Dominant features. Test: which character trait is dominant in you? Work in class

About how certain dominant character traits influence on building sexual relationships, says sexologist Elena Belova.

Accentuations character, features idiosyncrasies in a person’s character, which do not go beyond the mental norm, can, under certain conditions, significantly complicate his relationships with others, including in the sexual sphere. Most people have a variety of nuances character numerous and intertwined. At the same time, there are a significant number of people with a clear predominance of certain traits character over others. Such sharpening, accentuation, that is, excessive intensification of certain features, literally permeates the entire mental state of the individual. Such people are very vulnerable in specific life situations; they perceive many things more dramatically and sexual problems do not take long to wait.

Characteristics of the most common accentuations.

The hysterical, or demonstrative type, is distinguished by extreme selfishness, a thirst for attention to one’s own person, and a need for veneration and admiration. Your “I” is valued above all else in the world. Outwardly bright emotionality and sensuality are in fact nothing more than posing. Deep feelings are inaccessible to people with this accentuation. Sexual feeling and attraction are neither strong nor intense, and there is a lot of pretense in sex. It is permissible to love only yourself. In sex you only take, without giving anything in return.

The hyperthymic type is characterized by sociability, noisiness, mobility, excessive independence, and a tendency to mischief. Such persons are always in high spirits. They are always drawn to the company and strive for leadership. The “weak point” is the intolerance of strict discipline and strict regime, especially if all contacts with other people are reduced to a minimum. In such situations, hyperthymic people become irritable, hot-tempered, and experience mental discomfort. In sex, they always try to play “first fiddle”; they demand admiration from their sexual partner for their skills and virtues.

The asthenoneurotic type is characterized by increased fatigue, irritability, and anxiety about one’s health and fate. Such people are very predisposed to the formation of neurotic and sexy disorders. Thus, for men at any age, even minor changes in sex and sexual activity immediately cause a feeling of anxiety and lack of confidence in their capabilities, which in turn leads to even greater sexual dysfunction.

The sensitive type is characterized by timidity and shyness, touchiness, excessive impressionability, and the formation of a sense of personal inferiority. In an unfamiliar environment, such people are timid and shy, uncommunicative with strangers. Masturbation can be a source of severe remorse in young people with a sensitive type of accentuation. They are afraid that others will find out about what they consider an obscene activity. Sometimes they even tend to regard their own weakness of will, timidity and shyness as consequences of masturbation. It can be very difficult for young men to overcome timidity and shyness in communicating with the opposite sex, and to enter into sexual contact. With age, especially with a calm, friendly and understanding sexual partner, sensitive feelings gradually smooth out. character traits. In other cases, when a person is periodically subjected to ridicule and cannot establish sexual relationships with the opposite sex for a long time, these character traits, on the contrary, become sharper.

The psychoasthenic type is characterized by indecision, a tendency to endless reasoning, and anxious suspiciousness in the form of endless fears for one’s future. Indecision is especially pronounced when you need to make an independent choice. Sexual problems are not uncommon. In adolescence, intense masturbation can become a source of remorse and self-punishment. In the future, psychasthenics experience difficulties in intimate life (sex), starting from the first acquaintance and ending with painful doubts about the admissibility of sex, about its possibility. A tendency towards anxious fears often manifests itself in endless painful thoughts about one’s sexual attractiveness. At the slightest failure or accusations on the part of a partner, psychogenic sexual disorders may arise: neurosis about
expectations of failure in a man, inhibition of sexual arousal and orgasm in a woman.

The schizoid type is quite rare. It is characterized by isolation, secrecy, detachment from what is happening around, the inability or unwillingness to establish deep contacts with others. Outward asexuality and even contempt for gender issues are often combined with persistent masturbation and rich erotic fantasies, which, due to low communication skills, remain the main sexual experiences of such people for a long time, leading them further and further away from real sex life.

The epileptoid, or excitable type is distinguished by a tendency to a melancholy-evil mood with a simmering mood and a search for an object on which to vent evil. Common features are thoroughness and rigidity of thinking, emotional inertia. They are pedantic and scrupulously meticulous in their personal lives. They pay great attention to their health; strict adherence to their interests is combined with rancor and an inclination to forgive insults. Sexual desire from adolescence is characterized by great tension. Love is almost always painted with the dark colors of jealousy, the fear of contracting a venereal disease delays the beginning sexy contacts. In some cases, representatives of this type are prone to sexual aggression. During sex they may show sadistic or masochistic tendencies, and they are also more likely to develop sexual perversions.

