A short message about the work of Mayakovsky. Mayakovsky V.V. The main dates of life and work. The beginning of the poetry of Mayakovsky
Writing
Creativity Mayakovsky and to this day remains an outstanding artistic achievement of Russian poetry early. XX Art. His works are not devoid of ideological distortions and propaganda rhetoric, but they cannot erase the objective significance and scale of Mayakovsky's artistic talent, the reformatory essence of his poetic experiments, which for his contemporaries and for the poet's descendants were associated with a revolution in art.
Mayakovsky was born in Georgia, where his childhood passed. After the death of his father in 1906, the family moved to Moscow, where Mayakovsky entered the 4th grade of the Fifth Moscow Gymnasium. In 1908 he was expelled from there, and a month later Mayakovsky was arrested by the police in an underground printing house of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP. Over the next year, he was arrested twice more. In 1910-1911, Mayakovsky studied at the studio of the artist P. Kelin, and then studied at the School of Painting, met the artist and poet D. Burliuk, under whose influence Mayakovsky's avant-garde aesthetic tastes were formed.
Mayakovsky wrote his first poems in 1909 in prison, to which he got through contacts with underground revolutionary organizations. The poems of the debutant poet were written in a rather traditional manner, which imitated the poetry of the Russian Symbolists, and M. himself immediately abandoned them. A real poetic baptism for M. was his acquaintance in 1911 with the futurist poets. In 1912, M., together with other futurists, issued the almanac "Slap in the face to public tastes" ("Slap in the face to public taste"), signed by D. Burliuk, O. Kruchenykh and V. Mayakovsky. With Mayakovsky's poems "Night" ("Night") and "Morning" ("Morning"), in which in a shockingly daring manner he proclaimed a break with the traditions of Russian classics, he called for the creation of a new language and literature, one that would correspond to the spirit of modern " machines "of civilization and the tasks of the revolutionary transformation of the world. A practical embodiment of the futuristic theses declared by Mayakovsky in the almanac, the permanent production of his poetic tragedy Vladimir M. in 1913 at the Luna Park theater in St. Petersburg ("Vladimir M."). Personally, the author acted as a director and performer of the main role - a poet who suffers in a modern city he hates, who cripples the souls of people who, although they choose the poet as their prince, are not able to appreciate the sacrifice he made. In 1913, Mayakovsky, together with other futurists, made a large tour of the cities of the USSR: Simferopol, Sevastopol, Kerch, Odessa, Chisinau, Nikolaev, Kiev, Minsk, Kazan, Penza, Rostov, Saratov, Tiflis, Baku. The futurists did not limit themselves to the artistic interpretation of the program of the new art and tried to implement their slogans in life in practice, in particular, even with clothing and behavior. Their poetry performances, visits to coffee shops or even an ordinary walk around the city were often accompanied by scandals, brawls, and police intervention.
Under the sign of passion for the futuristic slogans of the restructuring of the world and art is all the work of M. of the pre-revolutionary period, it is characterized by the pathos of the objection to bourgeois reality, which, according to the poet, morally cripples a person, awareness of the tragedy of human existence in the world of profit, calls for a revolutionary renewal of the world: poems " Inferno of the city "(" Hell of the city ", 1913)," Here! " ("Nate!", 1913), collection "I" (1913), poems "A Cloud in Pants" ("A Cloud in Pants", 1915), "Flute-Spine" ("Flute-Spine", 1915), "War and Peace "(" War and Peace ", 1916)," Man "(" Man ", 1916) and others. The poet sharply objected to the First world war, which he characterized as a senseless bloody massacre: the article "Civilian shrapnel" (State shrapnel ", 1914), the verse" War is declared "(" The war is declared ", 1914), (" Mom and the evening killed by the Germans ", 1914), etc. sarcastic irony the poet refers to the hypocritical world of bureaucrats, careerists who discredit honest work, a clear conscience and high art: ("Hymn to the Judge", 1915), "Hymn to the Scientist", ("Hymn to the Scientist", 1915), "Hymn to the Khabar" ( "Anthem to a Bribe", 1915) and others.
The pinnacle of Mayakovsky's pre-revolutionary work is the poem "A Cloud in Pants", which became a kind of programmatic work of the poet, in which he most clearly and expressively set out his worldview and aesthetic attitudes. In the poem, which the poet himself called "the catechism of contemporary art", four slogans are proclaimed and figuratively concretized: "Get out of your love", "get out of your order", "get out of your art", "get off your religion" - "four cries of four parts ". The image of a person who suffers from the incompleteness and hypocrisy of being that surrounds him, who protests and strives for real human happiness, passes through the entire poem as a continuous leitmotif. The initial title of the poem - "The Thirteenth Apostle" - was crossed out by the censorship, but it is precisely this title that more deeply and accurately conveys the main pathos of this work and all of Mayakovsky's early work. The apostle is the teachings of Christ, is called to implement his teachings in life, but in M. this image is faster approaching the one that will later appear in the famous poem by O. Blok "The Twelve". Twelve is the traditional number of Christ's closest disciples and the appearance in this series of the thirteenth, "superfluous" for the biblical canons, the apostle is perceived as a challenge to the traditional universe, as alternative model new worldview. The thirteenth apostle of Mayakovsky is both a symbol of the revolutionary renewal of life to which the poet aspired, and at the same time a metaphor capable of conveying the real scale of the poetic phenomenon of the speaker of the new world - Mayakovsky.
