The Sixth Crusade was the last successful action of the Crusaders in the East. During diplomatic negotiations, Jerusalem was taken again (1229). But 15 years later, the city was conquered by the Muslims, this time forever.

Preparations for the Sixth Crusade

Pope Honorius III announced that the main culprit in the failure of the Fifth Crusade was the German emperor Frederick II, who never took part in it.

Rice. 1. Emperor Frederick II.

In March 1227 Honorius III died. The new pope was Gregory IX, who severely demanded that Frederick II fulfill his holy vow.

The German emperor obeyed and in August 1227, together with the army, went to sea. On the way, Frederick II fell dangerously ill and made a stop for treatment. Gregory IX considered this a deception and excommunicated the emperor from the church, which forbade him to take part in the crusade.

The course of the Sixth Crusade

Frederick II ignored his excommunication. In the summer of 1228 he set out on the Sixth Crusade. In response, Gregory IX excommunicated Frederick II for the second time.

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The angry Pope called Frederick II a pirate and a "servant of Mohammed".

After a short stop in Cyprus, the Crusaders arrived at Acre. The local nobility did not support the excommunicated emperor and did not provide military assistance. Since that time, the main events of the Sixth Crusade unfolded in the field of diplomacy.

Rice. 2. Ship off the coast of the Holy Land. Fresco, XII century

There was also no unity among Muslims.
The Ayyubid state was divided among themselves by three brothers:

• al-Kamil of Egypt;
• an-Nasir Daoud of Syria;
• al-Ashraf of Jazeera.

Sultan al-Kamil back in 1226 sent ambassadors to Frederick II with a request for help and an offer of favorable conditions. Arriving in Palestine, the German emperor continued negotiations and at the same time created a bridgehead for an attack on Jerusalem. On the possessions of al-Kamila, the Horzmshah Jelal ad-Din was preparing an attack, so the sultan hastened to conclude a peace agreement.

The final date of the Sixth Crusade was February 18, 1229. A peace treaty for 10 years was signed between the Egyptian sultan and the German emperor.

The main provisions of the agreement:

• Christians receive Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth, a narrow corridor between Jaffa and Jerusalem, as well as Sidon;
• In Jerusalem, under Muslim rule, the Temple Mount with two mosques remains;
• Christians could rebuild the destroyed walls of Jerusalem;
• all prisoners were released without ransom;
• Frederick II guaranteed support to the Sultan against all enemies;
• lucrative trade agreements were concluded.

Rice. 3. Emperor Frederick II in the crown of the King of Jerusalem.

Significance and Result of the Sixth Crusade

The seizure of Jerusalem by peaceful means became a unique case in medieval diplomacy. Frederick II proved that it is possible to negotiate with Muslims. The authority of the German emperor in the Christian world has increased significantly.

In 1230 the Pope lifted Frederick II's excommunication and approved a peace treaty with the Sultan.

After the departure of Frederick II to Europe, a civil war broke out between the local feudal lords in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The kingdom consisted of scattered cities and castles that did not share a common border. Therefore, soon the Muslims again took possession of the Holy City.

By the rest of the Fifth Campaign, in 1221, with the Egyptian sultan al-Kamil (name: Nasir ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ahmad, title: Sultan al-Malik al-Kamil I) peace, according to which they received a free retreat, but pledged to cleanse Damietta and generally Egypt.

Meanwhile, Frederick II Hohenstaufen married Iolanta, daughter of Mary of Jerusalem and John of Brienne. He pledged to the Pope to begin a crusade.

Frederick in August 1227 actually sent a fleet to Syria with Duke Henry of Limburg at its head; in September he sailed himself, but was soon to return to the shore due to a serious illness. Landgrave Ludwig of Thuringia, who took part in this crusade, died almost immediately after landing in Otranto.

Pope Gregory IX did not respect Frederick's explanations and pronounced excommunication over him for not fulfilling his vow at the appointed time.

An extremely harmful struggle began between the emperor and the pope. In June 1228 Frederick finally sailed to Syria, but this did not reconcile the Pope with him: Gregory said that Frederick (still excommunicated) was going to the Holy Land not as a crusader, but as a pirate.

In the Holy Land, Frederick restored fortifications and in February 1229 concluded a treaty with al-Kamil: the sultan ceded to him, and some other places, for which the emperor pledged to help al-Kamil against his enemies.

Chris 73, Public Domain

In March 1229 Frederick entered Jerusalem, and in May he sailed from the Holy Land. After the removal of Frederick, his enemies began to seek to weaken the power of the Hohenstaufens both in Cyprus, which had been a fief of the empire since the time of Emperor Henry VI, and in Syria. These disagreements were very unfavorable reflected in the course of the struggle between Christians and Muslims. Relief for the crusaders was brought only by the strife of the heirs of Al-Kamil, who died in 1238.

In the fall of 1239, Thibault of Navarre, Duke of Hugo of Burgundy, Duke Pierre of Breton, Amalrich of Montfort and others arrived in the city.

And now the crusaders acted discordantly and recklessly and were defeated; Amalrich was taken prisoner. Jerusalem again fell into the hands of a certain ruler for some time.

The alliance of the crusaders with the emir Ishmael of Damascus led them to war with the Egyptians, who defeated them at. After that, many of the crusaders left the Holy Land.

Earl Richard of Cornwall (brother of the English king Henry III), who arrived in the Holy Land in 1240, managed to conclude a beneficial peace with the Ayyubid sultan al-Malikas-Salih II), the ruler of Egypt.

Meanwhile, strife among Christians continued; the barons hostile to the Hohenstaufens transferred power over Alice of Cyprus, while the legitimate king was the son of Frederick II, Konrad. After Alice's death, power passed to her son, Henry of Cyprus.

The new alliance of Christians with the Muslim enemies of the Ayyubids led to the fact that they called for the help of the Khorezm Turks, who took in September 1244 shortly before that Jerusalem returned to the Christians and devastated it terribly. Since then, the holy city was forever lost to the crusaders.

After a new defeat for the Christians and their allies, the Ayyubids took Damascus and Ascalon. The Antiochians and Armenians had to at the same time pledge to pay tribute to the Mongols.

In the West, the crusading zeal cooled, due to the unsuccessful outcome of the last campaigns and as a result of the manner of the popes, who spent money collected for the crusades on the fight against the Hohenstaufens, and declared that with the help of the Holy See against the emperor, one could free oneself from the earlier vow to go to the Holy Land.

