The Russian language system has 42 phonemes. Of these, 6 phonemes are vowels, and 36 are consonants. All phonemes classified by type of phonation; the number of organs involved in articulation; place of sound formation and so on.

Thus, according to the method of sound formation, the following categories of phonemes are distinguished: noisy, sonorant, vowels, lateral. Let's take a closer look at the group of sonorant phonemes.

In phonetics and phonology Only sounds can be called sonorant, not letters. Sonorant elements are those elements of speech whose articulation occurs without the participation of turbulence in the vocal tract. The group of such sonorous sounds includes the consonants [l], [m], [n], [r], [th], [l"], [m"], [n"], [r"].

The English language has a different number of sonants: [m], [n], [l], [ŋ], [h], [j], [r], [w].

Group of sonorous sounds includes the following subgroups:

1. approximant;
2. nasal phonemes;
3. trembling;
4. single-strike.

Distinctive features

How to distinguish sonants:

• Sonorant phonemes or sonants phonetically contrast with aspirated consonants, when pronounced, a turbulent flow is formed in the vocal tract.
• Sonorant elements of speech are only voiced. This is because when these sounds are articulated, the noise is suppressed by the vocal tone and becomes virtually silent. This feature allows us to talk about proximity of sonorant consonants and vowels. When articulating aspirated consonants, as well as fricative phonemes, on the contrary, the core of the sound is noise, not tone.
• That is why at the end of a word sonorant phonemes are never pronounced dully. The same pattern is observed when a sonant precedes a voiceless consonant. So, in the Russian word “company” [m] is pronounced voiced before the voiceless [p]. At the same time, noisy voiceless consonants in such a situation will be pronounced with voicing: mowing - [koz’ba]. For the same reason, sonants do not have paired voiceless phonemes.
• Sonorant sounds, like other consonants, can form a syllable, which makes them similar to both consonants and vowels at the same time.

Characteristics of sonorant consonants

The classification of sonants is based on several principles. Sounds are distinguished by the place and method of their formation, as well as by the type of phonation.

According to the place of formation, labial-labial ([m], [m']), lingual-labial ([n], [n']), lingual-alveolar ([l], [l'], [r], [ p']) and lingual-medial consonants ([th]).

According to the method of formation, sonants can be: closed-passive ([n], [n'], [m], [m']), tremulous ([l], [l'], [r], [r']) and slotted ([th]).

Based on the type of phonation (strength of sound output), the vast majority of sonorant consonants are voiced.

Articulation exercises

Clearly defined articulation- the key to beautiful and correct diction. Many children experience difficulty pronouncing certain sounds during the period of active development of their speech apparatus.

If a person has diction defects (burr, lisp, distorted pronunciation of individual sounds, etc.), it is necessary to correct such defects with the help of special exercises.

Speech gymnastics can be performed both in classes with a speech therapist and independently.

Let us note that pronouncing sonorant consonants causes the greatest difficulties for both children and adults. Such corrective exercises to develop the right way articulations can completely rid a person of speech defects.

All exercises must be performed in front of a mirror. The key to correct articulation is to perform movements only with the speech organs. Often, people with diction defects have the following feature: when articulating certain phonemes, movement is transferred to the limbs or parts of the body (for example, arms or legs).

Therefore, when performing corrective exercises, it is necessary to use a mirror in full height to identify excessive gestures in time.

Tongue twisters using words that contain specific hard-to-pronounce sounds can be a good way to develop pronunciation. After a persistent improvement in the articulation of the necessary sounds begins to appear, you can move on to pronouncing tongue twisters with an obstacle in the mouth. These could be small pebbles, nuts, candies or a wine cork.

Difficulties in Russian

What about the sonants that cause the greatest difficulty in pronunciation for Russian-speaking people? The consonants [th], [m] and [n] do not cause special problems. But incorrect articulation of [l] and [r] occurs in almost every third child.

Note!

1. The articulation of Russian [l] is different from the articulation of this sonant in other language systems.
2. Russian [r], unlike English, is hard and has clearer articulation.

