What is a cartoon definition. Research work "Cartoons, what is this?" Project “Cartoons: what is it? What is m f

Nomination "Aesthetic cycle"

I, like all children, love to watch cartoons. The number of cartoons I have viewed is beyond counting. And it seemed that I knew everything, everything about them ... But one day, after another viewing of my beloved "SonixX", I thought: what are cartoons? I asked my classmates, but they also found it difficult to answer ...

First, I went to the library, where I read in the dictionary that cartoons, cartoons, animated films, animation are all the same ... that is how animation is called in our cinema, in Latin it means “soul”, “animation” or “revival ".

I looked for information about cartoons in various sources: from books, the Internet, educational television programs.

I became very interested and wanted to try myself as a cartoonist. The plot of my cartoon is simple: the plot is about a multibot dance competition. For a long time I could not decide what the main character would be: drawn, plasticine, puppet or computer. And I decided to make three completely different characters: Rissundo, Plasticinius and Robo.

Lights included. The camera is charged. The filming process began. More than 2 thousand frames were shot for our five-minute cartoon. Indeed, in order for the movement of the character to seem smooth, a very fast frame change is required - 24-30 per second!

The obtained images were processed on a computer using a special program, where the frame change took place at a certain speed. Musical accompaniment was selected. Voices were recorded and superimposed on audio tracks ... Titles were made out.

And now my own cartoon is ready! I was a screenwriter, a director, an animator, a decorator, a designer, an announcer, a sound engineer, a videographer and a photo operator, and even a producer ... Oh, and this is not an easy job - to shoot cartoons ... How it happened - you judge. And now I know exactly what a cartoon is. Cartoon is talent and creativity, painstaking work of people and a very interesting occupation!

A survey among classmates revealed the following: just like me, all the guys in my class love to watch cartoons, devote this lesson from 15 minutes to 2 hours a day, but just like me, they do not know what cartoons are, they hardly give a description of their favorite cartoon (0 - 1 sign).

As shown by the survey in the ascertaining experiment, the most favorite and popular animated films among classmates are drawn cartoons of foreign production - 100% ("Spiderman" - for boys; "Winx Club" - for girls).

I drew information about the origin, development history and technologies of making animated films from various sources (books, dictionaries, educational TV programs, videos, the Internet). Personally, during the study alone, I watched about 40 animated films of various content. I have defined cartoons as a special kind of cinematography created by animators who use different materials and techniques to create characters, and "animate" occurs through quick frame changes.

Various classifications of cartoons were created: by manufacturing technology, goals and objectives; by duration; by age criteria and interests; by nationality (producing countries)

Using the classification of technology for making cartoons, 3 characters were chosen to create their own cartoons at home: plasticine, puppet and drawn. A cutting table was made from scrap materials, the whole family made decorations and main characters.

The plot is simple: TV report of Cheburashka from the intergalactic dance competition of multobots, held on the basis of our gymnasium, where 3 finalists (Robo, Plastillinius and Rissundo) demonstrate their dancing skills to the fiery rhythms of "techno". To create a 5-minute cartoon, it took more than 2 thousand photo frames, which were then edited in a video editor at a certain speed (0.03 s).

After familiarizing the children with the project and demonstrating the cartoon, he offered to compare and evaluate the main characters. Most of all, the guys liked the plasticine hero Plasticinius (53%), Rissundo got 28%, and the puppet hero Robo 19%! Indeed, the plasticine hero had the lowest cost, excellent plasticity and visual impact, but he easily deformed after each trick and "melted before our eyes" from the heat of lighting lamps, got his hands dirty. The puppet hero was more durable, but limited in movements and the ability to perform various tricks.

The most difficult, painstaking and costly I thought was the creation of a drawn character, provided that I used the simplest technology of hand-drawn animation - the "overlay" method! It requires special creative and professional skills to draw not only objects, but also the movement of objects, movement of objects in space and great patience.

During the defense of the project, I introduced the children to the classifications of cartoons I had developed, which were drawn up in the form of memos. Thanks to this, the guys were able to easily give characteristics to any cartoon. The control questionnaire also testifies to this: 89% of children were able to define animation and characterize their favorite cartoon by 3-5 signs (86%).

The knowledge gained in the course of project activities helps me to relate to animated films with even greater interest, to analyze, compare, classify ... In the future, I would like to continue researching technologies for creating animated films, for example, mastering computer 2-D and 3-D animation and, possibly , create a new cartoon.