However, the preaching of the crusade continued as before and led to the 7th crusade.

On November 27, 1095, Pope Urban II preached a sermon to those gathered at the cathedral in the French city of Clermont. He called on the audience to take part in a military expedition and free Jerusalem from the "infidels" - Muslims, who conquered the city in 638. As a reward, future crusaders were given the opportunity to atone for their sins and increase the chances of getting to heaven. The Pope's desire to lead the charitable cause coincided with the desire of his listeners to be saved - this is how the era of the Crusades began.

1. Main events of the Crusades

The capture of Jerusalem in 1099. Miniature from the manuscript of Wilhelm of Tire. XIII century

On July 15, 1099, one of the key events of the event took place, which would later become known as the First Crusade: after a successful siege, the troops of the crusaders took Jerusalem and began to exterminate its inhabitants. Most of the surviving crusaders in this battle returned home. Those who remained formed four states in the Middle East - the county of Edessa, the principality of Antioch, the county of Tripoli and the kingdom of Jerusalem. Subsequently, eight more expeditions were sent against the Muslims of the Middle East and North Africa. For the next two centuries, the flow of crusaders into the Holy Land was more or less regular. However, many of them did not stay in the Middle East, and the cruciferous states experienced a constant shortage of defenders.

In 1144 the county of Edessa fell, and the return of Edessa was the goal of the Second Crusade. But during the expedition, plans changed - the crusaders decided to attack Damascus. The siege of the city failed, the campaign ended in nothing. In 1187, the Sultan of Egypt and Syria took Jerusalem and many other cities of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, including the richest of them, Akra (modern-day Akko in Israel). During the Third Crusade (1189-1192), led by King Richard the Lionheart of England, Acre was returned. It remained to return Jerus-lim. At that time, it was believed that the keys to Jerusalem were in Egypt and therefore the conquest should be started from there. This goal was pursued by the participants of the Fourth, Fifth and Seventh campaigns. During the Fourth Crusade, Christian Constantinople was conquered, during the Sixth, Jerusalem was returned - but not for long. Campaign after campaign ended unsuccessfully, and the desire of the Europeans to participate in them weakened. In 1268 the principality of Antioch fell, in 1289 - the county of Tri-poly, in 1291 - the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Acre.

2. How campaigns changed attitudes towards war

Norman horsemen and archers at the Battle of Hastings. Fragment of a tapestry from Bayeux. XI century Wikimedia Commons

Before the First Crusade, many wars could be approved by the church, but none of them was called sacred: even if the war was considered just, participation in it harmed the salvation of the soul. So, when in 1066 at the battle of Hastings the Normans defeated the army of the last Anglo-Saxon king Harold II, the Norman bishops imposed a penance on them. Now, participation in the war was not only not considered a sin, but allowed the redeeming of past sins, and death in battle practically guaranteed the salvation of the soul and ensured a place in paradise.

This new attitude towards war is demonstrated by the history of the monastic order that arose shortly after the end of the First Crusade. At first, the main duty of the Templars - not just monks, but knightly monks - was to protect Christian pilgrims who went to the Holy Land from robbers. However, their functions expanded very quickly: they began to protect not only the pilgrims, but also the Kingdom of Jerusalem itself. The Templars passed many castles in the Holy Land; Thanks to the generous gifts of Western European Crusaders, they had the means to keep them in good health. Like other monks, the Templars took vows of chastity, poverty and obedience, but, unlike members of other monastic orders, they served God by killing enemies.

3. How much did it cost to participate in the hike?

Gottfried of Bouillon crosses the Jordan. Miniature from the manuscript of Wilhelm of Tire. XIII century Bibliothèque nationale de France

For a long time it was believed that the main reason for participating in the Crusades was the thirst for profit: supposedly, this is how the younger brothers, deprived of inheritance, improved their position at the expense of the fabulous riches of the East. Modern historians reject this theory. Firstly, among the crusaders there were many rich people who left their possessions for many years. Secondly, participation in the Crusades was quite expensive, and almost never brought profit. The costs were consistent with the member's status. So, the knight had to fully equip himself and his companions and servants, as well as feed them during the entire journey back and forth. The poor hoped for the opportunity to earn extra money on the campaign, as well as on alms from better-off crucifixes and, of course, on prey. Loot in a major battle or after a successful siege was quickly spent on provisions and other necessary things.

Historians calculated that a knight who gathered on the First Crusade had to collect an amount equal to his income for four years, and the whole family often took part in collecting these funds. I had to mortgage, and sometimes even sell my property. For example, Gottfried of Bouillon, one of the leaders of the First Crusade, was forced to lay a family nest - Boulogne Castle.

Most of the surviving crusaders returned home empty-handed, unless, of course, you count the relics from the Holy Land, which they then donated to local churches. However, participation in the Crusades greatly raised the prestige of the entire family and even its subsequent generations. The bachelor crusader who returned home could count on a profitable party, and in some cases this made it possible to correct the shaky financial situation.

4. What did the crusaders die from?

Death of Frederick Barbarossa. Miniature from the manuscript "Saxon World Chronicle". Second half of the 13th century Wikimedia Commons

It is difficult to calculate how many crusaders died in the campaigns: the fate of very few participants is known. For example, of the companions of Konrad III, the king of Germany and the leader of the Second Crusade, more than a third did not return home. They died not only in battle or subsequently from wounds received, but also from disease and hunger. During the First Crusade, the lack of pro-vision was so severe that it came down to cannibalism. The kings also had a hard time. For example, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa drowned in a river, Richard the Lionheart and King Philip II Augustus of France barely survived a serious illness (apparently, a kind of scurvy), from which hair and nails fell out. Another French king, Louis IX Saint, had such severe dysentery during the Seventh Crusade that he had to cut out the seat of his pants. And during the Eighth Campaign, Louis himself and one of his sons died.