During the development of the speech apparatus, these phonemes are the most difficult for a child. If you do not seek help from a speech therapist at an early age and start a problem, it will be much more difficult to correct it in adulthood. As a rule, adults who have such a defect no longer undertake to correct it.

Video

From this video you will learn what sonorous sounds are.

The Old Russian consonant system can be represented as follows:

Table 1. System of consonants of the Old Russian language

Place of education Method of education		Forelingual	middle language	Posterior lingual	pharyngeal
explosive
fricatives		z s z’ s’ w’ sh' sch' ch'ts'
trembling

Let's compare Old Russian system consonant with Old Church Slavonic and modern Russian. What are the differences?

IN quantitative composition consonant phonemes. In the Old Russian language of the X-XI centuries. there were 25 consonants, which is less than in modern Russian (36). And in the Old Church Slavonic language, in addition to the listed consonants, there were also so-called complex soft sounds [sh’t’], [zh’d’], which arose in the South Slavic dialect in place of o.sl. combinations [*dj], [*tj] are its characteristic phonetic feature. Remember the iota processes, changes in consonant groups [*kt], [*gt] before [*i] and their results in different Slavic dialects: in Yu.S. soft complex sounds [sh’t’] and [zh’d’]; in v.sl. (other word) soft hissing [zh’] and affricate [h’]; in z.s. sibilant affricates, . (See Table 3 “Origin of secondary consonants of the Russian language” in part 3 of this manual.)

In addition, the Old Russian language lacked the sound [f]. The Cyrillic alphabet had 2 letters to indicate the sound found in words borrowed from the Greek language: F - “fert” (Greek ,  - “fi”) and Θ - “fita” (Greek Θ,  - “theta”) . IN Greek these letters denoted different sounds and, but in ancient Russian monuments they conveyed one sound [f]: for example, dr.r. phonik from Greek. οίνικξ – “date palm”; dr. Θheologist from Greek. εολόγος – “theologian”, “theologian”.

From the 2nd half of the 12th century. the letter “fita” (Θ) fell out of use and was retained only to designate the number 9, but from the end of the 14th century. it was restored in the alphabet as a result of the 2nd South Slavic influence and was used until the reform of 1918.

The sound [f] was alien to all Slavic languages, found only in borrowed words that penetrated through writing: f Arisei, por f Ira, f onar, f evral (Greek); co f e (Dutch), f abrica (lat.), f orpost (German). In a number of dialects this sound has not been established to this day and is being replaced by other sounds: [x], [xv], [p]. For example: Hv edor, Hv orip, xv abrica, xv anar, P onar (Kirov.). A similar phenomenon is observed in the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages: P ilip (Philip), X Oma (Thomas), Yossi P(Joseph), Nechi P ir (Nekifor). Wed. in modern Russian: P arus from Greek φαρός ( f aros), Ste P an from Greek Στεφάνος (Ste f anos), Axes P from Greek Joseph< Ιόσιφ (Iosif).

Old Russian had much fewer soft consonant phonemes than modern Russian. There were no soft velar, labial or anterior lingual.

2. Another important difference between the consonant system of the Old Russian language and the modern one was the absence of opposition hard and paired soft consonants of the same place of formation as independent phonemes.

A) Rear lingual the consonants [g], [k], [x] could not be combined with front vowels ([i], [ý], [e], [ь], [ä]) and were combined only with non-front vowels ([у ], [ы], [ъ], [о], [а]), for example: I see vol ky(vin. plural); But gee(name-vin. plural, gender singular, cf.: in ru tsý, on the bank zý); ky chickpeas, gee bel, hey third (“skillful”). Wed. modern on ru ke, ki layered, but gi. In the modern Russian literary language, back consonants can be combined with [ы] only at the junction of words: [vol To-s-cat], [ To-s vanu]. In ancient monuments there are examples of the combination of back consonants with front vowels [i], [e], but only in borrowed book words (via Old Church Slavonic from Greek): ki t, hee tone, gi gant, an ge l. Often in the Old Russian language, in accordance with [g’], [ j]. This is how the forms of proper names are explained E mountains, E gory, YU ry, going back to the same source as George (Greek Γεώργιος, georgios - “farmer”, “farmer”). Wed. lit. gentáras > I ntar, as well as colloquial e neral ( ge neral).