Film by Mikhail Polyakov

The theoretical part of the research in the form of a presentation

Cartoon, cartoon (from the confluence of lat. multiplicatio - multiplication and eng. film - film; colloquial cartoon) - a film made using frame-by-frame rendering (including 3D modeling) and intended for demonstration in a cinema, broadcast on television, viewing on a computer screen and on other electronic devices.

Types of cartoons

By way of creation

By duration

Feature-length cartoons: cartoons usually over 70 minutes long [ ]
Short animation films (usually about 10-30 minutes) [ ]

By display method

Theatrical cartoon - this category includes cartoons that are first shown in cinemas, and later shown on television and released on video. Nowadays, usually only full-length cartoons are shown in this way, although sometimes (for example, in many Disney cartoons) a short cartoon is shown before a full-length one. Previously, before the widespread use of televisions, short cartoons were also shown in cinemas.
Direct-to-video is a full-length cartoon that, for some reason, was not shown in the cinema.
Short cartoons and animated series that are shown on television and distributed on video media.

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Who is raising our children? Many responsible parents will say, "Me!" But is it really so? What image of the surrounding world, behavior in it, their place in it do cartoons lay? What to watch? We will try to answer these and other questions.

An artistic image is a form of reflection (reproduction) of objective reality in art from the standpoint of a certain aesthetic ideal. The embodiment of the artistic image in different works of art is carried out using different means and materials (word, rhythm, drawing, color, plastic, facial expressions, film montage, etc.) (Big Explanatory Dictionary of Cultural Studies. Kononenko BI 2003.)

The development of mental processes and personality traits occurs most intensively at an early age. According to some observations of psychologists, a child under the age of 5 acquires from 60 to 70% of information about the world around him, and for the rest of his life - 30-40%. The formation of the personality of children occurs in the first 5-7 years of their life. The further mental development of the child depends on what foundation will be laid in these years. It is very important to build a child's life so that he can make the most of the opportunities of this age.

Another feature of childhood is the lack of a meaningfully conscious, critical attitude to all the information that gets into the psyche. Children at this time receive most of the information through non-verbal means of communication: static and dynamic images, emotions and intonation, gestures, facial expressions, etc. In infancy (0 - 1 years old), the source of information is parents, especially mom. In early childhood (1 - 3) parents remain helpers to the child: he begins to actively explore the world and ... watch cartoons. IN preschool age (3 - 7) years, the child becomes an active consumer of cartoons, since he has mastered speech, mastered elementary stereotypes of behavior, there is physical independence from parents.

Cartoons take up a huge part of the pastime. There are several reasons for this:

The cartoons themselves are interesting to the child due to the peculiarities of age, as mentioned in the previous paragraph;
The creators of modern cartoons use every means at their disposal to keep children watching TV (humor, bright colors, dynamism, etc.);
It is easier for parents to leave their child at the TV than to come up with games and entertainment for him, help him develop and participate in his development. This happens for two reasons:
Parents themselves, due to their meagerness, do not know where to direct the development of the child
The way of life of the present civilization has developed in such a way that the overwhelming majority of parents simply do not have the strength and time to raise their children.

For these reasons, the functions of education, cognition and development almost entirely go to cartoons, in particular, and the television screen in general, since there is no guarantee that the child will only watch cartoons.

What is a cartoon for a child?

In fact Is a model of the world around them, so children tend to imitate very actively what they see on the screen. Therefore, the question of what the cartoon brings to children in their bright souls becomes very relevant - more relevant than the same question, but in relation to adults.

For the child's psyche, in contrast to the adult, it is not only the content that is important, but also the form, because through it the image of the world is created.

In modern cartoons, a number of shortcomings can be distinguished that can lead to improper formation and development of the child's psyche.