The then poetry of Mayakovsky gives rise not just to individual disagreements and shortcomings of modern society, it gives rise to the very possibility of its existence, the fundamental, fundamental principles of its existence, acquires the scale of a cosmic rebellion in which the poet feels equal to God. Therefore, in their desires, the antitraditional nature of the lyric hero Mayakovsky was emphasized. It got to the maximum outrageousness, so that, it would seem, they gave “slaps in the face to public taste”, demanded from the hairdresser “to comb his ear” (“He didn't understand anything ...”), squatted down and barks like a dog (“This is how I became a dog ... ") and defiantly declares:" I love watching children die ... "(" I "), throws at the audience during a performance:" I will laugh and happily spit, spit in your face .. . "(" Here! "). Together with the tall stature and loud voice of Mayakovsky, all this created a unique image of the poet-fighter, the apostle-harbinger of the new world. “The poetics of early Mayakovsky,” writes O. Myasnikov, “is the poetics of the grandiose.
Everything in his poetry of those years is extremely tense. His lyrical hero feels himself capable and obliged to solve not only the tasks and reorganization of his own soul, but also of all mankind, the task is not only earthly, but also cosmic. Hyperbolization and complex metaphorization - characteristics style of early Mayakovsky. The lyrical hero of the early Mayakovsky feels extremely uncomfortable in the bourgeois-philistine environment. He hates and despises everyone who interferes with the Man from capital letter live like a human being. The problem of humanism is one of the central problems of the early Mayakovsky.
Sections: Literature
Topic. V. Mayakovsky. Life, creativity, personality of the poet. Pre-October creativity. Mayakovsky in Armavir.
Lesson objectives:
- to get acquainted with the unknown pages of the biography, the personality and early work of V. Mayakovsky, the innovation of his lyrics, recall what was previously learned about the poet;
- develop speech, creativity of students, the ability to analyze poems;
- foster interest in literature and history of the native country, hometown, love for the native word.
Lesson form: lesson - role-playing game using multimedia.
Equipment for the lesson:
the lesson is held in a computer class, the screen displays slides of photographs of V. Mayakovsky, his family, friends, the texts of his poems, a record of the reading of poetry by the author himself and famous artists, pages of the poet's stay in Armavir.
DURING THE CLASSES
Epigraph
I'll tell you about the time and myself ...
And I feel - "I" is not enough for me.
Someone breaks out of me stubbornly.
V. Mayakovsky
1. introduction teachers.
Mayakovsky's work has always been the subject of heated debate. These disputes are not only narrow-literary in nature - we are talking about the relationship between art and reality, about the place of the poet in life. Mayakovsky lived a difficult life, never ran away from life, from his youth he created and reworked this life. Mayakovsky is one of the brightest names in the literature of the 20th century.
Much has been written about Mayakovsky. Opinions about him are often polar. Before you are leaflets with three statements about Mayakovsky. Let's get to know them.
Reading statements about Mayakovsky. (Annex 1)
Do not rush to agree with any opinion, first listen to the lesson material, and then draw a conclusion.
Now let's remember who wrote these lines.
Little son
I came to my father,
and asked the baby:
- What's happened
Okay
and what is
Badly?
Everyone knows these lines from childhood. This is V. Mayakovsky. It turns out that we are familiar with his work from early childhood. Today we will learn new pages of life and work, the personality of the poet, remember what we have previously studied, read his early works, learn about Mayakovsky's stay in our city.
The epigraph for the lesson will be the words of V. Mayakovsky "I myself will tell about the time and about myself ...". And one more line: “And I feel -“ I ”is not enough for me. Someone breaks out of me stubbornly. " During the lesson you will hear lines from the poet's biography, written by Mayakovsky himself, which is called “I myself”. It is impossible not to notice this "I" tearing outward in his autobiography.
Today's lesson - we will conduct a role-playing game in the form of a round table. The creative group received the task in advance to study the life, work and personality of V. Mayakovsky. And now they will present us with the result of their work. The round table will host a literary critic, critic, correspondents, relatives and friends of V. Mayakovsky. The main guest is the poet himself.
All students during the lesson keep the necessary notes in order to present a report on the work of the round table at the end of the lesson. Each of them has a questionnaire on their table, which must be completed by the end of the lesson. Anyone can ask additional questions to our guest.
So, we begin the session of our round table. Your questions.
2. Session of the round table.
Correspondent of the Izvestia newspaper. It is known that you were born on July 7, 1893 in the village of Baghdad, Kutaisi province, Georgia. Your father is Vladimir Konstantinovich, a forester. Mother - Alexandra Alekseevna. Two sisters - Olga and Luda. Tell us about your family, about your childhood.
Mayakovsky. The family belonged to the nobility, but she lived in very modest income. The free spirit of the Caucasus, friendship and entertainment with Georgian children, trips with his father in the forestry contributed to early growing up and independence.
To study at the gymnasium, the family decided to move to Kutaisi. He studied well and made new friends.
But the time came in 1905. Unrest broke out almost all over Russia, including in Kutaisi. Together with high school students, I took part in demonstrations and performances.
But soon an event occurred in our family that abruptly changed our life: on February 19, 1906, our father died of blood poisoning. And in the summer the family moved to Moscow. They lived on their father's pension, rented an apartment and rented out rooms.
The rooms that the family rented out were occupied by revolutionary students. They gathered friends and conducted conversations and disputes on political topics. I listened to them, then asked them to read “something revolutionary”. They began to take me for one of their own and even entrusted something with regard to illegal activities.
Things didn't go well in the gymnasium. I became more and more involved in communication with revolutionary youth. And at the beginning of 1908 I left the gymnasium.
Correspondent for the Trud newspaper. When did you first try writing?
Mayakovsky. In the gymnasium and tried to write. Others write, but I can't ?! It began to creak. It turned out incredibly revolutionary and equally ugly. I don't remember a single line. I wrote the second one. It came out lyrically. Not considering this state of heart compatible with my "socialist dignity", I gave up altogether.