b) Hard labial and anterior lingual consonants could appear before all vowels - both front and non-front. Before non-front vowels, hard consonants retained their hardness, were pronounced as firmly as in modern Russian, but with additional articulation - labialization, i.e. they were labiovelar, especially before [o] and before [u]. Before the front vowels [ý], [e], [i], [b], [ä], hard consonants became semi-soft, receiving additional articulation, which consisted in the fact that the middle part of the back of the tongue rose to the hard palate, but to a lesser extent degree than in the articulation of soft consonants (cf. German Tisch). Semi-soft consonants were not independent phonemes, but acted as positional variants of hard ones.

V). Soft consonants(originally soft) were inherited from the common Slavic proto-language, where they arose as a result of palatalization and iota processes. Soft hissing sounds [zh’], [sh’], [h’] appeared as a result of the 1st palatalization or iotal processes from the back lingual consonants ( Butand bka, suw go, peopleh ьнъ or muand b, duw ah, plah at); as a result o-sl. changes in sibilants before iota ([*zj], [*sj] - Butand b,Youw e), as well as the dialectal (East Slavic) process from the combinations [*dj], [*tj], [*gti] [*kti] ( in andand at, coolh ah, helph and, buth b, dh And). Soft sibilants [ts’], [z’], [s’] arose as a result of the 2nd or 3rd palatalization from the velar consonants [*k], [*g], [*ch] ( on ruts ý, in boh ý, grýWith and orts ýl,h ýlo, usWith atisya, kanyah b, otts b, bWith b). See also the table “Origin of secondary consonants” in part 3 of this manual.

In the Old Russian language, the original soft consonants retained their softness and could be found in a syllable before the front vowels, as well as before the non-front vowels [a] and [u], their softness in writing was indicated by the letters å, È, ý, ü or iotized - ß , þ, 4 (cf. in modern Russian, where softness is indicated by vowels and a soft sign intended for this purpose). The writing after sibilant and Ö vowels À, ó, 1 (uniotated, i.e. those that were used after hard consonants) is explained, firstly, by the influence of South Slavic written norms, and secondly, to a greater extent, by the fact that in the language did not have paired hard consonants and, therefore, there was no need to specifically indicate their softness. Therefore, in ancient Russian monuments, after hissing ones, the letter “a” is usually found, and not “ya” (chalice), “u”, and not “yu” (miracle). According to tradition and in modern Russian, after [ch'] the letters “a” and “u” are written, and after hissing [zh] and [sh] (which were originally soft, but subsequently hardened), according to tradition the letter “i” is written, although it is pronounced [s].

The combination of vowels and consonants in a syllable in the Old Russian language can be represented as follows:

Table 2. Combination of vowels and consonants in a syllable in the Old Russian language of the 10th-11th centuries.

3. Opposition voiced and unvoiced pairs consonants were meaningful, voiced and voiceless consonants were in the Old Russian language of the 10th-11th centuries. different phonemes: P iti -b iti; roG ъ - roTo ъ; n0d b - n0T b;T ýlo -d it was. But in the Old Russian language there were no positions where deaf and voiced would not be distinguished, where the signs of deafness and voicedness would be neutralized, as in modern Russian (co[ h]a - ko[ With]: [h, With] =

< h>; co[ With]a - ko[ h’]ba: [ With, h] = < With>). Due to the ZOS, consonants could not be at the end of a word, and during word and form formation, combinations (voiced noisy + unvoiced) or (voiced noisy + voiced noisy) could not arise. Only for one pair of phonemes -<h> and< With> - at the end of the prefixes a position arose where dullness-voicedness was not a semantic distinguishing feature: VZZ imati -Sun drown,without blast furnace -demon fetal. But with the exception of the indicated prefixes, there was no correlation between voiceless and voiced consonants in the Old Russian language.

In Russian

"Phonetic system of the Russian language"

Phonetics - the science of sound side human speech. The word "phonetics" comes from the Greek. phonetikos "sound, voice" (phone sound).