The unstable type is determined by lack of will, which manifests itself in study, work, and performance of duties. The craving for entertainment and pleasure prevails. People never have deep love for loved ones. Family concerns are treated with indifference. In adolescents with this type of accentuation, sexual desire is not strong, but being in street groups sometimes leads to early sexual experience. Sex becomes a source of entertainment. Intimate relationships are not even sex without love, but a game of sex out of boredom.

The emotionally labile type is characterized by extreme variability of mood, which fluctuates too often and sharply, even for insignificant reasons. Everything depends on your mood: well-being, appetite, performance and sociability. In fact, representatives of this type are distinguished by deep feelings and sincere affection for those from whom they see love, care and attention. Sexual activity has long been limited to flirting and courtship. Main stability problem relations with an emotionally labile personality lies in the ability and desire of her partner to adapt to the endless series of mood swings of her husband or wife and the everyday difficulties that periodically arise in connection with this.

Infantile-dependent accentuation is highlighted by sexologists and sexopathologists. The main features are dependence on the mother, preserved in adulthood, lack of independence with complete sexual lack of initiative. The costs of upbringing, combined with insufficient physical development and a weak constitution, lead to helplessness and a constant need for maternal affection that does not weaken with age. Sex plays a minor role in their lives. As a result, some men of this type remain bachelors. The experience of communicating with the opposite sex is limited only to romantic memories. Others may engage in sexual intercourse if the woman takes the initiative entirely. In intimate relationships, people always gravitate toward older women who have worldly and sexual experience. They feel comfortable in marriage if wives manage to satisfy their need for maternal tenderness, care and guardianship.

When communicating with people with accentuations character, it is useful to take into account their personal qualities, strengths and weaknesses, and some features of the sexual sphere. In everyday life, this allows you to better understand such a person and correctly build relationships with him.

The great work of social psychology. Understanding the dominant traits of the collective character of individual social groups makes it possible to predict their behavior in various circumstances, especially critical ones. Moreover, such dominants manifest themselves in a variety of historical conditions, which makes the forecast very reliable. We will try to explore these groups and start with the third estate

Thus, the behavioral stereotype of the moneyed class (also known as the “third estate”, also known as the “bourgeoisie”) is determined by greed. Money is central to the value system of this social group, and the accumulation of capital is its raison d'être. This is neither good nor bad, this is normal - just as it is normal for priests to see the meaning of life in serving God, and for the nobles of the past in serving the state. This is how the human community is structured, and each class performs its own function in it, necessary for society, including the entrepreneurial class.

In the century before last, an English trade unionist and publicist Theodore Dunning was the first to notice that for the sake of 300% profit “There is no crime that capital would not risk under pain of the gallows.” To this we can add that there is no risk that the bourgeoisie would not take, just so as not to share the accumulated money, up to the risk of losing their lives.

A request to “give money” for a business that does not bring immediate profit is perceived by the third estate as blasphemy. Offering this to an entrepreneur is the same as inviting a priest to commit blasphemy or inviting a nobleman to break his oath. Even in the extreme situation described by the formula “trick or treat,” the choice is not obvious for the third estate. If for others the question is rhetorical and sacrificing life for money does not even occur to them, then the bourgeois purely psychologically refuse to believe in the inevitability of the dilemma that has arisen and cling to money to the last. Hence the hot irons on the stomach and soldering irons in the anus as methods of persuasion used by bandits against the rich to prove the seriousness of their predatory intentions.

There are many examples of the suicidal behavior of the moneyed class. Thus, the rich people of Constantinople spared money to strengthen the defense against the advancing Ottomans with cannons. A Mehmed II bought a Hungarian gunsmith Urbana and as a result, the Turks took the city by storm, and the city was named Istanbul. The Turkish Sultan was amazed by the untold wealth brought to the city square, and gave the order for the execution of the entire Byzantine “elite” - rightly considering them an insane redneck unworthy of life. And those representatives of the bureaucratic-oligarchic class of Byzantium who managed to escape to Europe (“ to friends and allies") were robbed and many were killed. After all, they were no longer backed by a powerful state.

Half a millennium later Lavr Georgievich Kornilov Rostov moneybags collected as much as... 400 (four hundred) rubles by subscription to fight the Bolsheviks. The Whites had to leave the city and freeze in the heroic “ice march” - they didn’t even have enough money for felt boots. But when the Reds came to Rostov later, they stole 100,000,000 (one hundred million rubles) there, and put those who “saved on subscriptions” against the wall.