Correspondent for the Trud newspaper. It is known that you were arrested several times during these years. Why and how did this influence the formation of your worldview?
Mayakovsky. 1908, I am 14 years old - I joined the RSDLP party. Then illegal activities in the printing house, for which he was arrested. When I was arrested, I ate a notebook with addresses and bound.
Surveillance, communication with professional revolutionaries, reading Marxist literature, arrests again.
For 11 months of Butyr, I read everything new. Symbolists - White, Balmont. Themes, images are not my life.
He came out excited. But how easy it is to write better than them. You just need experience in art. Where to get? I'm ignorant. I have to go to serious school.
I went to see my then party comrade Medvedev. I want to make socialist art. He laughed for a long time: the guts are thin.
I still think he underestimated my guts. I interrupted party work. I sat down to study.
Correspondent of the Izvestia newspaper. But you began to study painting, which you were fond of from the first school years. How did you end up in literature?
D. Burliuk. Let me explain. Let me introduce myself: David Burliuk, artist and poet. We met Vladimir at a painting school. At first they bullied - they soon became friends. It was to me that he read his first poems, passing them off as "someone else's." I immediately understood whose poetry it was, saw in him a “wild nugget” and the next day introduced him to Mayakovsky's friends as a “genius poet”. This confused him. “Now write. Otherwise you put me in the stupidest position, ”I told him. But the word was spoken about what lived in him as a hidden dream: a poet. It is quite possible that he was waiting for this word, and it was enough to overcome doubts.
Mayakovsky. I always think of David with love. A wonderful friend. My real teacher. Burliuk made me a poet. I read the French and the Germans to me. Stuck in books. He walked and talked endlessly. He did not let go a step. I gave out 50 kopecks daily. To write without starving.
Literary critic. Yes, nineteen-year-old Mayakovsky abruptly changed his life, as A. Akhmatova said, scandalously bursting into the “stuffy hall” of Russian poetry. And at the end of 1912 Mayakovsky, Burliuk, Khlebnikov and Kruchenykh published an almanac and manifesto "Slap in the face to public taste." The autobiography says: "Russian futurism was born."
Mayakovsky. I want to hear from you how you understand what futurism is.
Students' answers. Homework check.
D. Burliuk: In order to "introduce" new art into the consciousness of the reading public, we took a trip to the cities of Russia. Our speeches were accompanied by noisy scandals, police bans, unprecedented activity and mostly abusive press, thereby creating wide popularity for us. M.'s yellow jacket and top hat, his witty backhand remarks - answers to "tricky" questions from the audience, finally, poems that stood out with powerful poetic energy and bright, unexpected metaphor, made him the most noticeable figure in our group.
Correspondent for the Trud newspaper. Read us some of the early lyrics.
The recording of Mayakovsky's reading of the poem sounds "Could you?"
Then the artist V. Sherstyan reads a poem.
Vocabulary work: Nocturne is a small piece of music of a lyrical nature.
Teacher. Analysis of the poem “Could you?”. Answers on questions.
What images did you find in this poem? (He painted gray everyday life with paint, the slanting cheekbones of a human face resemble sea waves when moving, drainpipes with transverse “ribs” look like a flute, clarinet - they sound in the wind, rain, become part of the “music of the big city”.)
In what lines do you hear the grinding sound? What is this technique called? What sounds are repeated? (Alliteration)
On the scales of a tin fish
I read the calls of new lips.
Pay attention to the vocabulary. What have you noticed? (Colliding in the semantic series of words of different styles: calls, nocturne, flute and ... glass, jelly, drainpipes.)
Literary critic. This poem is very close in mood to the already well-known poem “ Listen!”, Whom we met in the 9th grade. Let's remember it. (Reading the verse by heart. "Listen!")
Critic: Let me comment on this poem.
A.S. Subbotin believes that the poem "Listen!" - this is a “direct appeal to the listener”: “The poet still has a poor idea of his allies, does not distinguish the faces of interested listeners, but he passionately wants them to appear sooner, to share with him joy and love, despair and hope. In the pleas and assurances of the “alarming, but outwardly calm” character of the poem, who cannot stand “starless torment”, there are many hidden hopes and desires of the author ”.
AA Mikhailov asserts: “The world does not reveal its secrets to the poet, and he asks in bewilderment:“ Listen! .. ”. Imperfection, a sharp discrepancy between dreams and reality gave rise to these bewildered questions. "
Poet B. Pasternak writes: “I really love Mayakovsky's early lyrics. Against the background of the clowning of that time, her seriousness, heavy, menacing, complaining, was so unusual. " The poet uses here the eternal poetic image - the stars, replacing it with his own - "spit".
Literary critic S. Bavin writes: “The traditional for Mayakovsky dismissively defiant tone could not hide a cry of pain intelligible to a sensitive listener for the suffering soul of a modern man”.
Literary critic. A poem appeared in complete discord with this world "Here!"- with its defiant name, it found its addressee in a decent bourgeois public when Mayakovsky read it at the opening of the Pink Lantern cabaret on October 19, 1913.
Reading the poem “Nate!” By heart.
Literary critic or teacher. After analyzing these poems, you can call lyric features Mayakovsky:
Unusual images, form, graphics of the verse, stunning poetic novelty;
He sees the world in colors, in substance, in the flesh, unites the incompatible;
He sees more than those around him, his world is bright, harsh, exotic;
Deep lyrics are hidden behind the harshness;
The verses contain the idea of sacrifice, service to people and art.
Correspondent for the Trud newspaper. How did you feel about the 1914 war? Did you participate in it?
Mayakovsky. Disgust and hatred of war. War is disgusting. I went to sign up as a volunteer. Not allowed. There is no trustworthiness. Later he did not want to go to war. But they shaved it. Pretended to be a draftsman.