Without pronouncing and hearing the sounds that make up the sound shell of words, verbal communication is impossible. On the other hand, for verbal communication it is extremely important to distinguish a spoken word from others that sound similar.

Therefore, in the phonetic system of a language, means are needed that serve to convey and distinguish significant units of speech - words, their forms, phrases and sentences.

1. Phonetic means of the Russian language

Phonetic means of the Russian language include:

Stress (verbal and phrasal)

Frazov stress is the emphasis in pronunciation of the most semantically important word within a statement (phrase); such an accent is one of the bars. In the example above, the phrasal stress falls on the word dreams. Phrase stress distinguishes sentences by meaning with the same composition and word order (cf.: It's snowing and It's snowing).

Bar and phrasal stress is also called logical.

1.3 Intonation distinguishes sentences with the same composition of words (with the same place of phrasal stress) (cf.: Is the snow melting? Is the snow melting?). The intonation of the message, question, motivation, etc. differs.

Intonation has an objective linguistic meaning: regardless of the functional load, intonation always combines words into phrases, and without intonation phrases do not exist. Subjective differences in the intonation of a phrase have no linguistic significance.

Intonation is closely related to other levels of language, and, above all, to phonology and syntax.

What intonation has in common with phonology is that it belongs to the sound side of language and that it is functional, but what distinguishes it from phonology is that intonation units have semantic significance in themselves: for example, rising intonation is mainly correlated with interrogativeness or incompleteness of a statement. The relationship between intonation and sentence syntax is not always straightforward. In some cases, the grammatical patterns on which the utterance is constructed may have a typical intonation design. So, sentences with a particle http://fonetica.philol.msu.ru/intonac/m321.htm whether, represent a grammatical pattern for constructing an interrogative statement.

Different syntactic structures can be framed with the same intonation, and the same syntactic structure can be framed with different intonations. The statements change accordingly. This indicates a certain autonomy of intonation in relation to syntax.

From the point of view of education, from the physiological side, a syllable is a sound or several sounds pronounced with one expiratory impulse.

From the point of view of sonority, from the acoustic side, a syllable is a sound segment of speech in which one sound stands out with the greatest sonority in comparison with its neighbors - the preceding and following ones. Vowels, as the most sonorous, are usually syllabic, and consonants are non-syllabic, but sonorants (r, l, m, n), as the most sonorous of the consonants, can form a syllable. Syllables are divided into open and closed depending on the position of the syllabic sound in them.

An open syllable is one that ends with a syllabic sound: wa-ta. A closed syllable is a syllable that ends with a non-syllable sound: there, bark.

An open syllable is a syllable that begins with a vowel sound: a-orta. A covered syllable is a syllable that begins with a consonant sound: ba-tone.

The exchange of phonemes, strong and weak, occupying the same position in the morpheme, forms phoneme series. Thus, vowel phonemes identical in place in the morpheme kos- form a phoneme series<о> - <Λ> - <ъ>: [braids] - [kΛsa] - [kysΛr "i], and the consonant phoneme<в>morphemes become - begins the phoneme series<в> - <в"> - <ф> - <ф">: [charters] - [charter "it"] - [charter] - [charter"].

The phoneme series is an essential element of the structure of the language, since the identity of the morpheme is based on it. The composition of phonemes of the same morpheme always corresponds to a certain phoneme series. Inflections of the instrumental case in the words okn-om and garden-om [Λknom] - [sad'm], water-oh and mod-oh [vodo] - [mod] are pronounced differently. However, these inflections ([-ом] - [-ъм], [-o ] - [ъ ]) are one and the same morpheme, since phonemes change in their composition<о>And<ъ>, included in one phoneme row.

Conclusion

Thus, the phonetic system of the Russian language consists of significant units of speech:

Word forms

Collocations and sentences

for transmission and differentiation, which are served by phonetic means of language:

Accent

The bulk of them have not undergone any changes.