5. Did women participate in the hikes?

Ida of Austria. Fragment of the Babenberg family tree. 1489-1492 years She participated with her own army in the 1101 Crusade.
Stift Klosterneuburg / Wikimedia Commons

Yes, although it is difficult to calculate their number. It is known that in 1248 on one of the ships that during the Seventh Crusade carried the crusaders to Egypt, there were 42 women for 411 men. Some women took part in cruises with their husbands; some (usually widows who enjoyed relative freedom in the Middle Ages) rode by themselves. Like men, they went on hikes to save their souls, pray at the Holy Sepulcher, look at the world, forget about domestic troubles, and also become famous. Poor or impoverished women during the expedition earned their living, for example, as laundresses or lice seekers. In the hope of earning God's favor, the crucifixes tried to maintain chastity: extramarital affairs were punished, and prostitution, apparently, was less common than in the ordinary medieval army.

Women took part in the hostilities very actively. One source mentions a woman who was killed by gunfire during the siege of Acre. She participated in filling the moat: this was done in order to roll up the siege tower to the walls. Dying, she asked to throw her body into the ditch, so that in death she would help the crusaders besieging the city. Arab sources mention female crusaders who fought in armor and on horseback.

6. What board games did the crusaders play?

The Crusaders play dice at the walls of Caesarea. Miniature from the manuscript of Wilhelm of Tire. 1460s DIOMEDIA

Board games, which were almost always played for money, in the Middle Ages were one of the main pastimes of both aristocrats and commoners. The crusaders and settlers of the crusader states were no exception: they played dice, chess, backgammon and the mill (a logic game for two players). According to the author of one of the chronicles, William of Tire, King Baldwin III of Jerusalem liked to play dice more than befits royal honor. The same Wilhelm accused Raimund, prince of Antioch, and Josselin II, count of Edessa, that during the siege of Shayzar castle in 1138, they only did what they played dice, leaving their ally, the Byzantine emperor John II , to fight alone, - and as a result, Shayzar could not be taken. The consequences of the games could be much more serious. During the siege of Antioch in 1097-1098, two crusaders, a man and a woman, played dice. Taking advantage of this, the Turks made an unexpected sortie from the city and took both prisoners. The severed heads of the unfortunate players were then thrown over the wall into the crusader camp.

But games were considered disagreeable, especially when it came to holy war. King Henry II of England, having gathered in the Crusade (as a result, he never took part in it), forbade the crusaders to swear, wear expensive clothes, indulge in gluttony and play dice (in addition, he forbade women to participate in campaigns, for excluding laundresses). His son, Richard the Lionheart, also believed that games could interfere with the successful outcome of the expedition, so he established strict rules: no one had the right to lose more than 20 shillings in a day. True, this did not concern the kings, and the commoners had to receive a special permission to play. Members of the monastic orders - the Templars and Hospitallers - also had rules that limited games. The Templars could only play at the mill and only for fun, not for money. Gospi-tallers were strictly forbidden to play dice - "even at Christmas" (apparently, some used this holiday as an excuse to relax).

7.Who did the crusaders fight with?

Albigensian Crusade. Miniature from the "Great French Chronicles" manuscript. Mid XIV century The british library

From the very beginning of their military expeditions, the crusaders attacked not only Muslims and fought not only in the Middle East. The first campaign began with mass beatings of Jews in northern France and Germany: some were simply killed, others were offered a choice of death or conversion to Christianity (many preferred suicide than death at the hands of the crusaders). This did not contradict the idea of ​​the Crusades - most of the crucifixes did not understand why they should fight against some infidels (Muslims), and spare others infidels. Violence against Jews accompanied other Crusades as well. For example, during the preparation for the third pogrom, we took place in several cities of England - more than 150 Jews were killed in York alone.

From the middle of the XII century, the popes began to declare Crusades not only against Muslims, but also against pagans, heretics, Orthodox and even Catholics. For example, the so-called Albi-Goy crusades in the southwest of modern France were directed against the Cathars, a sect that did not recognize the Catholic Church. For the Cathars, their Catholic neighbors stood up - they mainly fought with the crusaders. So, in 1213, King Pedro II of Aragon, who received the nickname Kato-lik for his successes in the struggle against Muslims, died in a battle with the crucifixes. And in the "political" Crusades in Sicily and southern Italy, the enemies of the crusaders from the very beginning were Catholics: the pope accused them of behaving "worse than infidels" because they did not obey his orders.

8. Which hike was the most unusual

Frederick II and al-Kamil. Miniature from the manuscript of Giovanni Villani "New Chronicle". XIV century Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana / Wikimedia Commons

The Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Frederick II, made a vow to take part in the March of the Cross, but he was in no hurry to fulfill it. In 1227, he finally sailed to the Holy Land, but fell seriously ill and turned back. For violation of the vow, Pope Gregory IX immediately excommunicated him from the church. And even a year later, when Frederick again boarded the ship, the Pope did not cancel the punishment. At this time, civil wars were going on in the Middle East, which began after the death of Saladin. His nephew al-Kamil entered into negotiations with Frederick, hoping that he would help him in the fight against his brother al-Muazzam. But when Frederick finally recovered and sailed to the Holy Land again, al-Muazzam died - and al-Kamil's help was no longer needed. Nevertheless, Frederick managed to convince al-Kamil to return Jeru-Salim to the Christians. The Muslims still had the Temple Mount with Islamic shrines - the "Dome of the Rock" and the mosque of al-Aqsa. This treaty was achieved in part because Frederick and al-Kamil spoke the same language, both literally and figuratively. Frederick grew up in Sicily, a large part of the population of which was Arabic-speaking, spoke Arabic himself and was interested in Arabic science. In correspondence with al-Kamil, Friedrich asked him questions on philosophy, geometry and mathematics. The return of Jerusalem to Christians through secret negotiations with the "infidels", and not open battle, and even an excommunicated crusader, seemed suspicious to many. When Frederick from Jerusalem came to Acre, he was showered with giblets.

Sources of

• Branage J. Crusades. Sacred wars of the Middle Ages.
• Luchitskaya S. The Image of the Other. Muslims in the chronicles of the crusades.
• Phillips J. Fourth Crusade.
• Flory J. Bohemond of Antioch. Knight of Fortune.
• Hillenbrand K. Crusades. View from the East. Muslim perspective.
• Esbridge T. Crusades. Wars of the Middle Ages for the Holy Land.

Historians around the world are still arguing about what the crusades are and what results their participants achieved. Despite the fact that more than 900 years have passed since the day of the first pilgrimage, no one can give an answer - did they make any sense? In this article, you will learn the goals of the Crusades and their results. Based on what you have read, you yourself will be able to judge the appropriateness of such campaigns.