The stingy essence of the “third estate” was perfectly understood by a reputable Nizhny Novgorod businessman Kuzma Minin. Based on his experience in Ushkuin, he shook out funds for the militia from the city’s rich using purely racketeering methods: he put him in cold storage, took hostages, etc. As a result, the militia succeeded and beat the adversary in Moscow, which we celebrate every year on November 4th. Obviously, none of this would have happened if Minin had limited himself to methods of verbal persuasion like Kornilov.

Of course, one cannot elevate a class stereotype of behavior to an absolute; there are exceptions. Some entrepreneurs are able to break away from the pattern and act wisely and responsibly in crisis situations. In the end, Kornilov collected four hundred rubles...)))

But these are precisely exceptions, only confirming a general rule for a social group, which manifests itself always and everywhere, now in Russia too. It is clear that the country’s development paradigm, accumulating social and national tension, with iron inevitability leads to an explosion that, throughout Russia, senselessness and ruthlessness will blow everything to hell, and the bourgeoisie will suffer first of all.

It would seem that, at least out of a sense of self-preservation, the third estate needs to shake up its power in order to support those political forces that are capable of keeping Russia from chaos when the doomed regime collapses. And in this case, you just need to do what everyone else does - “give up your wallet” (i.e., a small part of your property) and save both your life and your property.

But the point here is not only in the social psychology of the rich, but also in the fact that such a choice as “trick or treat” is not offered directly, and many simply do not see it - this choice - and do not think about it. And the question of choice is now very acute against the backdrop of the approaching collapse...

Nikitin A.I. ., Secretary of the Central Fire Protection Center “RUS”,
Voitsinsky S.V.., head of the party control committee of MANPADS "RUS"

Dominance is a multi-valued concept that primarily means the ability to occupy a dominant position. This concept exists in biology, psychology, and many other branches of science.

Dominance in psychology according to Cattell

Dominance is a character trait that manifests itself in the desire and ability to constantly occupy an important, dominant position in any group, and at the same time influence other people, dictate one’s will.

In Cattell's psychological test, dominance is characterized by such additional properties as independence, persistence, assertiveness, independence, stubbornness, willfulness, and in some cases, aggressiveness, conflict, thirst for admiration, refusal to recognize authority, authoritarian behavior, and rebellion. It is in all these properties and their totality that the tendency to dominance lies.

A dominant personality is easy to recognize - they are talented leaders, entrepreneurs, rulers, people with extraordinary organizational skills. It cannot be said that any dominant person is cruel or tries to suppress the will of others - these traits are extreme.

Hemisphere dominance and mental functions

In addition to the dominance of character, psychology also considers the dominance of the hemispheres. It is no secret that each of the hemispheres of the brain has its own specific functions, and there is an opinion that in each person one dominates over the other, thus strengthening a certain type of thinking and suppressing the second. Let's take a closer look at their mental functions:

Left hemisphere:

Abstract thinking.
Receiving space information on the right.
Speech. Logical and analytical functions mediated by words.
Analytical perception, mathematical calculations.
Formation of the most complex motor acts.
Abstract, generalized, invariant recognition.
Establishing the identity of stimuli by names.
Control of the organs of the right half of the body.
Sequential perception.
Estimation of time relationships.
Establishing similarities.

There is a scientific opinion that people with a dominant left hemisphere are most strongly focused on theory, have developed speech, are active, purposeful, and can predict the results of actions and events.

Right hemisphere

Concrete thinking.
Capturing emotional coloring and features of speech.
General perception. Specific visual perception.
Control of the organs of the left half of the body.
Establishing the physical identity of stimuli.
Correct assessment of the nature of non-speech sounds.
Receiving space information on the left.
Assessment of spatial relationships.
Holistic perception (gestalt).
Specific recognition.
Making differences.
Ear for music.

A person whose right hemisphere dominates is more likely to prefer certain specific types of activities; they are usually slow, calm, uncommunicative, but very sensitive to the environment, receptive to people and events.

People whose right and left hemispheres are equally developed usually, to some extent, combine in their type of thinking features inherent in both hemispheres.

In addition, there is a well-known opinion that hemispheric dominance may not manifest itself all the time, but only in some specific cases. Typically, the hemispheres interact sequentially: for example, when processing information, the right hemisphere is first turned on, and then the analysis moves to the left, in which the final awareness of the received data takes place.

Paranoid

high degree of determination.

Attractive character traits: high energy, independence, independence, reliability in cooperation, if his goals coincide with the goals of those people with whom he works together.

: aggressiveness, irritability, anger, which manifest themselves when something or someone gets in the way of achieving a set goal; insensitivity to other people's grief, lack of sincerity in relationships with people, authoritarianism.