During the formation of sonorant consonants (j, r. l, n, m), the voice prevailed over the noise, so these consonants were close to vowel sounds. As a result, they, like vowels, could be syllabic-forming sounds, which were the sonorant consonants r and l in the Old Church Slavonic language under certain phonetic conditions. Sonorant consonants were divided into smooth consonants r and l, nasal consonants n and m, during the formation of which a stream of air was partially directed into the nasal cavity, and the fricative consonant j.

Noisy consonants, as opposed to sonorant sounds, were divided into two groups: voiced consonants, the pronunciation of which was accompanied by the sound of a voice, and voiceless consonants, pronounced without a voice. All noisy sounds according to the method of formation were divided in the Old Church Slavonic language into plosives, fricatives, or fricatives, affricates and complex consonants.

Plosive consonants (p, b, t, d, k, g) were pronounced by “explosion,” that is, by quickly opening a barrier formed by the speech organs with an air stream.

When pronouncing fricative consonants (f, v, s. z, sh, zh, X), as well as the sonorant j, a gap appeared between the speech organs, passing through which an air stream created a noise specific to each sound.

Affricates (ts, s, ch) were formed by merging into one sound two consonants identical in place of formation - a plosive and a fricative. Thus, the affricate ц was formed as a result of the merger of the sounds t’ and s’, the affricate s - d’ and z,” the affricate h - t’ and š.”

The complex consonants sht and zhd, unlike affricates, did not merge into one sound when pronounced, but retained clearly expressed those consonants from which they were formed.

Finally, consonant sounds can be divided depending on the sound-producing organs into labial consonants (g, b, m, v, f), anterior lingual (t, d, s, z, sh, zh, n. l, r. s, c , h, zh, pcs), middle lingual (j) and back lingual (k, g, x).

The sound f in the Old Church Slavonic language was used only in borrowed words, since initially it was not in the Slavic languages. Therefore, this sound, alien to Slavic speech, was often replaced by a dull labial p: pinik's instead of dates.

The sound j was conveyed in Cyrillic monuments using iotized letters (e, ya, yu, yusy), if they stood at the beginning of a word or after vowels.

20. Hardness, softness and semi-softness of the consonants of the st/sl of the language.

Sounds were divided into:

Only hard ones. They could not be combined with ch. lane r. These were butts. g,k,x. Those. in the texts the combinations gy, ky, hy (nnkyi). The combination indicates the ancient hardness of the posterior tongue. If it's bad. the sound was forced to be close to the ch. per.r., there was a transitional softening of it (рiька – D.п. рьцьь). Transitional softening of back/jaz sounds under the influence of ch. lane r., which discovered itself back in Praslav. period and the results of which are preserved in all glory. In today's languages ​​(friend-to-be-friends-friends) is called palatalization.

Only soft ones. These were sounds that arose for glory. soil from Proto-Indo-European. heritage as a result of various processes of softening consonants: hissing and whistling. Hissing sounds + ts were always soft as a result of softening. Over the centuries in different glories. the tongues were in the process of hardening the thorn. and whistle. => school rules cha-scha, chu-schu - there was no need to emphasize softness, because everyone understands. The composition is spike. the sounds of the st/sl language were different from modern ones. The presence of complex sibilants is a feature of st/sl phonetics: pcs, zhd.

All other sounds were semi-soft, i.e. their hardness and softness was determined by the adjacent vowel sound. Softness in combination with the main line. R. [i, e, ę, b, ĕ]. Dr. glory languages, incl. Staroslav., was distinguished by the dominance of vocalism: significantly more vocals were represented. sounds in comparison with SRYA (and other modern systems), and vowels. the sound determined the quality according to the cat. neighbored - he softened the previous one. acc., and acc. became semi-soft.

Let us recall that in the system of other glory. languages, the manifestation of the category of hardness/softness differed from what takes place in modern times. glory languages. Mainly softness acc. determined by proximity to the vowel. per.r., which could come in hard and soft varieties. Semi-soft consonants had this opportunity. In addition, there were only hard consonants: they could not be combined with vowels. lane R. and naturally soften. And there were soft consonants, which could not manifest themselves with the hard variety, because in the word. period, these consonants were formed as a result of softening processes of various groups of consonants and under the influence of the vowels of the trans. and a consonant, which is always in a borderline position between vowels. and acc. and was always originally soft – j.