Causes of the Crusades

At the end of the tenth century, religious fervor in Europe reached its climax. The popes decided to turn such a mass mood of the people to their advantage. They began to urge citizens to fulfill their duty and go to the Middle East in order to free the Holy Land from Muslims. All those wishing to join the detachment were promised heavenly and earthly blessings, which a mere mortal could only dream of. Many were seduced by the award, but the bulk of all people were sure that they were going to fight for a just cause. They were called the soldiers of Christ, and red pectoral crosses were sewn on their clothes. For this they were called the crusaders. Religious motives played a big role - Muslims were portrayed as desecrators of shrines, and this had an effect on believers in Europe.

One of the most important goals of the Crusades was the enrichment and conquest of lands. Economic incentives did their bit. The younger sons of the feudal lords could not claim their paternal lands. They had to look for ways to acquire the territories they needed on their own. The rich Middle East attracted them with its vast lands and inexhaustible useful resources. For this, they gathered troops and went to fight the Muslims. The peasants also saw in such campaigns a benefit for themselves - they were freed from lifelong serfdom.

The beginning of the crusades

For the first time, Pope Urban II announced the need to start a war against infidel Muslims. In front of a crowd of thousands of people, he broadcast about the atrocities committed in Palestine, accused the Turks of attacking the pilgrims, about the threat hanging over their Byzantine brothers. He called on all the clergy and the nobility to unite in the name of a godly cause and stop all civil strife. As a reward, he promised not only the conquered lands, but also the remission of all sins. The crowd accepted the call, and several thousand immediately confirmed their intention to destroy the Arabs and Turks with the slogan "Deus vult!", Which means "God wants it!"

First crusaders

By order of the Pope, the appeal was spread throughout Western Europe. The ministers of the church agitated their parishioners, and the preachers took care of the peasants. Often they achieved such excellent results that people in religious ecstasy gave up everything - work, owners, families and rushed through the Balkans to Constantinople. The history of the crusades at the very beginning was stained with blood ordinary people... Thousands of peasants were eager to fight, not even thinking about what difficulties await them on the long journey. They did not have any military skills, but they were sure that God would not let them perish, and the Christian brothers would help with provisions. But they were in for a bitter disappointment - the people treated the hordes of wanderers with coldness and contempt. The participants in the crusades realized that they were not welcome here, and began to look for other ways.

The peasants were forced to start robbing their fellows. This led to even more alienation and real battles. Even when they reached Constantinople, they did not find a warm welcome there. Emperor Alexei ordered them to be settled outside the city and transported to Asia as soon as possible. And there the first crusaders were already awaiting reprisals from the warlike Turks.

First crusade

In 1096, the armies set out to clear the Middle East with three routes at once. The commanders-in-chief led their detachments by sea and by land. The feudal barons and their armies ignored the Pope's instructions and acted on their own. They did not stand on ceremony with their Byzantine brothers - in a year they managed to plunder several cities. Clashes between the troops regularly arose. The emperor and the population of Constantinople watched in horror as an army of 30,000 arrived in their city. The crusaders did not particularly stand on ceremony with the local population and conflicts soon began. The fighters for the holy cause stopped trusting the Byzantine guides, as they often found themselves in traps through their fault.

The Europeans did not expect their opponents to raid their army. The well-armed enemy cavalry rushed in like a whirlwind and managed to hide before the cavalry in heavy armor began the pursuit. In addition, everyone was demoralized by the lack of food and water. Muslims prudently poisoned all the wells. The unfortunate army barely endured such hardships, but soon the fighting spirit grew stronger - the victory was won and Antioch was taken. The first crusade was rewarded with the discovery of a great shrine - the spear with which the Roman pierced Jesus' side. This find inspired Christians so much that they took Jerusalem a year later. All residents were killed - both Muslims and Jews. The result of the first crusade was the formation of three new states at once - the county of Edessa, the principality of Antioch and the kingdom of Jerusalem.

Emperor Alexei also took part in the conquest and was able to defeat the army of Kylych-Arslan I and take Nicaea. The disgruntled crusaders began to protest, because it was they who weakened the enemy. The emperor was forced to share the booty. Gottfried of Bouillon, who headed the Kingdom of Jerusalem, received the proud title of "Guardian of the Holy Sepulcher". Victory and new lands made it clear to everyone that such crusades would be beneficial from many sides. There was a lull for several decades.

Second Crusade. Under the protection of the church

The result of the first was a noticeable strengthening of the position of the Catholic Church. For 45 years, the crusaders lived in the conquered lands and developed their states. But in 1144 Mosul captured the Edessa county, it became clear that the owners had come to take their territories. The rumor quickly spread to Western Europe. German Emperor Conrad III and French King Louis VII decide to make a second crusade. What caused this decision is clear to everyone - it was possible not only to return what was lost, but also to seize new territories.

The only difference of this campaign was the official bull - Pope Eugene III guaranteed all participants the protection of the church. In total, a huge army was gathered - 140 thousand people. However, no one bothered to think over a plan and develop a strategy. The troops were defeated on all fronts. For three years the crusaders tried to fight, the defeat at Damascus and Ascalon completely destroyed the fighting spirit. The French and Germans were forced to return home with nothing, and their ranks were noticeably reduced.

3rd crusade. Under the leadership of great leaders

Unlike Christian military leaders, who regularly fought among themselves, Muslims began to unite. They soon formed one state, stretching from Baghdad to Egypt. Sultan Salah ad-din was able to reclaim Jerusalem and smash the scattered Christian settlements. In Europe, preparations began for the third crusade. They already knew how such a campaign could end, but this did not stop their aspirations. Richard I the Lionheart, Philip II Augustus and Frederick I Barbarossa led the campaign. The first to die was the German emperor while crossing the river. His warriors were able to reach the Holy Land only in small numbers. The Roman emperor imitated illness in order to return home, and in the absence of the English king, take Normandy from him.

Richard I the Lionheart took over all campaign management. Despite such an unsuccessful start of the crusade, the result was the capture of Acre and Jaffa from the Muslims. The king accomplished a lot of feat, which forever glorified his name in legends. He even managed to conclude an agreement with the Sultan on unhindered visits by pilgrims to holy places. The biggest achievement was the conquest of Cyprus.