"Weak Link" of this psychotype: cannot stand the lack of public recognition and approval of his successes; he is extremely ambitious, but in the grand scheme of things, not in small things.

Epileptoid

Dominant character traits: love of order, desire to maintain an already established order, conservatism (do not recognize what has not yet been accepted by others); high energy, aggressiveness.

: thoroughness, accuracy, diligence, frugality (often turning into excessive pedantry), reliability (always keeps his promises), punctuality, attentiveness to one’s health.

Repulsive character traits: cruelty, insensitivity to the grief of others, excessive demands, leading to irritability due to noticed disorder, carelessness of others or their violation of certain rules. The epileptoid for himself is the only good person.

"Weak Link" of this psychotype: he practically cannot tolerate disobedience to himself and violently rebels against infringement of his interests.

Hypertim

Dominant character traits: constantly elevated mood, extroversion, i.e. attention to the world around us, openness to communicate with people, joy from this communication, which is combined with good health and a flourishing appearance.

Attractive Character Traits: energy, optimism, generosity, desire to help people, initiative, talkativeness, cheerfulness, and his mood is almost independent of what is happening around him. But high vitality, bursting energy, unobsessed activity, a thirst for activity are combined with a tendency to be scattered and not complete the work begun.

Repulsive character traits: superficiality, inability to concentrate for a long time on any specific task or thought, constant haste (trying to do something more interesting) at the moment jumping from one thing to another, disorganization, familiarity, frivolity, readiness to take unrestrained risks, rudeness, inclination to projectism and immoral acts.

"Weak Link" this psychotype: does not tolerate a monotonous environment, monotonous work that requires careful, painstaking work, or a sharp restriction of communication; he is oppressed by loneliness or forced idleness.

Hysteroid

Dominant character traits: demonstrativeness, i.e. the desire to be constantly in the center of attention, sometimes at any cost, boundless egocentrism, an insatiable thirst for constant attention to oneself, admiration, surprise, veneration, worship.

Attractive Character Traits: perseverance and initiative, sociability and determination, resourcefulness and activity, pronounced organizational skills, independence and willingness to take leadership, energy, although he quickly runs out of energy after a burst of energy.

Repulsive character traits: ability to intrigue and demagoguery, deceit and hypocrisy, cockiness and recklessness, thoughtless risks (but only in the presence of spectators), boasting of non-existent successes, taking into account only one’s own desires, clearly inflated self-esteem, touchiness when one is personally offended.

"Weak Link" of this psychotype: the inability to endure blows to egocentrism, exposure of his inventions, and even more so their ridicule, which can lead to acute affective reactions, including the depiction of suicide attempts.

Schizoid

Dominant character traits: introversion, i.e. fixation of interests on the phenomena of one’s own inner world, which are recognized as having the highest value.

This is a pronounced mental type, constantly comprehending the surrounding reality. At the same time, he independently creates analysis schemes and tries to explain the existing world with their help.

Attractive Character Traits: seriousness, restlessness, taciturnity, stability of interests and constancy of activities.

A schizoid is very productive, he can work on his ideas for a long time, but does not push through them, does not implement them in life.

Repulsive character traits: isolation, coldness, rationality.

A schizoid has little energy and is inactive during intensive work, both physical and intellectual. Emotionally cold, almost does not express any emotions: neither sad nor happy, neither angry nor laughing. He is indifferent to other people's misfortunes, maybe even cruel. But his egoism is not conscious, he simply does not notice the grief of others. At the same time, a schizoid may himself be easily vulnerable, because he is proud. Doesn't like it when his system is criticized.

"Weak Link" This psychotype: does not tolerate situations in which it is necessary to establish informal emotional contacts, and the violent invasion of strangers into his inner world.

Psychasthenoid

Dominant character traits: uncertainty and anxious suspiciousness, fear for the future of oneself and loved ones.

Attractive Character Traits: accuracy, seriousness, conscientiousness, prudence, self-criticism, even mood, loyalty to promises, reliability.

Repulsive character traits: indecision, a certain formalism, lack of initiative, a tendency to endless reasoning, soul-searching, the presence of obsessions, fears. Moreover, fears are mainly addressed to a possible event, even an unlikely one, in the future, according to the principle “no matter what happens.” That is why the psychasthenoid believes so much in omens.

Another form of protection against constant fears is conscious formalism and pedantry, which are based on the idea that if everything is carefully thought out in advance, foreseen and then acted without deviating a single step from the planned plan, then nothing bad will happen, everything will work out.

The “weak link” of this psychotype: fear of responsibility for oneself and for others.

Sensitive

Dominant character traits: increased sensitivity, impressionability, feeling of inferiority.