Long and double consonants

In the phonetic system of the modern Russian literary language there are two long consonant sounds - soft hissing ["] and ["] (yeast, cabbage soup). These long hissing sounds are not opposed to the sounds [ш], [ж], which are unpaired hard sounds. As a rule, long consonants in the Russian language are formed only at the junctions of morphemes and are a combination of sounds. For example, in the word razudok [rL udak], a long sound arose at the junction of the prefix raz- and the root sud-, cf.: [пЛ "елкъ", [ыл], [л "ц"ik] (fake, sewed, pilot). The sounds that arise in these cases cannot be defined as long, since they lack a distinctive function and are not opposed to short sounds.In essence, such “long” sounds are not long, but double.

Cases of long consonants (quarrel, yeast, etc.) in the roots of Russian words are rare. Words with double consonants in their roots are usually foreign words (telegram, gamma, antenna, etc.). Such words in real pronunciation lose the length of their vowels, which is often reflected in modern spelling (literature, attack, corridor, etc.).

Sound laws in the field of consonants

Russian consonant vowel sound

Phonetic law of the end of a word. A noisy voiced consonant at the end of a word is deafened, i.e. pronounced as the corresponding paired voiceless. This pronunciation leads to the formation of homophones: threshold - vice, young - hammer, goat - braid, etc. In words with two consonants at the end of the word, both consonants are deafened: gruzd - sadness, entrance - popodest [pLdjest], etc.

The devoicing of a final voiced occurs under the following conditions:

• 1) before the pause: [pr "ishol pojst] (the train has arrived);
• 2) before the next word (without a pause) with an initial not only voiceless, but also a vowel, sonorant, as well as [j] and [v]: [praf on], [sat our], [slap ja], [your mouth] (he is right, our garden, I am weak, your family). Sonorant consonants are not subject to deafening: rubbish, they say, lump, he.

Assimilation of consonants according to voicedness and deafness. Combinations of consonants, one of which is voiceless and the other voiced, are not characteristic of the Russian language. Therefore, if two consonants of different sonority appear next to each other in a word, the first consonant becomes similar to the second. This change in consonant sounds is called regressive assimilation.

By virtue of this law, voiced consonants in front of deaf ones turn into paired deaf ones, and deaf ones in the same position turn into voiced ones. Voicing of voiceless consonants is less common than voicing of voiced consonants; the transition of voiced to voiceless creates homophones: [dushk - dushk] (bow - darling), [v"i e s"t"i - v"i e s"t"i] (to carry - to lead), [fp"jr" and e "bag - fp"r" and e "bag] (interspersed - interspersed).

Before sonorants, as well as before [j] and [v], the deaf remain unchanged: tinder, rogue, [Ltjest] (departure), yours, yours.

Voiced and voiceless consonants are assimilated under the following conditions: 1) at the junction of morphemes: [pLhotkъ] (gait), [zbor] (gathering); 2) at the junction of prepositions with the word: [gd "elu] (to the point), [zd"el'm] (to the point); 3) at the junction of a word with a particle: [got] (year), [do] (daughter); 4) at the junction of significant words pronounced without pause: [rock-kLzy] (goat horn), [ras-p "at"] (five times).

Assimilation of consonants by softness. Hard and soft consonants are represented by 12 pairs of sounds. By education, they differ in the absence or presence of palatalization, which consists of additional articulation (the middle part of the back of the tongue rises high to the corresponding part of the palate).

The composition of consonants, taking into account the correlative series of hard and soft sounds, is presented in the following table:

Assimilation in terms of softness is regressive in nature: the consonant softens, becoming similar to the subsequent soft consonant. In this position, not all consonants paired in hardness-softness are softened, and not all soft consonants cause a softening of the previous sound.

All consonants paired in hardness and softness are softened in the following weak positions:

• 1) before the vowel sound [e]; [b"ate", [v"es", [m"ate", [s"ate] (white, weight, chalk, sat), etc.;
• 2) before [i]: [m"il", [p"il"i] (mil, drank).