4th crusade. Accomplishments in the name of the Lord

The goals and participants changed, and the popes remained the ideological inspirers. Innocent III blessed the French and Venetians for the next achievements in the name of the Lord. The army was expected to number at least 30,000 men. The Venetians took it upon themselves to ferry the French to the shores of the Holy Land. In addition, they had to provide them with weapons and provisions. The soldiers arrived in the amount of 12 thousand people, and could not pay for the prepared supplies. The Venetians invited them to take part in the war for the city of Zadar with the Hungarians. The Pope forbade the French to enter into other people's showdowns, but they disobeyed. As a result, all participants in the crusade were excommunicated.

Inspired by the victory over the Hungarians, the Venetians proposed to seize Constantinople as well. As a reward, a good reward and full support were promised for the entire trip. Not giving a damn about the pope's prohibitions, the French returned the throne to Isaac II Angel. However, after the uprising, the emperor was overthrown, and the soldiers did not see the promised reward. The angry crusaders once again captured Constantinople, and within 13 days they mercilessly destroyed cultural values and robbed the population. The Byzantine Empire was destroyed, in its place a new one appeared - the Latin one. Daddy exchanged anger for mercy. Never reaching Egypt, the army returned home. The Venetians were celebrating - they were the most fortunate in this campaign.

Children's crusade

The goals, participants and results of this campaign are still shuddering. What were the peasants thinking when blessing their children for this work? Thousands of teenagers were convinced that innocence and faith would help them reclaim the Holy Land. Parents could not achieve this with weapons, but they will be able to do it with a word. It is worth noting that dad was categorically against such a campaign. But the parish priests did their job - an army of children led by the shepherd Etienne arrived in Marseille.

From there, on seven ships, he was to reach Egypt. Two were drowned and the other five were safely captured. The shipowners quickly sold the children into slavery. 2 thousand German children were forced to walk to Italy. They were led by ten-year-old Nicholas. In the Alps, two-thirds of the children died in conditions of unbearable cold and hunger. The rest made it to Rome, but the authorities sent them back. On the way back, everyone died.

There is also another version. The French children gathered in Paris, where they asked the king to provide them with everything necessary for the campaign. Tom managed to dissuade them from undertaking, and everyone went back to their homes. The German children stubbornly went to Mainz, where they were also persuaded to leave the venture. Only a fraction of them reached Rome, where the Pope freed them from their vows. As a result, most of the children simply disappeared without a trace. This is where the story of the Gammel Pied Piper takes its roots. Now historians are questioning the scale of that campaign and the composition of the participants.

5th crusade

In 1215, Innocent III announces another campaign. In 1217, John of Brienne, the nominal king of Jerusalem, led another crusade. At this time, there were sluggish fighting in Palestine, and the help of the Europeans arrived in time. They quickly captured the Egyptian city of Damietta. The Sultan reacted instantly and offered an exchange - he gives Jerusalem, and in return receives Damietta. But the Pope refused such an offer, because the legendary "King David" was soon to come. 1221 was marked by an unsuccessful assault on Cairo, and the crusaders gave Damietta in exchange for the opportunity to retreat without loss.

6th Crusade. No casualties

In addition to the peasants, thousands of large feudal lords died in the crusades. In addition, entire families went bankrupt over debt. In the hope for future production, loans were taken and property was mortgaged. The authority of the church was also shaken. The first campaigns undoubtedly strengthened faith in the popes, but after the fourth it became clear to everyone that it was possible to violate the prohibitions without loss. For the sake of profit, orders could be neglected, and this significantly reduced the authority of the pope in the eyes of believers.

It used to be that the Crusades were the cause of the Renaissance in Europe. Historians now tend to regard this as a historical exaggeration. Literature has been enriched with many legends, poems and legends. Richard the Lionheart became the hero of The History of the Holy War. The consequences of the Crusades are dubious. If you remember how many people died and how much money was spent in eight campaigns.

Crusades to Russia

About it historical fact you need to speak separately. Despite the fact that Christianity had already existed in Russia for two centuries, in the middle of the 30th century the Livonian Order, with the help of the Swedish allies, declared a crusade. The crusaders knew what a plight their enemy was in - the state was fragmented and defeated by the Mongol-Tatars. The arrival of the Crusaders could significantly worsen an already difficult condition. The Germans and Swedes complacently offered their help in the war against the yoke. But in return Russia had to accept Catholicism.

The Novgorod principality was divided into two parties. The first stood for the Germans, and the second understood perfectly well that the Livonian knights would not be able to defeat the Mongols. But they will be able to occupy Russian lands and settle, spreading Catholicism. It turned out that in this situation everyone won, except for Russia. The second party won, and it was decided to give battle to the crusaders and abandon the implantation of an alien faith. By asking for help from the Suzdal prince. They made the right move. Young Alexander Yaroslavovich defeated the Swedes on the Neva and forever received the nickname "Nevsky".

The crusaders decided to try again. Two years later, they returned and were even able to occupy Yam, Pskov and Koporye. They were helped by the same pro-German party, which had great influence and weight in this area. The people had to again ask for help from Alexander Nevsky. The prince again defended the Russian land and his fellow citizens - the famous Battle on the Ice on Lake Peipsi ended with the victory of his army.

However, the problem did not disappear even after such a rebuff from the Western gentiles. Alexander faced a difficult choice - to pay tribute to the Mongols or to accept Western rules. On the one hand, he was impressed by the pagans - they did not try to impose their faith and they did not care about the colonization of Russia. But they poisoned his father. On the other hand, the West and the consequences. The wise prince understood that the Europeans would quickly colonize the land and would plant their faith until they got their way. After hard deliberation, he decides in favor of the Mongols. If then he leaned towards the West, then the Orthodoxy of the Russian people would now be a big question. For great deeds, Alexander Yaroslavovich was recognized as a saint and canonized.

The last time the crusaders tried to spread their influence was in 1268. This time they were repulsed by the son of Alexander Nevsky - Dmitry. The fierce battle ended in victory, but a year later the Teutonic Order returned to lay siege to Pskov. After 10 days, the crusaders realized the futility of their actions and retreated. The crusades against Russia are over.