Sensitive people are timid and shy, especially among strangers and in unusual environments. They see many shortcomings in themselves, especially in the moral, ethical and volitional spheres.

Attractive Character Traits: kindness, calmness, attentiveness to people, sense of duty, high internal discipline, responsibility, conscientiousness, self-criticism, increased demands on oneself. A sensitive person strives to overcome his weaknesses.

Repulsive character traits: suspiciousness, fearfulness, isolation, a tendency to self-flagellation and self-humiliation, confusion in difficult situations, increased sensitivity and conflict on this basis.

"Weak Link" of this psychotype: does not tolerate ridicule or suspicion of others of unseemly actions, unkind attention or public accusations.

Hypotim

Dominant character traits: constantly low mood, tendency to depressive affects.

The mood of hypothym is just as constantly changing as that of hyperthym, but only these changes have a minus sign. Therefore, the mood is almost always bad.

Attractive Character Traits: conscientiousness and a keen critical view of the world.

Hypotim strives to be at home more often, creating comfort and warmth, and thereby avoid unnecessary worries.

Repulsive character traits: touchiness, vulnerability, constant despondency, a tendency to look for manifestations of ailments, various diseases, an almost complete lack of interests and hobbies.

Low energy hypothymus is expressed in rapid fatigue, it often falls into apathy, and dull thoughts appear. Because of this, he is really haunted by failures, he gets used to it, complaining to others about his fate, about unfair treatment of himself, etc.

"Weak Link" this psychotype: open disagreement with him in the perception of reality.

Conformal type

Dominant character traits: constant and excessive adaptation to his immediate environment, almost complete dependence on the small group (family, company) to which he is currently a member.

Life goes by the motto: “Think like everyone else, do like everyone else, and have everything be like everyone else.” This extends to clothing style and views on the most important issues.

Attractive Character Traits: friendliness, diligence, discipline, flexibility. In a group, they are not a source of conflict or discord, since they accept the group’s lifestyle without any critical reflection and are convenient to command.

Repulsive character traits: lack of independence, lack of will, almost complete lack of criticality both in relation to oneself and one’s immediate environment, which can cause immoral acts.

"Weak Link" This psychotype: does not tolerate drastic changes. Breaking the life stereotype. Deprivation of a familiar environment can cause reactive states.

Unstable type

Dominant character trait: complete inconstancy of manifestations. Unlike the conformal psychotype, the unstable one does not depend on the group of people around him, but on any person who happens to be next to him at that moment. Nothing can hold him back; he succumbs to the influence of this person.

Attractive Character Traits: sociability, openness, helpfulness, goodwill, speed of switching in business and communication.

Repulsive character traits: lack of will, craving for empty time - pastime and entertainment, talkativeness, boasting, compromise, hypocrisy, cowardice, irresponsibility.

"Weak Link" this psychotype: neglect, lack of control, which sometimes lead to serious consequences.

Asthenic

Dominant character traits: increased fatigue, irritability, tendency to hypochondria.

Attractive Character Traits: accuracy, discipline, modesty, complaisance, diligence, friendliness, forgivingness, ability to repent.

Repulsive character traits: capriciousness, tearfulness, self-doubt, lethargy, forgetfulness.

"Weak Link" this psychotype: sudden affective outbursts due to severe fatigue and irritability.

Labile type

Dominant character traits: extreme variability of mood, which changes too often and too sharply for insignificant (imperceptible to others) reasons. Almost everything depends on your state of mind at the moment: appetite, sleep, general well-being and desire to communicate, performance and desire to learn, etc.

sociability, good nature, sensitivity and affection, sincerity and responsiveness (during periods of high spirits).

Repulsive character traits: irritability, short temper, pugnacity, weakened self-control, tendency to conflict (during periods of depressed mood). During a simple conversation, he may flare up, tears well up, and he is ready to say something impudent and offensive.

"Weak Link" of this psychotype: emotional rejection by significant people, loss of loved ones or separation from those to whom one is attached.

Cycloid

Dominant character traits: a change in two opposite states - hyperthymic and hypothymic, cyclical changes in the emotional background (periods of high mood are replaced by phases of emotional decline).

Attractive character traits: initiative, cheerfulness, sociability (during the period of high mood, when it is similar to hyperthymia); sadness, thoughtfulness, lethargy, loss of strength - everything falls out of hand; what was easy to achieve yesterday, today does not work out at all or requires incredible effort (during a period of low mood, when it is similar to hypothymia).

