Presentation on the topic of safety signs. "We teach road signs in the classroom in elementary school." It is forbidden to extinguish with fire
Svetlana Didenko
"Fundamentals of life safety": "All sorts of signs are important" "Traffic light history" "Attention! Danger!"
... Brief annotation of the work:
Modern ICT allows us, teachers, to prepare most thoroughly for direct educational activities. Make the process of upbringing, education and development of children interesting, exciting and instructive. I have developed a number of didactic games- presentations using ICT in various educational fields.
The interest in such materials is great, and my colleagues use it in their educational activities. Parents play these games with their children at home, which allows for a continuous developmental process at home and in the preschool educational institution.
I present games - presentations on subject: « Basics of life safety»
« All sorts of signs are important»
« Traffic light history»
« Attention! Danger!»
Upbringing security- a continuous, systematic and sequential process starting from an early age. Education safety fundamentals Is the formation of knowledge, skills and abilities safe life... Games and activities with children to teach life safety form generalized ideas about the world around them, teach the child to ensure his safety... Our goal is to teach children adequate behavior in various, including unexpected, situations on the streets of the city and in a familiar, home environment.
Slide 2
We all know that it is easier to prevent an accident than to eliminate its consequences later. And in order to quickly and correctly navigate in a given situation, to remember the rules of behavior in emergency conditions and to demand their observance from others, we must be warned about the danger in time. How do you know that in this particular place you need to be especially careful, or how to act in extreme circumstances? For this, there are special signs, which are called SAFETY SIGNS.
Slide 3
Types of fire safety signs
Safety signs are designed to tell a person how to behave in various situations. Signs are divided into subgroups: - fire safety signs, - prohibiting signs, - warning signs, - evacuation signs. To consolidate the material and check the acquired knowledge, complete the Safety Signs test.
Slide 4
Slide 5
Direction arrow
The sign is used only in conjunction with other fire safety signs. It indicates the direction of travel to the place where the fire protection equipment is located.
Slide 6
Directional arrow at a 45 degree angle
The sign indicates the direction of movement to the place where the fire protection equipment is located.
Slide 7
Fire hydrant
The sign is installed in places where a fire hydrant is located, complete with a fire hose and a barrel.
Slide 8
Fire escape
The sign is installed where the fire escape is.
Slide 9
Fire extinguisher
The sign indicates that there is a fire extinguisher in this place.
Slide 10
Fire phone
The image of the handset informs that a telephone is installed in this place, through which you can call the fire brigade.
Slide 11
Location of multiple fire protection equipment
If in any place there are several primary fire protection equipment at the same time, this sign is installed there.
Slide 12
Fire water source
In order to show the place where there is a fire reservoir or a pier for fire engines, this sign is installed.
Slide 13
Fire hydrant
Squared white with a red border depicts the letters "P" and "G", which means "fire hydrant". There are three arrows below the letters. Next to the arrows are numbers indicating the distance from the sign to the hydrant in meters. Such signs are installed at the locations of underground fire hydrants.
Slide 14
Prohibitory signs
Slide 15
No smoking
The sign is installed where smoking can cause a fire, for example, on doors and walls of premises (or in areas) where there are flammable and flammable substances.
Slide 16
It is forbidden to use open fire
The sign is installed in places where open fire can cause a fire: on doors, walls of premises, laboratories, garages, workshops.
Slide 17
No entry
The sign means that the passage in this place is prohibited. It is installed at the entrance to hazardous areas, premises, areas, etc.
Slide 18
It is forbidden to extinguish with fire
Where electrical equipment is located or there are substances that, in case of fire, cannot be used with water, this sign is installed.
Slide 19
It is forbidden to obstruct the aisles and (or) store
The sign is installed on evacuation routes, at exits, in the places where fire protection equipment, first-aid kits are first medical care in short, in places to which access must always remain free.
Slide 20
Warning signs
Slide 21
Fire hazard. Flammable substances
Such signs are used to draw attention to rooms in which flammable substances are stored. They are installed on entrance doors, containers, cabinet doors, etc.