Crusades

1095-1096 - Poverty Campaign or Peasant Campaign
1095-1099 - First Crusade
1147-1149 - Second Crusade
1189-1192 - Third Crusade
1202-1204 - Fourth Crusade
1202-1212 - Children's Crusade
1218-1221 - Fifth Crusade
1228-1229 - Sixth Crusade
1248-1254 - Seventh Crusade
1270-12 ?? - The Last Crusade

CRUSHES (1096-1270), military-religious expeditions of Western Europeans to the Middle East with the aim of conquering the Holy places associated with the earthly life of Jesus Christ - Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulcher.

Prerequisites and start of hikes

The prerequisites for the Crusades were: the tradition of pilgrimages to the Holy Places; a change in views on the war, which began to be considered not sinful, but a good deed, if it was waged against the enemies of Christianity and the Church; capture in the XI century. the Seljuk Turks of Syria and Palestine and the threat of the capture of Byzantium; difficult economic situation in Western Europe in the 2nd half. 11th century

On November 26, 1095, Pope Urban II called on those gathered at the local church council in the city of Clermont to recapture the Holy Sepulcher captured by the Turks. Those who took upon themselves this vow sewed on their clothes crosses made of rags and therefore were called "crusaders". For those who went on the Crusade, the Pope promised earthly riches in the Holy Land and heavenly bliss in case of death, they received complete absolution, they were forbidden to collect debts and feudal obligations during the campaign, their families were under the protection of the church.

First crusade

In March 1096, the first stage of the First Crusade (1096-1101) began - the so-called. campaign of the poor. Crowds of peasants, with families and belongings, armed with anything at all, under the leadership of random leaders, or even without them, moved east, marking their way with robberies (they believed that since they are soldiers of God, then any earthly property belongs to them) and Jewish pogroms (in their eyes, the Jews from the nearest town were the descendants of the persecutors of Christ). Of the 50-thousandth troops of Asia Minor, they reached only 25 thousand, and almost all of them died in the battle with the Turks near Nicea on October 25, 1096.

In the fall of 1096, a knightly militia set out on a journey from different parts of Europe, its leaders were Gottfried of Bouillon, Raymond of Toulouse, and others. By the end of 1096 - beginning of 1097 they gathered in Constantinople, in the spring of 1097 they crossed into Asia Minor, where, together with the Byzantine troops, they began the siege of Nicea. took it on June 19 and handed it over to the Byzantines. Further, the path of the crusaders lay in Syria and Palestine. On February 6, 1098, Edessa was taken, on the night of June 3 - Antioch, a year later, on June 7, 1099, they besieged Jerusalem, and on July 15 they captured it, perpetrating a cruel massacre in the city. On July 22, at a meeting of princes and prelates, the Kingdom of Jerusalem was established, to which the county of Edessa, the principality of Antioch and (from 1109) the county of Tripoli were subject. The head of state was Gottfried of Bouillon, who received the title "defender of the Holy Sepulcher" (his successors bore the title of kings). In 1100-1101, new troops from Europe left for the Holy Land (historians call this a "rearguard campaign"); the borders of the Kingdom of Jerusalem were established only by 1124.

There were few immigrants from Western Europe who permanently lived in Palestine; spiritual and knightly orders played a special role in the Holy Land, as well as immigrants from the coastal trading cities of Italy who formed special privileged quarters in the cities of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Second crusade

After the Turks conquered Edessa in 1144, the Second Crusade (1147-1148) was declared on December 1, 1145, led by King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany, and was unsuccessful.

In 1171, power in Egypt was seized by Salah ad-Din, who annexed Syria to Egypt and in the spring of 1187 began a war against Christians. On July 4, in a battle that lasted for 7 hours near the village of Hittin, the Christian army was defeated, in the second half of July, the siege of Jerusalem began, and on October 2, the city surrendered to the mercy of the victor. By 1189, several fortresses and two cities remained in the hands of the crusaders - Tire and Tripoli.

Third crusade

On October 29, 1187, the Third Crusade (1189-1192) was declared. The expedition was led by the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Frederick I Barbarossa, the kings of France Philip II Augustus and of England - Richard I the Lionheart. The German militia on May 18, 1190 captured the city of Iconium (now Konya, Turkey) in Asia Minor, but on June 10, while crossing a mountain river, Frederick drowned, and the demoralized German army retreated. In the fall of 1190, the crusaders began a siege of Acre - the port city, the sea gate of Jerusalem. Acre was taken on June 11, 1191, but even before that Philip II and Richard had quarreled, and Philip sailed to his homeland; Richard undertook several unsuccessful attacks, including two on Jerusalem, concluded on September 2, 1192 an extremely disadvantageous treaty for Christians with Salah ad Din, and left Palestine in October. Jerusalem remained in the hands of Muslims, and Acre became the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Fourth Crusade. Taking Constantinople

In 1198, a new, Fourth Crusade was announced, which took place much later (1202-1204). It was supposed to strike at Egypt, which belonged to Palestine. Since the crusaders did not have enough money to pay for ships for a naval expedition, Venice, which possessed the most powerful fleet in the Mediterranean, requested assistance in payment in the conquest of the Christian (!) City of Zadar on the Adriatic coast, which happened on November 24, 1202, and then prompted the crusaders move to Byzantium, the main commercial rival of Venice, under the pretext of interfering in dynastic strife in Constantinople and uniting the Orthodox and Catholic Churches under the auspices of the papacy. On April 13, 1204, Constantinople was taken and brutally plundered. Part of the territories conquered from Byzantium went to Venice, on the other part the so-called. Latin Empire. In 1261, Orthodox emperors, entrenched in Asia Minor, not occupied by Western Europeans, with the help of the Turks and Venice's rival, Genoa, again occupied Constantinople.

Children's crusade

In view of the failures of the crusaders in the mass consciousness of Europeans, the conviction arose that the Lord, who did not give victory to the strong, but sinful, would grant it to the weak but sinless. In the spring and early summer of 1212, crowds of children began to gather in different parts of Europe, declaring that they were going to liberate Jerusalem (the so-called crusade of children, not included by historians in the total number of crusades).

The church and the secular authorities were suspicious of this spontaneous explosion of popular religiosity and in every possible way prevented it. Some of the children died on the way through Europe from hunger, cold and disease, some reached Marseilles, where clever merchants, promising to transport the children to Palestine, brought them to the slave markets of Egypt.