Correspondent of the Izvestia newspaper. How did you receive the revolution?
Mayakovsky. To accept or not to accept? There was no such question for me (and for other Muscovites-futurists). My revolution.
In 1919 I travel with my things and comrades from the factories. Joyful welcome. I went to the agitation of GROWTH.
Correspondent of the Izvestia newspaper. I heard a lot about this side of your activity, I was interested. Here's what I learned. (The student's message from the textbook about the ROST windows).
Correspondent for the Trud newspaper. Let me ask you one personal question. Has there been true love in your life?
Lilya Brick. I can answer this question. Let me introduce myself:
Lilya Brick.
We met Mayakovsky in 1915. “July 1915. The happiest date. I am getting acquainted with L.Yu. and O.M. Brikami, ”Mayakovsky wrote many years later in his autobiography. Our house soon became his home, our family his family. Mayakovsky immediately fell in love with me.
Mayakovsky courted me violently, recklessly. He also liked the fact that there was a lady in front of him, a woman of a different circle - elegant, intelligent, well-mannered, completely unrecognizable, with excellent manners, interesting acquaintances and devoid of any prejudices. We met every day and became inseparable, but his feelings dominated. I was calmer and knew how to keep him at a distance from which he went crazy. I loved him, but not without memory.
The three of us lived in all the apartments in Moscow, at the dacha in Pushkin. At one time they rented a house in Sokolniki and lived there in the winter, because Moscow was crowded. In those years, wedding rings for me were a sign of the bourgeoisie. Therefore, we exchanged signet rings. On my ring he engraved the initials LY B. In a circle they read like LOVE - LOVE. The poet will put these three letters as dedication, the artists will inscribe them in the ornaments on his books.
Our love was not easy, it reached crisis levels more than once. In the years when the revolution broke and revised everything in the world, it seemed that human relations should find a new form, new interconnections. In the fall of 1922, our relations withstood the crisis: we decided to live apart for two months. On February 28, at three o'clock in the afternoon, Mayakovsky's "term of imprisonment" expired. At eight o'clock in the evening we met at the station to go for a few days together to Petrograd. Entering the compartment, Mayakovsky read me the just finished poem "About It" and began to cry ...
Mayakovsky saw us for the last time on February 18, 1930, when we were going abroad. We sent the last postcard to Mayakovsky from Amsterdam on April 14, the day of his suicide ...
Our love was very difficult. Much in our relationship remains unclear.
Mayakovsky. We are organizing "Lef" (Left Front) - a new literary group. We have put forward three new principles of art:
The principle of social order;
The principle of the literature of fact;
The principle of art-building.
In my work, I deliberately transfer myself to newsmen. I am writing to Izvestia, Truda, Rabochaya Moskva. The second work continues the interrupted tradition of troubadours and minstrels. I travel to cities and read. Novocherkassk, Kharkov, Paris, Rostov, Berlin, Kazan, etc., etc. For 4 years I delivered lectures and poems in 52 cities of the Soviet Union. I find personal communication with the readership a joyful and exhausting job. I was also in the south. By the way, I was in your provincial town too.
P.I. Lavut. Allow me to introduce myself: PI Lavuta is the organizer of the poet's performances. I accompanied Mayakovsky everywhere.
Mayakovsky arrived in Armavir on November 30, 1927. He stayed at the "1st Soviet Hotel", located on the site of the present department store.
Sick and overworked, the poet warned not to be disturbed and not let anyone see him, although usually Vladimir Vladimirovich's doors were wide open for everyone. However, the public, who learned about Mayakovsky's arrival, did not want to accept any ban, other persistent visitors knocked on the locked door of the room for a long time and demandingly, so I - the organizer of the poet's performances - had to explain myself.
In the evening the cinema "Mars", filled mainly with young people, buzzed with excitement. Finally, the lights went out in the auditorium. And so Mayakovsky appeared in front of the audience - tall, young, energetic. Everyone looked at the poet with curiosity. Literature teacher S.V. Kiranov, who was present at this evening, recalled in 1951: “Mayakovsky began to read in a slightly breaking voice, apparently very worried (and the disease, of course, made itself felt), but after a minute his other voice grew stronger, the words and lines spoken them, acquired crushing power. " After each poem, the audience applauded warmly. Such poems as “Letter to Gorky”, “Letter to Yesenin”, “Left March” made a great impression on the Armavir public. Then Mayakovsky began to read an excerpt from the poem "Good!"
The poet's performance met with a wide response from the public. 222 tickets were sold for Mayakovsky's evening. At the end of the evening, which dragged on until late at night, something like a dispute took place. 38 notes, submitted to Vladimir Vladimirovich at the evening, are now kept in the State Museum of V.V. Mayakovsky in Moscow. Here are some of them: “Why is your group called the“ left front ”?”, “What is left in Lef?”, “Comrade. Mayakovsky, are you a party member or not? And if not, why not? "
In the verbal tournament, Mayakovsky was invincible. Possessing phenomenal resourcefulness and wit, he mercilessly smashed opponents. In the speeches of the participants in the dispute, conflicting assessments of the poet's work were reflected. Some said that Mayakovsky's poetry was poorly understood and difficult for the broad masses, that Mayakovsky needed to “simplify”. Others argued that the poet was quite understandable to the masses.
Mayakovsky returned to the hotel joyful. The poet was pleased with the meeting with the readers. On December 4, 1927, the district newspaper “Trudovaya Put” wrote about Mayakovsky’s speech: “Unfortunately, the Armavir audience did not have to fully familiarize themselves with the entire poem“ Good! ”, Since Mayakovsky, due to illness, read only certain passages ...”. And then the newspaper continues: “His speech in Armavir is undoubtedly an event that cannot be ignored. The Armavir public, in a certain part having a chaotic idea of Mayakovsky, had the opportunity to get closely acquainted with his work and poetry. And you just have to regret that the poet's speech, on the occasion of his illness, in Armavir was not complete and short ”.