Excessive aggression and violence on the screen... Too detailed scenes of fights with blood, murders, demonstration of the attributes of death (skulls, cemeteries). The protagonist, as a rule, aggressive, can harm others. The child can then imitate the cartoonish cruelty in their life.
Complete impunity... A character's bad deed is not punished, and sometimes even encouraged. The child may form a stereotype of permissiveness, which will lead to negative consequences in the future.
Blurred understanding of good and evil. There is no clear line between good and evil. Black appears to be white, and white appears to be black, and sometimes there is no edge at all, and everything is seen as innocent individualism. Even a positive character can commit bad deeds for good purposes, plus everything often.
Endowing a woman with masculine features of appearance and character and vice versa. This is reflected in the behavior, clothing, role of the character. Often women in cartoons have an unambiguous sexual interest in men, showing and demonstrating it on the screen in every possible way. In addition, cartoons often contribute to the incorrect formation of the image of mother and motherhood.
Early sex education. This opens up a sphere of drives in the child ahead of time, for which the child is not yet functionally, morally and physically ready. In the future, this will result in sexual problems, difficulties with starting a family and procreation. Therefore, pedophiles are responsible for the physical abuse of our children, and cartoons are responsible for the moral abuse.
Excess humor and stupidity. First, it is evil humor, when gloating becomes the norm. Positive heroes gloat over evil, arrogantly sneer at each other. Second, humor over vices. In this case, vices become attractive. But since the child has not developed critical thinking, he can no longer rethink the attitude set through humor and perceives vice as the norm. Thirdly, it is an excess of humor. Nowadays in modern cartoons they laugh at everything and make fun of everything - especially what is considered traditional. This is how the cult of stupidity is realized; lack of seriousness and responsibility entails the same attitude towards life. Of course, there is no need to rush to the other extreme and remove humor altogether. The abundance of humor suggests that funny scenes compensate for the lack of interest created by other substantive characteristics of the film (for example, the originality of the ways of presenting good and evil, the presence of ideas that go beyond satisfying physiological and everyday needs.
Some disadvantages of the pictorial side of cartoons:
- Excessive emphasis on secondary sexual characteristics. The external feminine appearance is emphasized: a clear relief of the chest, waist, hips - which arouses interest
- Increased dynamism. Watching too dynamic scenes and scenes with bright flashes on the TV screen can provoke epileptic seizures in predisposed children.
- Naturalism, when the processes of physiology are deliberately underlined: wounds, excretions (bunches, saliva, etc.), muscle relief, etc.
- Inconsistency between the soundtrack and the video. This applies to female voices: heroines in critical situations moan as if copulating. There is also a speech inconsistency with the child's age. The heroes speak either in complex words, or their speech and emotions are primitive to the point of dullness.

There are no cartoons for adults

Indeed, why should adults watch cartoons? Cartoons, due to their specificity of heroes (toys, animals, non-existent characters), force the child to turn on the imagination, which develops him. Adults, due to their age, with the prevailing worldview, will not get carried away with fantasizing talking animals, fictional characters (Pinocchio, Chippolino, etc.), therefore cartoons for an adult who failed to take place as a Human does not carry any information, do not encourage him to look at things in a different way.

There are several stages in human development:

when a child perceives the world only in images (age 0-2);
when a child perceives the world through an image + vocabulary + intelligence (age 2-4);
when a child perceives the world through an image + vocabulary + intelligence + reading (age 4+).

Therefore, in our opinion, it is advisable to show cartoons to a child aged 2 to 7 years, as an artistic image (aesthetic ideal) of the desired society. Starting from the first grade of general education school, the child must learn to create his own images on his own when reading stories, poems, fairy tales and other literature. Based on this, cartoons should not contain information that is not typical of the age of children of this age stage, namely: various distortions of Russian speech, the topic of the technosphere (Internet, computers, electronic gadgets), disapproving behavior of goodies, indifference, alcohol and tobacco use, hedonism, the cult of beauty, sex education, the presence of aggression and violence on the screen, blurring the line between good and evil, endowing representatives of the same sex with features of the appearance and character of the opposite, the cult of money, erotic connotations

We will not disassemble each cartoon according to its relationship to various aspects of life, we will not divide into good and bad cartoons released by the USSR and Russia, this is not our goal. Our goal is to tell what parents should pay attention to when their children watch cartoons.

The future of each person is multivariate, and the scenario according to which life will go, no matter how scary it sounds for many, is written before the age of 7, and depends primarily on the child's worldview, which is formed, among other things, through cartoons.

For the normal development of a child, in our opinion, cartoons should contain the following information:

A kind, caring attitude to the surrounding nature: to animals, plants, other people.
Obedience, respect for adults. We are not talking about unconditional obedience, because adults make mistakes, and children can correct them.
Love in the previously described sense of the word.
Lifestyle without alcohol and cigarettes and other addictions... The appeal of a sober and healthy lifestyle. This also applies to cases where alcohol and cigarettes are not directly shown, but shown metaphorically or with the help of jokes, hints, hints. (Example. In one of the series "Tom and Jerry" Tom drinks milk at a table in a cafe. the drunkard. The offscreen voice announces: "Tom has turned into a bitter drunkard." The episode number has already been forgotten.)
Correct Russian speech: without distortions, without an excess of foreign words, without foreign words if possible (ok, for example, you can replace it with “good”, “okay”, “understandable”), without primitive and ornate speech, but rich and figurative.
Interest in books, knowledge, self-development and improvement of their human qualities It is necessary to show that knowledge leads to an improvement in the situation and the resolution of life's problems.
Shame and conscience... Conscience is an innate religious feeling. It is necessary to show from childhood that living in harmony with your conscience is right. Without shame and conscience, you cannot become a Man. Conscience acts preemptively, and a person experiences shame after committing unrighteousness with sincere repentance before his conscience.
A clear distinction between good and evil, good and bad behavior... Children are very sensitive to everything that comes into their psyche. Evil in cartoons must be punished - punished with the language of life's circumstances or with the hand of other villains - ending the plot with a positive ending, where good wins. The best way to win is to help the villains sincerely repent - to rethink their actions and thoughts - and to change their behavior.
Ethnic wealth... Russian civilization is inhabited by many peoples. We all have kind and interesting tales;
Heroism... One of its features is that this heroism should not be based only, and not even so much on strength. He should be based on the ability to choose the right option, apply his Knowledge, give the opportunity for evil to sincerely repent and change. Individualism is destructive for humanity, therefore in cartoons it is necessary to show collegiality, in which everyone makes their valuable and unique contribution, and the result of the team is not reduced to the sum of the contribution of each of the participants, but is a work. In modern cartoons, as a rule, there is one "best" (leader) who subjugates others and pulls the whole team on the hump.

Thus, here is a far from complete list of merits that need to be filled with cartoons for children. But the most important thing most likely concerns de facto parents and potential ones: watch cartoons with your children, and comment on the actions of the cartoon (but not boring), talk with your children about their favorite cartoons, but do not impose your truth, but work out it together ...

The article was prepared based on materials from the "Department of State Support for Cinematography, the public organization" Union of Cinematographers of the Russian Federation "and the directors of cinematography of Russian civilization."

Video reviews on popular cartoons from the Teach good project

What does the cartoon Masha and the Bear teach?

What does the Winx cartoon teach?

What do the Monster High dolls and cartoon teach?

What does Sailor Moon cartoon teach?

WHAT IS A CARTOON? Animation (from Latin multiplicatio - multiplication, increase, increase, multiplication) - techniques for creating the illusion of moving images (movement and / or changes in the shape of objects - morphing) using a sequence of still images (frames), replacing each other with a certain frequency. Animation (from the French. Animation) - animation, animation.

The history of the creation of cartoons began in 1877 in the most beautiful country of France. Self-taught engineer Emile Reino presented the first personal praxinoscope created to the public. For reference: the praxinoscope is a device for viewing drawings applied to a paper tape attached to a rotating drum.

The very first cartoons were in the form of hand-drawn and hand-painted pantomimes, and the duration was about fifteen minutes. The soundtrack could already be used at that time, and it was completely synchronized with the picture.

American Winsor McKay made further contributions to the overall development of all animations. It is he who creates the first cartoon character in history, endowed with vivid personal qualities - the dinosaur Gertie. This is the first film about dinosaurs. This film was the first to use keyframe animation. It is listed on the National Film Register and ranks sixth on the list of the 50 Greatest Cartoons of All Time Gertie the Dinosaur is an American short film.

CINEMA GENRE CINEMATOGRAPHERS For the production of cartoons, filming devices were used. To create hand-drawn animation, there were cartoon machines. Such devices were produced in a special design for animation, characterized by vertical installation and a special magnifier for ease of sighting from this position. The design of professional cartoon machines made it possible to create multilayer images on separate media and included lighting equipment. At present, a computer or cartoon machine with a digital camera is used for hand-drawn animation.

1911-1913 - in Russia the first volumetric cartoons were directed by V. A. Starevich. 1936 - the Soyuzmultfilm film studio (originally Soyuzdetmultfilm) was founded in the USSR. 1958 - Through the efforts of Osama Tezuka, a unique style of hand-drawn animation, anime, is created in Japan.

1967-1971 - the first Soviet animated series "Mowgli", 1969 - in the film by Roman Kachanov "Crocodile Gena" the visual image of Cheburashka first appears. 1988 - the first non-state animation studio in the USSR “Pilot” was founded. 1995 - the first full-length computer cartoon - "Toy Story" (Pixar studio)

In 1999, the cartoon "The Old Man and the Sea" directed by Alexander Petrov became the first cartoon in the history of cinema for large-format IMAX cinemas. In 2000, the same cartoon was awarded the Academy Award "Oscar".