Fifth Crusade

The Fifth Crusade (1217-1221) began with an expedition to the Holy Land, but, having failed there, the crusaders, who did not have a recognized leader, in 1218 moved the hostilities to Egypt. May 27, 1218 they began a siege of the fortress Damietta (Dumyat) in the Nile delta; The Egyptian sultan promised them to lift the siege of Jerusalem, but the crusaders refused, took Damietta on the night of November 4-5, 1219, tried to build on their success and occupy all of Egypt, but the offensive was stalled. On August 30, 1221, peace was concluded with the Egyptians, according to which the soldiers of Christ returned Damietta and left Egypt.

Sixth Crusade

The Sixth Crusade (1228-1229) was undertaken by Emperor Frederick II Staufen. This constant enemy of the papacy was excommunicated on the eve of the campaign. In the summer of 1228, he sailed to Palestine, thanks to skillful negotiations, he entered into an alliance with the Egyptian sultan and, as for help against all his enemies, Muslims and Christians (!), Received Jerusalem without a single battle, which he entered on March 18, 1229. Since the emperor was under excommunication, the return of the Holy City to the fold of Christianity was accompanied by the prohibition of worship in it. Frederick soon left for his homeland, he had no time to deal with Jerusalem, and in 1244 the Egyptian sultan again and finally took Jerusalem, staging a massacre of the Christian population.

Seventh and Eighth Crusades

The Seventh Crusade (1248-1254) was an affair almost exclusively of France and its King Louis IX the Saint. Egypt was again targeted. In June 1249, the crusaders took Damietta a second time, but were later blocked and in February 1250 they surrendered in full force, including the king. In May 1250, the king was released for a ransom of 200 thousand livres, but did not return to his homeland, but moved to Acre, where he waited in vain for help from France, where he sailed in April 1254.

In 1270, the same Louis undertook the last, the Eighth Crusade. His target was Tunisia, the most powerful Muslim maritime state in the Mediterranean. It was supposed to establish control over the Mediterranean in order to freely send troops of the crusaders to Egypt and the Holy Land. However, shortly after the landing in Tunisia on June 18, 1270, an epidemic broke out in the crusader camp, Louis died on August 25, and on November 18, the army, without engaging in any battle, sailed home, carrying the body of the king.

Things in Palestine were getting worse, Muslims took city after city, and on May 18, 1291, Acra fell - the last stronghold of the crusaders in Palestine.

Both before and after that, the church repeatedly proclaimed crusades against the pagans (a campaign against the Polabian Slavs in 1147), heretics and against the Turks in the 14-16 centuries, but they are not included in the total number of crusades.

Lesson 29: "Crusades. Reasons and participants

crusades, their consequences ”.

The purpose of the lesson: To reveal the main reasons for the crusades to the East and the goals of their participants. Show the role of the church as the inspirer and organizer of these campaigns. To contribute to the formation of students' ideas about the invasive and colonial nature of the crusade movement.

Plan for learning new material:

Reasons and participants of the crusades.

The first crusade and the formation of the crusader states.

Subsequent campaigns and their results.

Spiritual knightly orders.

Consequences of the Crusades.

At the beginning of the lesson, the teacher can update the students' knowledge about the role of the Catholic Church in the life of medieval society.

Moving on to the study of a new topic, the teacher pays attention to revealing the truereasons for the crusades:

The desire of the popes to extend their power to new lands;

The desire of secular and spiritual feudal lords to acquire new lands and increase their income;

The desire of Italian cities to establish their control over trade in the Mediterranean;

Striving to get rid of the robber knights;

Deep religious feelings of the Crusaders.

Crusades - the military-colonial movement of Western European feudal lords to the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean inXI- XIII centuries (1096-1270).

Reason for the start of the Crusades:

In 1071 Jerusalem was captured by the Seljuk Turks and access to the Holy Places was cut off.

Conversion of the Byzantine Emperor AlexeiIKomnina to the Pope asking for help.

In 1095, Pope UrbanIIcalled for a march to the East and the liberation of the Holy Sepulcher. The motto of the knights: "This is what God wants."

Total has been done8 hikes:

The first is 1096-1099. The second - 1147-1149. The third - 1189-1192

The fourth - 1202-1204 ……. Eighth - 1270.

Using the capabilities of a computer presentation, the teacher can invite students to familiarize themselves with the social composition of the participants in the crusades, their goals and the results achieved.

Participants in the crusades and their goals:

Participants

Goals

results

Catholic Church

The spread of the influence of Christianity in the East.

Expansion of land holdings and an increase in the number of taxpayers.

She did not receive the land.

Kings

The search for new lands in order to expand the royal army and the influence of the royal power.

The craving for beautiful life and luxury.

Dukes and Earls

Enrichment and expansion of land holdings.

Changes in everyday life.

Trade inclusion.

Borrowing oriental inventions and cultures.

Knights

Search for new lands.

Many died.

They did not receive the land.

Cities (Italy)

Merchants

Establishing control over trade in the Mediterranean.

Interest in trade with the East.

Revitalization of trade and establishment of control of Genoa and Venice over trade in the Mediterranean.

Peasants

The search for freedom and property.

Death of people.

At the end of the work with the table, students must independently draw a conclusion about the nature of the crusades (aggressive).

Traditionally, history lessons cover the first, third and fourth crusades in detail.

First Crusade (1096-1099)

Spring 1096 Autumn 1096

(campaign of the peasants) (campaign of the knights of Europe)

defeat victory

1097 1098 1099

Nicea Edessa Jerusalem

Antioch

Working with the map in E.A. Kryuchkova's workbook (task 98 pp.55-56) or tasks on the contour map " Western Europe in the XI-XIII centuries. Crusades "(indicate the states of the crusaders and mark their borders).

Crusader states

Jerusalem Edessa Antioch Tripoli

kingdom kingdom kingdom kingdom

(main state

in the Eastern Middle

earthsea)

Significance of the First Crusade:

Showed how influential the Catholic Church has become.

Moved a huge mass of people from Europe to the Middle East.

Strengthening the feudal oppression of the local population.

In the East, new Christian states, Europeans seized new possessions in Syria and Palestine.

Reasons for the fragility of the Crusader states:

along with feudal relations, feudal fragmentation and civil strife were inevitably transferred here;

there were few suitable lands for cultivation, and therefore those who wanted to fight for them became fewer;

the conquered locals remained Muslims, which led to double hatred and struggle.