Repulsive character traits: inconsistency, imbalance, indifference, outbursts of irritability, excessive touchiness towards others. During a recession, it becomes more difficult to live, study, and communicate. Companies begin to irritate, risk and adventure, entertainment and contacts lose their former attractiveness.

"Weak Link" of this psychotype: emotional rejection by people significant to him and a radical breakdown of life stereotypes.

Final control

1. Match

2.Fill in the blanks.

a) A person whose interests are primarily focused on the world around him and other people is called …………

b) A person who is more interested in his inner world and does not need a constant influx of external impressions is called ……….

c) Character is formed on the basis …………

3. True or false.

a) The presence of accentuated character traits always leads to the development of psychopathy.

b) A person’s character does not depend on social factors.

Subject: Mental processes: sensations, perceptions

Target: form a concept about sensations and perceptions, their types and properties.

know:

The concept of sensations and perceptions;

Basic laws of sensations (Weber-Fechner, Bouguer-Weber law) types of sensations;

Properties of perceptions;

be able to:

Distinguish between the processes of sensation and perception

Determine the principles of organization of perception

Use tables for different types of sensations.

Information material:

Mental processes- this is the ability of the central nervous system of the body to reflect the influence of the surrounding world and form an image that encourages activity.

Feeling– reflection of individual properties of objects and phenomena of the material world under the direct influence of stimuli on the corresponding receptors. The sensation occurs as a reaction of the nervous system to a stimulus and is reflexive in nature.

Classification of sensations:

1. by modality (by belonging to certain sense organs) - visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, olfactory.

2. according to the location of the receptors - exteroceptive (when external stimuli influence the receptors of the body surface); proprioceptive (when stimuli act on receptors located in muscles, tendons, joint capsules); interoceptive (when acting on receptors located in internal organs). In turn, exteroceptive sensations are divided into contact (tactile, gustatory) and distant (visual, auditory), olfactory sensations occupy an intermediate position.

General properties of sensations:

1. quality – a feature of a given sensation, varying within certain limits.

2. intensity – a quantitative characteristic determined by the strength of the current stimulus and the functional state of the receptor. The basic psychophysiological law of Weber-Feckner: the intensity of sensation is proportional to the logarithm of the strength of the stimulus.

3. duration – a time characteristic depending on the time of action of the stimulus. When exposed to a stimulus, the sensation does not appear immediately; there is a latent period, which is not the same for different sensations.

Sensitivity- general ability to sense.

Absolute sensitivity threshold:

lower – the minimum value of the stimulus causing a barely noticeable sensation;

upper – the maximum value of the stimulus that causes an adequate sensation.

Adaptation is a change in sensitivity under the influence of a stimulus.

Perception- this is the active reflection in the human mind of objects or phenomena with their direct impact on the senses. In the course of perception, individual sensations are ordered and combined into holistic images.

Images of perception- this is the mental reality that a person can find in his consciousness through introspection.

The most important properties images of perception are:

Subjectivity,

Structurality,

Meaningfulness,

Integrity,

constancy,

Selectivity.

Objectivity– attribution of information received from the external world to objects of this world.

Structurality– abstraction and generalization from the sum of sensations of the structure.

Integrity– reflection of objects in the totality of their properties.

Constancy– the ability of the analyzer system to compensate for changes occurring with the object.

Selectivity– preferential selection of some objects over others.

Meaningfulness– assignment of a perceived object to a certain group, class of objects and phenomena.

Apperception– dependence of perception on past experience, stock of knowledge and the general orientation of the subject’s personality.

TO the main factors influencing perception, thanks to which a coherent picture of reality is formed, include:

Limitations related to the senses

State of consciousness

Previous experience

- “cultural modeling”.

At any moment, the environment sends us thousands of various signals, of which a person can only perceive a very small part.

It is enough to look at a photograph taken by an infrared camera to see that it reflects a completely different image of the environment.

Culture takes upon itself the regulation of brain activity, introducing certain features of worldview that are characteristic of members of a given group. There are differences in the perception of the world, life, death, etc. in different cultures.

Each person's method of classifying what is perceived is associated with prior life experience. Only through practice and experience is the human brain able to structure and organize the elements of the external world in order to give them precise meaning.

Organization of perception. There are a number of principles with the help of which perceptions are combined into coherent unities. These principles include:

The principle of figures and background - everything that has some meaning for a person is perceived by him as a figure on some much less structured background. This principle applies to all senses.

The principle of filling in the gaps is that the human brain always tries to reduce a fragmentary image into a figure with a simple and complete outline.

The principle of combining (grouping) elements - elements can be combined on the basis of proximity, similarity, continuity (imaginary), symmetry.