Slide 22
Explosive
These signs are used to draw attention to explosive substances, they are installed on entrance doors, walls of premises, cabinet doors, etc. The sign does not directly relate to fire safety signs, but it warns of a situation that may arise during a fire.
Slide 23
Dangerously. Toxic substances
These signs alert you to the danger of poisoning. They are installed in places of storage, isolation, production and use of toxic substances.
Slide 24
Danger of electric shock
The symbol warns of the danger of electric shock. These signs are installed on the poles of power lines, electrical equipment and devices, doors of power panels, on electrical panels and cabinets.
Slide 25
Attention. Danger
The sign signals other dangers that are not marked with the appropriate signs. This sign is used in conjunction with additional safety signs with explanatory text.
Slide 26
Evacuation signs
Slide 28
Direction to the emergency exit by stairs
The sign is installed on staircases or walls adjacent to a flight of stairs.
Slide 29
Exit sign
A sign is installed above the doors of the emergency exit.
Currently, there are many special technical means and systems for sending and receiving distress signals. This includes the International Space Search System for Emergency Ships and Aircraft (COSPAS-SARSAT), automatic radio beacons and other radio engineering systems. Various pyrotechnic signal devices are widely used - signal, lighting, smoke rockets.
However, in a situation of forced autonomous existence, these funds are unlikely to be at hand. Therefore, we will consider methods of sending distress signals, the implementation of which is possible without the presence of special technical means.
Signal bonfires. This is the simplest and most affordable way of signaling, which has been used by some peoples from time immemorial to the present. First of all, you need to choose a place convenient for fires, well distinguishable both from the ground and from the air. For this purpose, open spaces are suitable - meadows, wide glades, lakes. It is better if the place chosen for the fires is on a hill. It should not be forgotten that this place should be close to the camp of the victims.
To attract the attention of rescuers, it is necessary to make not one, but several fires. It is customary to make three fires, located on one line or at the tops of an equilateral triangle. Such figures are international distress signals (Fig. 152). Five bonfires forming the letter T indicate a place suitable for landing an airplane, a helicopter.
The distance between the fires should be at least 30 - 50 m.
Methods for equipping signal fires are shown in Fig. 153.
At night, a bonfire made in a shelter is clearly visible (Fig. 154). This option can be used if the victims have polyethylene, light, transparent fabric or a parachute.
As a last resort, you can set fire to a freestanding tree, taking precautions to avoid forest fires.
The preparation of fires should be started immediately, as soon as the first necessary steps are completed or there are free people. A good supply of reliable kindling and firewood, sheltered in case of bad weather, must be prepared at each fire. It should be remembered that a fire ready to light up, an adequate supply of firewood is a guarantee of sending a reliable signal to rescuers who have come out or flew out to help the injured. For a quick, guaranteed kindling of signal fires, it is necessary to place attendants around them, supporting the so-called small ignition fires.
On highly moistened soil, signal fires should be placed on log decks (Fig. 155).
Bonfires made on rafts set aside some distance from the shore and fixed with anchors or tied with ropes are clearly visible (Fig. 156).
Smoke alarms are most effective on clear and calm days. Moreover, they are visible at a distance of up to 80 km. To increase the amount of smoke in the fire, you need to throw raw branches, grass (prepared in advance). However, in winter and in inclement weather in summer, such smoke is hardly noticeable. Black smoke is clearly visible at this time of the year. You can use rubber, plastic, or automotive oil for this.
At night you need a bright fire made of dry wood. A pilot can see such a bonfire at a distance of up to 20 km. From the ground, it is visible at a distance of up to 10 km.
If for some reason only one fire was made, then it is recommended to periodically cover it with a piece of cloth, thick branches of spruce branches. Such a pulsating fire attracts the attention of rescuers better than a constantly burning one.