About the stay in Armavir V.V. Mayakovsky, a marble plaque, installed on the building of the cinema at 129 Komsomolskaya Street, reminds of his performance in front of a wide readership. The inscription reads: “In this building on November 30, 1927, V.V. One of the streets of Armavir is named after a talented Soviet poet.
Mayakovsky. On this, let me say goodbye, urgent matters await me. Goodbye, comrades.
Correspondent of the newspaper "Rabochaya Moskva". Korney Chukovsky rightly remarked: "It is very difficult to be Mayakovsky." The last segment of the poet's life is painted in dark colors. Living together with Osip and Lilya Brik began to weigh on the poet. He did not betray his revolutionary ideals, but faith in them was increasingly undermined by the emerging totalitarian system of power. A bitter struggle was going on in literature. In the play "The Bedbug" the official criticism smelled an "anti-Soviet flavor", and in the "Bath" they found "A mocking attitude towards our reality ...". The exhibition "20 Years of Work" was boycotted by the press and writers. Mayakovsky fell ill, the doctors forbade him to speak. All these events were pulled together in a tight knot. A sick, twitchy, with difficulty overcoming nervous tension, the poet seeks consolation in meetings with the Moscow Art Theater actress Veronica Polonskaya, a sweet, charming young woman in love with him. He wants to create his normal family. But even here, being in an agitated state, rushing things, he cannot bring his relationship with her to harmony.
On April 4, 1930, at the age of 36, Mayakovsky committed suicide with a shot from a revolver. In his dying letter, he wrote ... (A note is read. Appendix 2)
But no one will ever know what the last motive of this act was.
3. Concluding remarks from the teacher.
Thanks to all the participants of the round table. You have done a great job. Special thanks to our Mayakovsky. In his words, you heard lines from the autobiography of the poet “I myself”.
Mayakovsky ... Who else has united in himself so many irreconcilable contradictions! He rejected the culture of the past from himself, and he was rejected from the culture. They put him on a pedestal, admired him, worshiped him and glorified him - they slandered him and mocked him. He was loved and hated.
Both in strength and in weakness, he appeared as a man of utmost dedication. He did not give half of himself to any idea, to any business, he gave all of himself or did not give anything. He came into the world for life, for struggle, he is oversaturated with the energy of action: “And I feel -“ I ”is not enough for me. Someone breaks out of me stubbornly. "
Now draw a conclusion and choose one of the statements about Mayakovsky with which you can agree. Fill out the form with questions, turn it in. (Appendix 3)
All participants of the round table receive grades.
Homework: talk about Mayakovsky, read the poem "A Cloud in Pants", the plays "Bedbug" and "Bath".
Literature
1. N.V. Egorova. Lesson developments in Russian literature. Grade 11. Moscow, "Waco", 2005
2. V.V. Mayakovsky. Autobiography "I myself". Works: In 2 volumes. Moscow, 1987.Vol. 1.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky is a truly outstanding personality. A talented poet, playwright, screenwriter and actor. One of the brightest and most controversial figures of her time.
Born on July 19, 1893 in the Georgian village of Bagdati. The family had five children: two daughters and three sons, but of all the boys, only Vladimir survived. The boy studied at a local gymnasium, and then at a school in Moscow, where he moved with his mother and sister. Father by that time was gone: he died of blood poisoning.
During the revolution, difficult times came for the family, there was not enough money, and there was nothing to pay for the education of Volodya. He did not finish his studies, and later joined the Social Democratic Party. Mayakovsky was arrested more than once for his political beliefs and participation in the riots. It was in prison that the first lines of the great poet were born.
In 1911, the young man decided to continue his studies at the painting school, however, his works were not appreciated by the teachers: they were too peculiar. During his studies, Mayakovsky became close to the futurists, whose work was close to him, and in 1912 he published his first poem "Night".
In 1915, one of the most famous poems, "A Cloud in Pants", was written, which he read for the first time at a reception at Lily Brick's house. This woman became his main love and his curse. All his life he loved and hated her, they parted and resumed relationships countless times. The poem dedicated to her "Lilichka" is one of the most powerful and touching declarations of love in modern literature. In addition to Lilia, there were many other women in the poet's life, but not one of them could touch the strings of the soul that Lilichka played so skillfully.
In general, Mayakovsky's love lyrics did not attract, his main attention was occupied by politics and satire on topical topics. The poem "Lost Sitting" is perhaps one of the most striking demonstrations of Mayakovsky's satirical talent. Importantly, the plot of the poem is relevant to this day. In addition, he writes many scripts for films and acts in them himself. The most famous film that has survived to this day is The Young Lady and the Bully.
Huge place in creative heritage the poet is occupied with the theme of revolution. The poet enthusiastically perceived what was happening, although at that time it was very difficult for him financially. At this time he wrote "Mystery-Buff". Almost until his death, Mayakovsky glorified the Soviet regime, and for its 10th anniversary he wrote the poem "Good".
(Painting by Vladimir Mayakovsky "Roulette")
With his works glorifying the revolution and comrade Lenin, Mayakovsky toured a lot in Europe and America. Draws satirical and propaganda posters, works in several publishing houses, including the "Windows of ROSTA satire". In 1923, he and several associates created the creative studio LEF. One after another, in 1928 and 1929, two famous plays by the author "Bedbug" and "Bath" were published.