Proximity: Close or adjacent elements are combined into a single form. Similarity: It is easier to combine similar elements into a single form. Continuity: Elements will organize into a single shape if they maintain the same direction. Symmetry: A shape will be perceived as “regular” if it has one or more axes of symmetry.

Thus, from various interpretations regarding a certain series of elements, the human brain most often chooses the simplest, the most complete, or the one that implements the largest number of principles discussed above.

Classification of perceptions

1. by analyzers

2. according to the forms of existence of matter:

Perception of space: shape, size, relative position of objects, their relief, distance and direction;

Perception of time: duration, speed and sequence of phenomena;

Motion perception: changes in the position of an object in space.

Main literature:

1. Nemov R.S. Psychology (in 2 volumes) - M., 2004

2. Godefroy J. What is psychology. – M., 2002

3. General psychology. Ed. A.V. Petrovsky. – M., 2006

4. Gamezo M.V., Domashenko I.A. Atlas of psychology. – M., 2000

4. Krysko V.G. General psychology: in diagrams and comments. – St. Petersburg, 2007

5. Stolyarenko L.D. General psychology. – St. Petersburg, 2006

Work in class

Exercise 1.

With your eyes closed, holding the object proposed by the teacher in your open palm, try to identify your sensations.

Then, without opening your eyes, touch the object with your hands and examine it. What feelings did you add? Can you identify the object? Explain the difference between sensation and perception.

Task 2.

Fill the table “Difference between the processes of sensation and perception”(together with the teacher)

Task 3.

A. An ink spot spreading on paper is usually perceived as an object. What feature of perception is manifested in this?

B. Explain the following fact: why, when a person walks through an unfamiliar area for the first time, looking for the road on his own, he will find it again without much difficulty; If he goes along with a companion, to whom the road is well known, will it be difficult for a person to travel this path on his own next time?

B. A person can instantly recognize a known figure, for example, a square, regardless of its size, color, or viewing angle. What feature of perception does this depend on?

D. Sometimes, when talking on the phone, we do not hear all the sounds of the words spoken by our partner. This does not prevent us from understanding him. Why?

D. How can we explain that people born blind, who have regained their sight after surgery, initially do not visually distinguish the shape, size, or distance of objects?

Final control

I. Fill in the blanks:

1. Almost all our perceptions are the result of what came before … .

2. The combination of elements is carried out according to the principles … , … , … And … .

3. Everything that has meaning for a person is perceived as … .

4. The entire picture of perception can be rebuilt as soon as another element … becomes significant.

5. The limits of sensitivity are determined … .

6. Sensitization is called … sensitivity under the influence of a weak stimulus.

II. True or false?

1. Perception is a reflection of an individual stimulus.

2. In humans and animals, the ability of receptors to detect signals is limited.

3. Perception is characterized by the direct action of objects on the senses.

4. Perception of the environment depends in part on culture and experience.

5. There is nothing in the world that is not given to us in our sensations.

6. Perception, like sensation, is associated with a separate analyzer.

Subject: Mental process: memory

Target: form the concept of memory as a cognitive process.

After studying this topic, students should

know:

The concept of processes and types of memory;

be able to:

Use psychological methods for self-diagnosis of memory formation

Distinguish between types of memory, logical operations

Work with techniques for developing and improving memory

Information material:

Memory– storage and subsequent reproduction by an individual of the totality of information acquired by the brain.

Basic memory processes:

Memorization – consolidation of something new by associating it with what was previously acquired;

Preservation – recording information related to an individual’s activities;

Reproduction – updating what was previously assigned;

Forgetting is the loss of certain information from the meaningful sphere of the psyche.

Types of memory stand out:

1) by the nature of mental activity

Motor – memorization, preservation and reproduction of various movements and their systems;

Emotional – remembering, preserving and reproducing emotions, feelings, impressions;

Figurative – memorizing, preserving and reproducing images or their individual aspects (color, smell, sound, etc.);

Verbal - logical - memorizing, preserving and reproducing thoughts and images that have verbal expression.

2) by the nature of the goals of the activity

Involuntary – memorization and preservation without a special purpose;

Voluntary – memorization with the aim of reproducing through mnemonic techniques.

3) by duration of storage

Short-term – short storage after a single short perception and immediate reproduction.

Characterized by duration and volume: duration – approximately 20 seconds, volume – 7+2 elements; if the information is not reentered, it disappears.

Long-term – has unlimited capacity and duration, but depends on the method of selecting and systematizing information; its familiarity and significance for the individual; motivation and context in which memorization occurred.