A good effect for location detection is the use of a signal mirror - a heliograph. The brightness of the signal light "spot" of such a mirror at an angle of the Sun of 90 ° reaches about 7 million candles. The flash of such a mirror is visible from an aircraft flying at an altitude of 1–2 km from a distance of 20–25 km.
The simplest signal mirror can be made from a metal plate, polished on both sides. The signal detection range will depend on the degree of polishing of the surfaces. A hole with a diameter of 5 - 7 mm must be made in the center of the plate. It is necessary to observe the emerging plane through the hole in the plate (Fig. 157).
After that, without losing sight of the object, the mirror should be turned towards the sun. Having found a sunbeam (light flare) that appears on the face or clothes, it is necessary, by turning the mirror, to combine its reflection on the back of the mirror with the hole. In the position where the reflected sun flare is aligned with the mirror hole, the light signal is directed to the aircraft. Giving signals in this way is difficult and requires preliminary training. Even without seeing or hearing the plane, you can periodically run a light "spot" along the horizon.
As a reflective surface, you can use reflective materials available at hand - tin, metal
foil (including a chocolate wrapper), an ordinary pocket mirror. If the victims have a sufficient supply of foil, then pieces of it can be hung on the branches of a tree. Reflecting the sun's rays from different angles, they will attract the attention of rescuers from afar. For the same purpose, you can spread pieces of foil along the slope of the hill. Before this, the foil must be slightly crumpled, creating many reflective planes located at different angles.
Rescuers have developed and are using the International Code Table (Fig. 158).
The signals are laid out in places that are clearly visible from the air - on clearings, unforested hillsides. Recommended signal sizes are at least 10 m in length, 3 m in width and 3 m between signs. For the manufacture of signs, you can use any materials at the disposal of the victims. The main requirement is that they must stand out well on the earth's surface. Items of clothing, tents, sleeping bags, life jackets, etc. are suitable for displaying signs.
If no equipment is available, the sign can be dug by removing the turf and placing it (upside down) next to the trench, increasing the width of the sign. In the snow, you can clearly see the sign laid out with spruce branches. Examples of sign equipment are shown in Fig. 159.
In case of a significant decrease in the aircraft, you can give the signs of the International Aviation Signal Alarm (Fig. 160).
Answers from the aircraft can be as follows (Fig. 161): I see you - bend in the horizontal plane (circle over the detected people) or a green rocket.
Wait for help on the spot, a helicopter will come for you - a flight in a horizontal plane by the "eight" or a red rocket.
Go in the direction indicated - an airplane flight over a distressed person in the direction of the course of travel, or a yellow rocket.
Understood - swinging from wing to wing or a white rocket. At night: twice on and off
landing lights or navigation lights. The absence of these signs indicates that the sign submitted from the ground was not accepted.
I didn’t understand - a snake flight or two red rockets.
Indicate the direction of landing and the place of landing - a dive followed by a turn or two green rockets.
Information signals (fig. 162). They are used when it is necessary to leave a disaster area or camp.
In this case, one must always leave a clearly visible sign - an arrow indicating the direction in which the victims left. It is also necessary to mark the route of movement with any signs.
Goals: give an idea to the child about the need to comply with the Rules road traffic.
To acquaint students with the main groups of road signs, to form the ability to recognize road signs(by graphic symbols, shape, color), pay attention to them and fulfill their requirements.
To develop intellectually - thinking skills, creativity, cognitive activity.
Equipment: road signs, board games according to traffic rules, car models.
During the classes
1 Knowledge update. Creation of a problematic situation.
The soundtrack of the song "Kind City" by A. Pokidchenko, N. Solovyova from the musical game "Merry Traffic Light"
- Today we will continue to study the Rules of the road according to the textbook "Road and Me". The hero of the cartoon Wush proposes to show the movement of cars at an intersection, which has no traffic lights, road signs, roadway markings. Several students use models of cars to depict their movement. Collision simulation.
-What happens at the intersection? Collisions of cars, accidents.
-What should be on the roads for safe driving on them? Traffic lights, road signs, markings are required.
-What are road signs? Certainly shaped plates with pictures.