The visiting card of Mayakovsky became the unusual style and poetic size in the form of a ladder invented by him, as well as many neologisms. He is also credited with the glory of the first advertiser in the USSR, because he stood at the origins of this direction, created masterpiece posters calling to buy this or that product. Each drawing was accompanied by uncomplicated but sonorous verses.
(G. Egoshin "V. Mayakovsky")
Children's poems occupy an important place in the poet's lyrics. Big Uncle Mayakovsky, as he called himself, writes surprisingly touching lines for the younger generation and personally speaks with them to young listeners. The poem "Who to be" or "What is good and what is bad" knew by heart every Soviet, and then Russian schoolchild. Many critics noted the amazing artistic manner of the author and his ability to simply and easily express thoughts that are far from childish in a language accessible to children.
However, like many poets of the 20th century, Mayakovsky did not hide that he was disappointed in the chosen direction. Towards the end of his life, he moved away from the circle of futurists. The new government, headed by Stalin, did not inspire his creativity at all, and more and more brutal censorship and criticism fell upon him over and over again. His exhibition "20 Years of Work" was ignored by politicians and even friends and colleagues. This noticeably crippled Mayakovsky, and the subsequent failure of his plays only exacerbated the situation. Failures on the love front, in creative activity, refusal to travel abroad - all this affected the emotional state of the writer.
On April 14, 1930, the poet shot himself in his room, in spite of the lines he once wrote: "I will not go out into the flight, and I will not drink poison, and I will not be able to pull the trigger over my temple ..."
The ring does not suit you!
At one of the meetings in the 1920s ... A voice from the audience: "Mayakovsky, the ring does not suit you!" Mayakovsky: "That's why I don't wear it on my nose."
I take a step!
At one of the concerts, a little one jumped up to Vladimir Mayakovsky and shouted: "From the great to the ridiculous - one step!" Mayakovsky took a step towards him: "So I am doing it."
No need to give birth!
An instant reply from Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky to the attack of one of many opponents:
- You comrade, object, as if giving birth!
Review of the book
Once under Mayakovsky a book was being discussed, and one of those present said about it:
"Life as it is".
Mayakovsky immediately reacted:
"And who needs her like that?"
Mayakovsky's toilet
One of Mayakovsky's poems contains the following line:
"While looking at a pimple in front of the pier glass ..."
This phrase quite accurately reflected the behavior of the poet himself. He approached the mirror and looked intently and suspiciously at his face: was there any nastiness or infection attached, whether he was threatened with death from an unnoticed scratch. Mayakovsky could suddenly push aside all the papers from the table and begin to shave, muttering under his breath:
"No, I'm not handsome enough to shave every day."
The rest of the poet's toilet required almost no time, no mirror, no attention. All the clothes fell on his shoulders discreetly elegantly, as it should.
Mayakovsky and Burliuk
David Burliuk introduced the young Mayakovsky to his acquaintances:
"Vladimir Mayakovsky is a genius poet!"
And then he said to Mayakovsky:
"Don't let me down, write good poetry."
Mayakovsky about his trips
After a trip abroad, Mayakovsky was asked:
"Vladimir Vladimirovich, how is it in Monte Carlo, gorgeous?"
He replied:
"Very much like we have at the Bolshoi Moskovskaya [hotel]."
Then he was asked:
"You've traveled a lot. I wonder which city do you think is the most beautiful?"
Mayakovsky answered shortly:
"Vyatka".
Weeding
Once Mayakovsky visited the editorial office of a magazine, and when leaving, he discovered that his stick was missing and said:
"And where is my stick? The stick is gone. However, why say" the stick is gone "when you can say more simply: lost."
Mayakovsky and Gopp
In the winter of 1926, a discussion of the novel "The Death of the Merry Monarchy" by the young writer Philip Gopp was to take place. Mayakovsky met the writer before the discussion and said:
"You are growing by leaps and bounds. I read about your novel The Death of the Merry Nun."
A little later, meeting Gopp on the street, Mayakovsky asked:
"Write what?"
Gopp replied:
"Story".
"What is the name of?"
Gopp:
"Bad tale".
"What theme?"
Gopp began to develop his thoughts:
"Well, you know, Vladimir Vladimirovich, how can I tell you ... This topic has been in the air for a long time ..."
Mayakovsky interrupted:
"Spoiling him ..."
Gopp was offended:
"Why - spoiling?"
Mayakovsky explained:
"Well, how is it? If a fairy tale is nasty, then what kind of smell can you expect from it!"
I am for the first time
Polytechnic Institute, Vladimir Mayakovsky speaks at a debate on proletarian internationalism:
- Among the Russians I feel like a Russian, among the Georgians I feel like a Georgian ...
Question from the audience:
- And among the fools?
Answer:
- And I am among the fools for the first time.
Angry Lily
IN GENERAL, Mayakovsky with women was both lucky and unlucky at the same time. He was carried away, fell in love, but most often he did not meet complete reciprocity. The poet's biographers unanimously call him Lilya Brik's greatest love. It was to her that the poet wrote: “I love, I love, in spite of everything, and thanks to everything, I loved, I love and will love, whether you are rude to me or affectionate, mine or someone else's. I love it anyway. Amen". It was her that he called "The Sun is the Brightest." And Lilya Yurievna lived happily with her husband Osip Brik, called Mayakovsky in her letters “Puppy” and “Puppy” and asked “to bring her a small car from abroad”. Brick appreciated the genius of her admirer, but all her life she loved only her husband Osip. After his death in 1945, she will say: “When Mayakovsky shot himself, the great poet died. And when Osip died, I died. " Another statement by Lily Yurievna is also noteworthy. Upon learning of Mayakovsky's suicide, Brick said: “It's good that he shot himself with a big pistol. Otherwise it would be ugly: such a poet - and shoots out of a little Browning. "
Mayakovsky lived in the same apartment with the Briks. All Moscow was happy to discuss this unusual "family of three". However, “all the gossip about“ love in three ”is completely different from what happened,” writes Lilya Yurievna. Shortly before her death, which happened in 1978, she confesses to the poet Andrei Voznesensky: “I loved to make love with Osia. We then locked Volodya in the kitchen. He rushed to us, scratched at the door and cried. " Brick was well aware of how Mayakovsky was suffering. “But nothing,” she told friends. - It is good for Volodya to suffer. He will suffer and write good poetry. "
And Mayakovsky really suffered, suffered and wrote good poetry. The poet admitted to one of his lovers, Natalya Bryukhanenko, that he loves only Lilya: “I can only relate well or very well to everyone else, but I can already love in second place”.