Repetition

Briefly

Incoming time transfer

Information memory

Playback possible in the form:

1) recognition – reproduction of an object upon repeated perception;

2) memories – involuntary (through associations, thoughts, images that arise without volitional action) and voluntary (through voluntary restoration of the situation, associations, etc.)

4. N.K. Platonov. Interesting psychology. – M., 1999

5. Krysko V.G. General psychology: in diagrams and comments. – St. Petersburg, 2007

6. Stolyarenko L.D. General psychology. – St. Petersburg, 2006

Work in class

Exercise 1.

Two groups of students were given a lesson on a new topic. The first group was informed that the material would be tested in the exam. In both groups, the material was completed weeks later. In which group do students remember the material better and why?

Task 2.

A man with a phenomenal memory was read a long series of words in a crowded audience and asked to reproduce them. He handled this flawlessly. Then they were asked to name one word from the entire list, denoting an infectious disease (typhoid). The people present in the hall quickly remembered this word, and the subject needed 2 minutes to complete the task. It turned out that he was going over all the memorized words in his mind. What type of memorization was demonstrated in this case?

Many people resort to short notes to remember better. Why does this technique help improve memory?

Task 4.

In one experiment, a group of subjects was asked to solve 5 arithmetic problems. In the other group, in addition to this task, they were asked to compose 5 similar problems. After this, both groups were asked to reproduce the numbers from the conditions of all 10 problems. Which group completed the task more successfully and why?

Task 5.

Why does forgetting occur faster when preparing for an exam in a time-compressed and concentrated manner?

Final control

I. Match

1. Memorization A. The process by which

2. Saving occurs updating the fixed

3. Reproduction of recorded information.

4. Forgetting B. A process aimed at

consolidation of new information

by linking with acquired

noah earlier.

B. The process by which

in the cerebral cortex

received

information.

D. The process is

impossibility of extraction

previously assigned.

II. Match

1. By the nature of the mental A. Short-term, long-term,

activity B. Motor, emotional,

2. The nature of the goals is figurative, verbal and logical.

3. By duration B. Voluntary, involuntary.

information retention

III. Fill in the blank

1). … short-term memory does not allow you to simultaneously store more than … elements.

2). The forgetting factor includes the influence … And … activities.

IV. True or false?

1). Information is more easily reproduced in the same context in which memorization took place.

2) The capacity of long-term memory and the duration of storage of information depend on the importance of the material.

Subject: Mental process: thinking and imagination

Target: form the concept of thinking and imagination as a cognitive process.

After studying this topic, students should

know:

The concept of thinking, types and forms of thinking;

The concept of imagination and its types;

be able to:

Use psychological methods for self-diagnosis of the formation of thinking;

Distinguish between types of thinking and imagination;

Work with methods for developing and improving thinking (mnemonics that facilitate memorization);

Use intelligence tests.

Information material:

Thinking– a process of cognitive activity, characterized by a generalized and indirect reflection of reality.

Forms of thinking:

A concept is a thought that reflects the general, essential and specific characteristics of objects;

Judgment is a reflection of connections between objects or their properties;

Inference is a connection between concepts and judgments, as a result of which a new judgment or concept arises.

Types of thinking are classified:

1) by the nature of the means used

Visual – material for mental activity is presented in a specific form;

Significant – material for mental activity is presented in symbolic form.

2) by the nature of the course of cognitive processes

Intuitive – direct consideration of a solution without awareness of the ways to obtain it;

Analytical – understanding the pattern and principle of solution through logical operations. These include:

a) abstraction – isolating the essential features of an object and distracting it from the rest;

b) analysis – dividing the complex into its component parts;

c) generalization - grouping objects according to a common characteristic;

d) synthesis - combining different aspects into a single whole;

e) comparison - establishing similarities and differences.

3) by the nature of the tasks performed

Practical – solving problems that arise in a specific situation with its capabilities and conditions;

Theoretical – solving a problem in a general form, searching for a pattern regardless of the requirements of the situation.

4) by level of development:

Visual-effective (dominates up to 3 years) - cognition through manipulation of specific objects in a specific situation;

Visual-figurative (up to 7 years) – thinking in images, not concepts;

Verbal-logical - functions on the basis of symbolic means and operates with concepts, logical constructions, and goes beyond the limits of the situation.

Language– a system of signs and rules for operating them.

Speech– the process of communication between people through language is considered as a special type of activity.

Main literature:

7. M.V. Gamezo, I.A. Domashenko. Atlas of psychology. – M., 1996.

8. R.S. Nemov, Psychology (in 2 volumes), - M., 2004

9. J. Godefroy. What is psychology. – M., 2000.