Consequences of Conquest:

looting;

the seizure of land, the introduction of feudal relations;

huge taxes (from 1/3 to 1/2 of the harvest + taxes to the king + 1/10 to the church);

creation of spiritual orders of knighthood.

Reasons for the start of the second crusade:

Results of the first Struggle Liberation Call for a new

cross of the conquered Edessa cross

march of peoples from the crusaders to march

Second Crusade (1147-1149) - headed the German

Emperor KonradIIIand the French king LouisVii.

The campaign to Edessa and Damascus ended with the defeat of the crusaders.

Third Crusade (campaign of the three kings) (1189-1192) –

Frederick Barbarossa for Jerusalem Salah ad-Din (Saladin)

Richard the Lionheart (united Egypt, Mesopo

Philip II... tamia, Syria, returned

Jerusalem)

2-year siege of Acre

Truce.

Jerusalem was not returned, but Salah ad-Din agreed

for the admission of Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem shrines.

Reasons for the defeat of the Third Crusade:

death of Friedrich Barbarossa;

Philip's quarrel IIand Richard the Lionheart, Philip's departure at the height of the battle;

insufficient strength;

there is no single campaign plan;

the strength of the Muslims grew stronger;

there is no unity among the crusader states in the Eastern Mediterranean;

huge sacrifices and difficulties of the campaigns, there are no longer so many people willing.

Fourth Crusade (1202-1204) - organized by dad

Innocent III

Capture of Zadar Capture of Constantinople pogroms and plunder

The collapse of the Byzantine Empire

Fighting Christians

Formation of the Latin Empire (until 1261)

The predatory

essence of hiking

Loss of religious

essence of hiking

In this campaign, the aggressive, plundering goals of the crusaders were most clearly manifested.

Gradually, the crusaders lost their possessions in Syria and Palestine. The number of participants in the campaigns decreased. The uplift has disappeared.

The most tragic thing about the crusader movement was the organized

in 1212 a children's crusade.

Question:

Why did the Catholic Church support the call to send the Lord's children to free the sepulcher?

Answer:

The church argued that adults are powerless to free the Lord's tomb, because they are sinful, and God expects feat from children.

some of the children returned home;

As a result, a part died of thirst and hunger;

some were sold into slavery by merchants in Egypt.

Eighth Crusade (1270)

to Tunisia and Egypt

Defeat.

Loss of all their lands in the Muslim world.

In 1291, the last stronghold of the crusaders fell - the fortress of Acra.

The history of the Crusades is a story of how two different worlds could not learn tolerance for each other, about how the seeds of hatred sprouted.

One of the main consequences of the conquests of the crusaders in the East was the creation of spiritual orders of knighthood.

Signs of spiritual knightly orders:

headed by masters;

obeyed the Pope, did not depend on local authorities;

their members renounced property and family - became monks;

but - had the right to bear arms;

created to fight the infidels;

had privileges: were exempted from tithes, subject only to papal judgment, had the right to accept offerings and gifts;

they were forbidden: hunting, dice, laughter and unnecessary conversations.

Three main orders of knighthood

Templar

Hospitallers

Teutons

The Order of the Knights of the Temple ("temple" - temple) - "Templars".

Created in 1118-1119.

Residence in Jerusalem.

The symbol is a white cloak with a red eight-pointed cross.

The order supported heretics.

They were engaged in usury and trade.

In 1314, the master of the order de Male was burned at the stake, and the order ceased to exist.

Order of the Horsemen of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem - Ionites.

Created in XIcentury in Jerusalem.

The hospital was founded by the merchant Mauro.

The symbol is a white eight-pointed cross on a black mantle, later on a red cloak.

Later they settled on the island of Rhodes (Rhodes knights), then on the island of Malta (Knights of Malta).

The Order of Malta still exists today. Residence in Rome.

Order of the house of St. Mary of Teutonic.

("Teuton" - German)

Created in XIIcentury in Jerusalem.

The hospital for German-speaking pilgrims was founded.

The symbol is a white cloak with a black cross.

V XIIIcentury united with the Livonian Order.

Defeated at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410.

The Nazis borrowed the cross from them.

In Germany, the Teutonic Order still exists.

As homework students may be asked to fill out the table:

Positive

Negative

the calamities of the peoples of the East;

the collapse of the Byzantine Empire;

Aftermath of the Crusades:

Positive

Negative

revitalization of trade between West and East;

impetus to the development of European trade, transfer of control over trade in the Mediterranean to Venice and Genoa;

new cultures came to Europe from the East (watermelons, sugarcane, buckwheat, lemons, apricots, rice);

windmills spread to the East;

Europeans learned to make silk, glass, mirrors;

there have been changes in European life (washing hands, bathing, changing clothes);

Western feudal lords were even more drawn to luxury in clothing, food, weapons;

the knowledge of people about the world around them has expanded.

the calamities of the peoples of the East;

huge sacrifices on both sides;

destruction of cultural monuments;

increased enmity between the Orthodox and Catholic churches;

the collapse of the Byzantine Empire;

the contradictions between the Muslim East and the Christian West became even deeper;

weakened the influence and power of the Pope, who was unable to carry out such grandiose plans.

Aftermath of the Crusades:

Positive

Negative

revitalization of trade between West and East;

impetus to the development of European trade, transfer of control over trade in the Mediterranean to Venice and Genoa;

new cultures came to Europe from the East (watermelons, sugarcane, buckwheat, lemons, apricots, rice);

windmills spread to the East;

Europeans learned to make silk, glass, mirrors;

there have been changes in European life (washing hands, bathing, changing clothes);

Western feudal lords were even more drawn to luxury in clothing, food, weapons;

the knowledge of people about the world around them has expanded.

the calamities of the peoples of the East;

huge sacrifices on both sides;

destruction of cultural monuments;

increased enmity between the Orthodox and Catholic churches;

the collapse of the Byzantine Empire;

the contradictions between the Muslim East and the Christian West became even deeper;

weakened the influence and power of the Pope, who was unable to carry out such grandiose plans.

Homework:

Tutorials:

A - §§ 22, 23; B - §§ 25, 27; Br - § 24; B - § 17; D - § 4.4; D - §§ 22, 23; K - § 30;

CNCH - pp. 250-264, 278-307.

Completing the table: "Consequences of the Crusades."