-Where did you see them? On poles along the edges of the carriageway.
-What road signs did you see on the way to school? Students show pictures and explain the purpose of each road sign. The teacher clarifies the children's answers.
-What are road signs for? If drivers and pedestrians comply with the requirement indicated on the sign, then there will be no accidents.
Be very careful
Respect every sign
After all, without signs on the road
There is no way you can do it.
2 Primary assimilation of knowledge.
Display of different groups of characters.
-What is the difference? Signs differ in shape and color.
Correlation of color, shape and purpose of the sign.
Warning signs.
Triangular shape with red piping. Warns of any danger. Be careful on this stretch of road.
Prohibitory signs.
Round shape with red edging. Prohibit any action.
Square or rectangular blue. Inform about what is on this section of the road. Mandatory signs.
The round shape is blue. Allows any action.
Show some symbols. Pedestrian symbol, rough road symbol and others.
-Why are the same road signs accepted in all countries that are understandable to drivers and pedestrians without words? This is done so that people can communicate, travel, feel confident on the road in any country in the world.
3 Deepening the knowledge of children on the topic being studied. An excursion into history.
Did you know that road signs appeared long before there were
first cars. This happened in 1529, when the French king Francis I introduced the rules governing road traffic. These rules prohibited overtaking and turning on the streets. In the middle of the 18th century, the first steam engines appeared, and in the 19th century - gas and electric machines.
Did you know that the first international traffic rules were adopted in Paris in 1919. The symbols that were used on the signs of that time have survived to this day.
Did you know that in 1931 in Geneva the number of road signs increased to 26 pieces, in Moscow the first road signs appeared 75 years ago in 1933.
Did you know that before the Second World War in different countries of the world there were two main systems of road signs. The European system was in line with the 1931 Convention and was based on the use of symbols. In English - American system instead of symbols, inscriptions were used. After the end of the Second World War in 1949, a system of Road Traffic Regulations, unified for all countries of the world, was adopted.
4 Game "Guess the Sign"
Road signs
We are the owners of the road
And we want to tell you here:
Those who are close friends with us
They know the five rules.Here is a fork, here is a spoon-
Let's refuel a little.
We fed the dog too,
We say "Thank you!" sign
("Food Point")Do you see the sign? Its meaning is
The intersection of two roads.
Two girlfriends are equal
Two tracks - rezvushki.
("Intersection of equivalent roads")The car will fill up here:
Drink three buckets of gasoline.
Help everyone's car
If she is thirsty!
("Gas station")If suddenly a car is on the way
I decided to be capricious,
Here the car will be fixed for us,
They'll put it on the wheels in no time.
("Maintenance")Only cars are driving here,
Their tires flash menacingly.
Do you have a bike?
So - stop! There is no road.
("Bicycles are prohibited")The highway rustled with tires
Running cars
But turn down the gas near the school
Here is a sign for the drivers, for you.
And you, seeing the triangle, too,
Guys, be careful.
("Children")
5 Simulation of road signs.
The teacher shows the pedestrian symbol to the students. The student chooses the shape and color of the sign. He names the purpose of the sign and the name. The teacher specifies the title.
6 Creative comprehension of new material.
Performing assignments in the textbook-notebook "The Road and Me" p. 12, 13
1 Write to which group each character belongs.
2 Creative task. Think of what sign you would like to hang on your door.
Most of the students drew a warning sign and only two prohibiting it, which indicates a favorable psychological climate in the family.
3 Creative task. Come up with some new road signs.
Pupils comment on their work.
7 Educational game. Road signs (puzzles).
Part 1 - road section.
Part 2 - a road sign that is installed on a given section of the road.
The whole class takes part in the game.
8 Lesson summary. Wush's advice to young pedestrians.
Textbook - notebook "The Road and I" p.13
Remember that Traffic Rules and road signs are designed to keep both pedestrians and drivers safe.
Follow the directions of the road signs and road markings exactly, never break them.
If you do not know any sign, find out its meaning from adults.