Before unpaired [zh], [sh], [ts], soft consonants are impossible with the exception of [l], [l "] (cf. end - ring).

The most susceptible to softening are the dental [z], [s], [n], [p], [d], [t] and labial [b], [p], [m], [v], [f]. They do not soften in front of soft consonants [g], [k], [x], and also [l]: glucose, key, bread, fill, keep quiet, etc. Softening occurs within the word, but is absent before the soft consonant of the next word ([here - l "es]; cf. [L"or]) and before the particle ([ros - l"i]; cf. [rLsl"i]) ( Here is the forest, it has been wiped away, it has grown, it has grown).

Consonants [z] and [s] are softened before soft [t"], [d"], [s"], [n"], [l"]: [m"ks"t"], [v"and e z"d"e], [f-ka "b", [kaz"n"] (revenge, everywhere, at the box office, execution). Softening [з], [с] also occurs at the end of prefixes and prepositions consonant with them before soft labials: [ръз "д" и ел" it"], [ръс "т" и е nut"], [b "ез "-n"i evo), [b"i e s"-s"il] (divide, stretch, without it, without force). Before soft labial softening [h], [s], [d], [ t] is possible inside the root and at the end of prefixes with -z, as well as in the prefix s- and in a preposition consonant with it: [s"m"ex], [z"v"kr"], [d"v"kr" ], [t"v"kr"], [s"p"kt"], [s"-n"im], [is"-pkch"], [rLz"d"kt"] (laughter, beast, door, Tver, sing, with him, bake, undress).

Labials do not soften before soft dental ones: [pt"kn"ch"k", [n"eft"], [vz"at"] (chick, oil, take).

These cases of assimilative softness of consonants show that the effect of assimilation in modern Russian literary language not always distinguished by strict consistency.

Assimilation of consonants by hardness. Assimilation of consonants by hardness is carried out at the junction of a root and a suffix beginning with a hard consonant: mechanic - metalworker, secretary - secretarial, etc. Before the labial [b], assimilation in terms of hardness does not occur: [prLs "it"] - [proz "bъ", [мълЛт"т"] - [мълЛд"ba] (ask - request, thresh - threshing), etc. [l"] is not subject to assimilation: [pol"b] - [zLpol"nyj] (field, field).

Assimilation of dentaries to sibilants. This type of assimilation extends to the dental [z], [s] in the position before the sibilants (anteropalatal) [w], [zh], [h], [sh] and consists in the complete assimilation of the dental [z], [s] to the subsequent sibilant .

Complete assimilation of [z], [s] occurs: 1) at the junction of morphemes: [at"], [rLat"] (compress, decompress); [yt"], [rLyt"] (sew, embroider); ["from", [rL"from] (account, calculation); [rLzno "ik", [izvo "ik] (peddler, cab driver);

2) at the junction of a preposition and a word: [ar'm], [ar'm] (with heat, with a ball); [b "i e ar", [bi e ar] (without heat, without a ball).

The combination zzh inside the root, as well as the combination zhzh (always inside the root) turn into a long soft [zh"]: [po"b] (later), (I ride); [in "and", [dro "and] (reins, yeast). Optionally, in these cases a long hard [zh] can be pronounced.

A variation of this assimilation is the assimilation of dental [d], [t] followed by [ch], [ts], resulting in long ["], : [L"ot] (report), (fkra ъ] (in brief) .

Simplification of consonant combinations. The consonants [d], [t] in combinations of several consonants between vowels are not pronounced. This simplification of consonant groups is consistently observed in the combinations: stn, zdn, stl, ntsk, stsk, vstv, rdts, lnts: [usny], [poznъ], [sh"and e sl"ivy], [g"igansk"i] , [ch"stvo", [s"heart", [son] (oral, late, happy, gigantic, feeling, heart, sun).

Reducing groups of identical consonants. When three identical consonants come together at the junction of a preposition or prefix with the following word, as well as at the junction of a root and a suffix, the consonants are reduced to two: [ra or "it"] (raz+quarrel), [ylk] (with reference), [kLlo y ] (column+n+th); [Ld "e ki] (Odessa+sk+ii).