In Ladimir Mayakovsky did not immediately begin to write poetry - at first he was going to become an artist and even studied painting. The poet's fame came to him after meeting the avant-garde artists, when the first works of the young author were met with delight by David Burliuk. Futuristic group, "Today's Lubok", "Left Front of the Arts", advertising "Windows ROSTA" - Vladimir Mayakovsky worked in many creative associations. He also wrote to newspapers, published a magazine, made films, created plays and staged plays based on them.
Vladimir Mayakovsky with his sister Lyudmila. Photo: vladimir-mayakovsky.ru
Vladimir Mayakovsky with his family. Photo: vladimir-mayakovsky.ru
Vladimir Mayakovsky as a child. Photo: rewizor.ru
Vladimir Mayakovsky was born in Georgia in 1893. His father served as a forester in the village of Baghdadi, later the family moved to Kutaisi. Here the future poet studied at the gymnasium and took drawing lessons: the only artist from Kutaisi, Sergei Krasnukha, studied with him for free. When the wave of the first Russian revolution reached Georgia, Mayakovsky - still a child - took part in rallies for the first time. His sister Lyudmila Mayakovskaya recalled: “The revolutionary struggle of the masses also influenced Volodya and Olya. The Caucasus experienced the revolution especially sharply. There, everyone was involved in the struggle, and everyone was divided into those who participated in the revolution, who definitely sympathized with it and were hostile. ".
In 1906, when Vladimir Mayakovsky was 13 years old, his father died from blood poisoning: he injured his finger with a needle while sewing together papers. Until the end of his life, the poet was afraid of bacteria: he always carried soap with him, took a folding basin on his travels, carried cologne for rubdowns and carefully monitored hygiene.
After the death of his father, the family found itself in a difficult situation. Mayakovsky recalled: “After my father’s funeral, we have 3 rubles. Instinctively, feverishly, we sold out tables and chairs. We moved to Moscow. What for? There weren't even acquaintances. "... In a Moscow gymnasium young poet wrote his first "incredibly revolutionary and equally ugly" poem and published it illegally school magazine... In 1909-1910, Mayakovsky was arrested several times: he joined the Bolshevik Party, worked in an underground printing house. First, the young revolutionary was given “on bail” by his mother, and for the third time he was sent to prison. Mayakovsky later called the confinement in solitary confinement "11 Butyr months." He wrote poetry, but the notebook with the lyrical experiments - "stilted and revolting," as the author estimated them, was taken away by the guards.
In conclusion, Mayakovsky read many books. He dreamed of a new art, a new aesthetics, which would be radically different from the classical. Mayakovsky decided to study painting - changed several teachers and a year later entered the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Here the young artist met David Burliuk, and later with Velimir Khlebnikov and Alexei Kruchenykh. Mayakovsky again wrote poetry, from which his new comrades were delighted. The avant-garde authors decided to unite against the "old-fashioned aesthetics", and soon a manifesto of a new creative group appeared - "A Slap in the Face to Public Taste".
David has the anger of a master who has overtaken his contemporaries; I have the pathos of a socialist who knows the inevitability of the collapse of old stuff. Russian futurism was born.
Vladimir Mayakovsky, an excerpt from the autobiography "I myself"
Futurists spoke at meetings - read poetry and lectures on new poetry. For public speaking, Vladimir Mayakovsky was expelled from the school. In 1913–1914, the famous futurists' tour took place: a creative group with performances toured Russian cities.
Burliuk rode and promoted futurism. But he loved Mayakovsky, stood at the cradle of his poetry, knew his biography to the smallest detail, knew how to read his things - and therefore, through the butads of David Davidovich, Mayakovsky's appearance appeared so material that he wanted to touch him with his hands.
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Upon arrival in the city, Burliuk first of all arranged an exhibition of futuristic paintings and manuscripts, and in the evening he made a report.Poet-futurist Pyotr Neznamov
Vladimir Mayakovsky, Vsevolod Meyerhold, Alexander Rodchenko and Dmitry Shostakovich at the rehearsal of the play "The Bedbug". 1929. Photo: subscribe.ru
Vladimir Mayakovsky and Lilya Brik in the film "Chained by the Film". 1918. Photo: geometria.by
Vladimir Mayakovsky (third from left) and Vsevolod Meyerhold (second from left) at a rehearsal of the play "Bath". 1930. Photo: bse.sci-lib.com
Vladimir Mayakovsky was interested not only in poetry and painting. In 1913 he made his theater debut: he himself wrote the tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky", he staged it on stage and played the main role. In the same year, the poet became interested in cinema - he began to write scripts, and a year later he first appeared in the film "Drama in the Futurist Cabaret No. 13" (the picture has not survived). During the First World War, Vladimir Mayakovsky was a member of the avant-garde association "Today's Lubok". Its participants - Kazimir Malevich, David Burliuk, Ilya Mashkov and others - drew patriotic postcards for the front, inspired by the traditional popular popular print. Simple colorful pictures were created for them and short poems were written in which the enemy was ridiculed.
