia recognized by the Russian Federation (August 26, 2008), Nicaragua (September 5, 2008), Venezuela (September 10, 2009), Nauru (December 16, 2009), the Syrian Arab Republic (May 29, 2018).

On September 17, Russia and Abkhazia signed Treaties of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, which laid the foundation for long-term cooperation between the two countries. A Russian military ground base is based on the territory of Abkhazia, 3700 Russian military personnel are stationed. Negotiations are underway on basing ships of the Russian Black Sea Fleet in Abkhazia. On May 1, 2009, the Embassy of the Russian Federation was opened in Sukhum. April 30, 2009 An agreement was signed between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Abkhazia on joint efforts to protect the state border of the Republic of Abkhazia.

Official language- Abkhazian. Russian, along with Abkhaz, is recognized as the language of state and other institutions. The Abkhaz language has two dialects (Abzhui and Bzyb) and is included in the Abkhaz-Adyg group of North Caucasian languages. Writing system based on the Russian alphabet.

The means of payment on the territory of the Republic of Abkhazia is the Russian ruble.

Time corresponds to Moscow. On the territory of Abkhazia, Russian TV channels, the state television and radio company of Abkhazia (AGTRK) and the independent television company Abaza TV are broadcasting. They operate on the territory of Abkhazia.

Industry: food flavoring (tea, tobacco, wine, canning), woodworking, chemical, coal mining. Agricultural crops: tea, tobacco, walnuts, hazelnuts, citrus fruits, essential oils (tung). Fruit growing and viticulture. Crops: corn. Livestock raising is mainly dairy and milk and meat production.

The private company "Wines and Waters of Abkhazia" is engaged in the production to the domestic market and export to Russia of famous brands of wine in the USSR, as well as cognac products. The winery in the city of Sukhum was re-equipped according to international standards. The company is a regular participant in international exhibitions, its products have been awarded many awards.

Energy of Abkhazia represented by the largest hydroelectric power station in Transcaucasia Ingur-HPP with a capacity of 1.6 million kilowatts, with a unique 272-meter arched dam, built in 1977. There are oil reserves on the shelf of Abkhazia. There are no refineries in Abkhazia. Oil products come to Abkhazia from Russia, as well as from Turkey and Romania.

The most important minerals: polymetallic, lead-zinc-silver and mercury ores, coal, barite, dolomite. Natural building and facing material is widespread.

Abkhazia is extremely rich in supplies of ecologically clean drinking water, mineral and thermal waters. In terms of water supply, Abkhazia occupies one of the first places in the world: more than 1.7 million cubic meters per square kilometer of territory. river flow per year. The total length of 120 rivers is more than 5 thousand km. Abkhazia has a colossal amount of recreational resources, which are the basis for the development of the tourism industry.

Transport: the main mode of transport in Abkhazia is automobile. On September 10, 2004, after the overhaul of the Psou-Sukhum section, carried out by Russia, a direct rail link between Moscow and Sukhum was restored, which had been interrupted 12 years earlier due to military operations on the territory of Abkhazia. In the summer of 2008, Russian railway troops restored the Sukhum-Ochamchira section.

There are two airports on the territory of Abkhazia - Babyshera (Sukhum) and Bambour (Gudauta). The airport of the city of Sukhum is located 25 kilometers from the capital. Sukhumi airport has the best runway characteristics in the Caucasus. Its length is 3 thousand 640 meters (twice as long as in Adler). The airport can receive aircraft from two sides, while in Adler - only from one side. The airport can accept any aircraft with a carrying capacity of up to 125 tons, which meets international standards. The airport is open for meteorological conditions all year round (the most favorable meteorological conditions in the territory of the former USSR).

Bambour airport is located 40 km from Sukhum, near Gudauta. The runways are designed to receive civil aircraft and provide all-weather service to naval and transport aviation.

The main seaport of Abkhazia is Sukhum, there are three small seaports in Ochamchira (military), Gagra and Novy Afon.

Recommended to read

Office programs

Modern methods of treatment

Android instructions

Abstract: prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

Windows instructions

How to maintain your eyesight To maintain good vision

Office programs

My wife filed for divorce, what should I do?

Office programs

Exacerbation of a hernia of the lumbar spine - what to do, how to treat it?

Office programs

And why you shouldn't ignore it