In 1915, Mayakovsky met Osip and Lilya Brik. The poet later noted this event in his autobiography with the subtitle "the happiest date." Lilya Brik for many years became Mayakovsky's beloved and muse, he dedicated poems and poems to her, and even after parting continued to confess his love. In 1918, they starred together for the film "Chained by the Film" - both in the lead roles.
In November of the same year, the premiere of Mayakovsky's play Mystery-Buff took place. It was staged at the Musical Drama Theater by Vsevolod Meyerhold, and designed in the best traditions of the avant-garde by Kazimir Malevich. Meyerhold recalled working with the poet: "Mayakovsky was well versed in very subtle theatrical, technological things that we know, directors who usually study for a very long time in different schools, practically at the theater, etc. Mayakovsky always guessed every right and wrong stage decision, just as a director."... The “revolutionary folk performance,” as translator Rita Wright called it, was staged several more times.
A year later, the tense era of "Windows of ROSTA" began: artists and poets collected hot topics and released propaganda posters - they are often called the first Soviet social advertising. The work was intense: both Mayakovsky and his colleagues had to stay late or work at night more than once to release the batch on time.
In 1922, Vladimir Mayakovsky headed the literary group "Left Front of the Arts" (later the "left" in the name was changed to "revolutionary"), and soon the eponymous magazine of the creative association. On its pages were published prose and poetry, pictures of avant-garde photographers, bold architectural projects and news of "left" art.
In 1925, the poet finally parted with Lilya Brik. He went on tour to France, then went to Spain, Cuba and the United States. There Mayakovsky met the translator Ellie Jones, a short but stormy romance broke out between them. In the fall, the poet returned to the USSR, and in America his daughter, Helen-Patricia, was soon born. After returning from the United States, Vladimir Mayakovsky wrote the cycle "Poems about America", worked on the scripts of Soviet films.
Vladimir Mayakovsky. Photo: goteatr.com
Vladimir Mayakovsky and Lilya Brik. Photo: mayakovskij.ru
Vladimir Mayakovsky. Photo: piter.my
In 1928-1929, Mayakovsky wrote the satirical plays The Bedbug and The Bath. Both premieres took place at the Meyerhold Theater. The poet was the second director, he followed the design of the performance and worked with the actors: he read fragments of the play, creating the necessary intonations and placing semantic accents.
Vladimir Vladimirovich was very fond of all kinds of work. I went to work with my head. Before the premiere of "Bath" he was completely exhausted. He spent all his time in the theater. He wrote poetry, inscriptions for the audience for the production of "Baths". He himself watched their hanging. Then he joked that he was hired at the Meyerhold Theater not only as an author and director (he worked a lot with actors on the text), but also as a painter and carpenter, since he himself painted on and nailed something. As a very rare author, he was so eager and ill with the performance that he participated in the smallest details of the production, which, of course, was not at all part of his author's functions.
Actress Veronica Polonskaya
Both plays caused a stir. Some viewers and critics saw in the works a satire of bureaucracy, while others - criticism of the Soviet system. "Bath" was put on only a few times, and then banned - until 1953.
The loyal attitude of the authorities towards the "main Soviet poet" was replaced by coolness. In 1930, for the first time, he was not approved to travel abroad. Official criticism began to violently attack the poet. He was reproached for satire in relation to phenomena allegedly defeated, for example, the same bureaucracy, and bureaucratic delays. Mayakovsky decided to hold an exhibition "20 years of work" and present the results of his many years of work. He himself selected newspaper articles and drawings, arranged books, hung posters on the walls. The poet was assisted by Lilya Brik, his new beloved actress Veronika Polonskaya and an employee of the State Literary Museum Artemy Bromberg.
On the opening day, the guest room was overcrowded. However, as Bromberg recalled, none of the representatives of literary organizations came to the opening. And there were no official congratulations to the poet on the 20th anniversary of his work either.
I will never forget how in the House of Press at the exhibition of Vladimir Vladimirovich "Twenty Years of Work", which for some reason was almost boycotted by the "big" writers, we, several Smenovites, literally stood watch near the stands for days, physically suffering from how sad and stern A large, tall man walked with his face across the empty halls, with his hands behind his back, walking back and forth, as if expecting someone very dear and more and more convinced that this dear person would not come.
Poetess Olga Berggolts
The lack of recognition was compounded by personal drama. Vladimir Mayakovsky, in love with Polonskaya, demanded that she leave her husband, leave the theater and live with him in a new apartment. As the actress recalled, the poet then arranged scenes, then calmed down, then again began to be jealous and demand an immediate decision. One of these explanations became fatal. After the departure of Polonskaya, Mayakovsky committed suicide. In his dying letter, he asked the "comrade government" not to leave his family: “My family is Lilya Brik, mother, sisters and Veronika Vitoldovna Polonskaya. If you give them a tolerable life, thank you. ".
After the death of Mayakovsky, the entire archive of the poet went to the Briks. Lilya Brik tried to preserve the memory of his work, wanted to create a memorial room, but constantly ran into bureaucratic obstacles. The poet was almost never published. Then Brick wrote a letter to Joseph Stalin. In his resolution, Stalin called Mayakovsky "the best and most talented poet of the Soviet era." The resolution was published in Pravda, Mayakovsky's works began to be published in huge editions, and the streets and squares of the Soviet Union were named after him.
The vulgarity, without challenging it in life, challenged it in death. But a lively, agitated Moscow, alien to petty literary disputes, stood in line to his grave, not organized in this queue by anyone, spontaneously, by itself recognizing the unusualness of this life and this death. And lively, agitated Moscow filled the streets on the way to the crematorium. And the lively, agitated Moscow did not believe his death. He still doesn’t believe it.