The meaning of the word Chernihiv. Ancient Chernihiv In what year was the city of Chernihiv founded

On the Val, on the Yelets and Boldin mountains and in other places. On the territory of the modern city, the remains of Slavic tribal settlements of the 7th-8th centuries were found. The high bank of the Desna, cut by deep ravines, was a natural (created by nature) fortifications, making it possible to simultaneously create several protected settlements in this area. Further growth of these settlements led in the 7th century. to their confluence and the formation of a city that occupies an advantageous geographical position in the wide basin of the Desna River. Chernihiv already in the IX century. becomes the center of the Seversk land, one of the largest cities ancient Russia. The favorable geographical position in the basin of the Desna and its tributaries Snov and Seim contributed to the rapid growth of the city. Along the Desna, the city maintained contact with Kiev and further along the Dnieper with Byzantium. The Desna opened access to the lands in the upper reaches of the Volga and Oka, as well as to Novgorod. Along the Volga-Don route, Chernihiv maintained contact with the Arab East. Crafts, agriculture and trade formed the basis of the economic activity of Chernigov.

Times of Kievan Rus (IX-XIII centuries)

Chernihiv is an ancient settlement of the East Slavic tribe of the north. Oleg at the end of the 9th century conquered the country of the north, who lived along the Desna, this town, obviously already existed, since on the stone preserved in the oldest church in the city there is a mark referring, in translation from Greek chronology, to the beginning of the 10th century. Becoming in the IX century. the center of the Seversk land, already in the X century. Chernigov, along with other cities, is of great importance in the defense of the ancient Russian state from external enemies. In the XI-XIII centuries. Chernigov is the capital city of the Chernihiv-Seversky Principality, which occupied vast expanses of the left bank of the Dnieper. Along with Kiev and Novgorod, Chernigov is one of the centers of ancient Russian culture, a treasury of the architecture of ancient Russia. Outstanding architectural monuments of the 11th-13th centuries are still preserved here. Thus, during the X-XIII centuries. Chernihiv was the second economic, political and cultural center of Kievan Rus after Kiev.

From 1024, Chernihiv became the center of a grand principality, the western border of which was the Dnieper, in the South-East its lands extended to the North Caucasus, and in the North-East they reached the banks of the Oka and Moscow rivers. Almost half of the Old Russian lands were part of the Chernigov Principality.

Transfiguration Cathedral

The first prince of Chernigov, who is known not only from the excavations of barrows, but also from the annals, was Mstislav, brother of the Kiev prince Yaroslav the Wise. In the center of his capital city - "Detinets" (the territory of modern Val), he founded the princely court and began the construction of the Spassky Cathedral, which has survived to this day.

After the death of Mstislav, in 1036, Chernigov again becomes subordinate to the Kiev prince Yaroslav. However, already in 1054, the Old Russian land was divided among the sons of Yaroslav. The Chernigov principality went to Svyatoslav II, from which the continuous line of Chernigov princes begins.

At the end of the 11th century, princely civil strife flared up again in ancient Russia. The history of Chernihiv of this period was marked by a series of bloody wars. The city changed hands several times. In 1078, it was taken by storm by Vladimir Monomakh, who reigned here until the age of 18. After the Lyubech Congress of Princes in 1097, Chernihiv went to David Svyatoslavovich. From that moment on, the Chernihiv land was forever out of the power of the Kiev prince.

During the period of feudal fragmentation of the XII and early XIII centuries. Chernihiv retained the glory of one of the largest cities in Russia. It remained the capital city of the Grand Duchy, and the Chernigov princes were the owners of many specific principalities.

Modern view of Pyatnitskaya Church

Chernigov of that time was the second among the largest cities in Russia (yielding primacy to Kiev), an important political, economic and cultural center. Here there was monetary system. Architecture has reached a special development. Buildings of that time have survived to this day: Spassky, Borisoglebsky and Assumption Cathedrals; Ilyinskaya and Pyatnitskaya churches. During excavations in different parts of the city, the foundations of a number of civil structures were found, including the ruins of stone princely and boyar buildings. For ancient Chernigov, the contrast between the mansions of the rich and the poor dwellings of the common people is characteristic. The city was famous for objects of applied art.

In the XI-XII centuries. Chernigov consisted of three parts, each of which occupied a natural ledge of the river bank, was surrounded by a rampart and separated from one another by deep ditches. Parts in the annals are indicated under the names:

• "detinets" (kremlin) - the administrative and political center of the city, was located on a mountain at the confluence of the right tributary of the Strizhnya into the Desna (the territory of the modern Val reserve);
• "roundabout city" - adjoined the citadel from the South-West, occupied a large territory on which the bulk of the population lived;
• "foothill" - located behind the roundabout hail. The total length of the rampart of the foothills reached 7 km. Ancient city surrounded by suburban villages and boyar estates.

Chronicles were compiled in Chernigov, Vladimir Monomakh, hegumen Daniel, Prince Svyatoslav Davydovich lived and wrote. On Chernihiv land was created (about 1187) an immortal poem, a monument of ancient Russian literature "The Tale of Igor's Campaign".

The economic and cultural development of Chernigov took place in close proximity to Kiev, Novgorod and other ancient Russian cities. Chernihiv played an important role in the formation and development of the state and culture of ancient Russia. In the XI-XII centuries, the city was ruined several times during the princely civil strife, as well as the Polovtsy.

Tatar-Mongol yoke (1239-1320)

The development of the city was interrupted for a long time by the invasion of the horde of Batu Khan. In October 1239, the Tatar horde led by Khan Mengu attacked Chernigov. A fierce battle unfolded under the walls of the city, but the forces were unequal, and there was nowhere to wait for help. On October 12, the encircled city fell. The Resurrection Chronicle reports: “th set of howls ( modern- warriors) he was beaten quickly and hail was taken and set on fire. The excavations fully confirm the lithographic notice of the tragedy. Chernigov was turned into ruins, most of the inhabitants were either killed or driven into slavery. The rest of the population of the principality went north. However, the institution of princely power was preserved. Later, the heads (princes) of the city (Mikhail Vsevolodovich and his son Roman Mikhailovich Stary) were executed due to their refusal to perform a pagan rite, which they had to perform on orders khana.

During the reign of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Chernigov in the second half of the XIV century was annexed to the state of Lithuania. The Lithuanians sought to turn Chernigov into an outpost on the southeastern border of their possessions. During the period of 70-80s. 14th c. a wooden fortress was built to protect against Tatar raids. The city was ruled by the governors of the Grand Duchy. Due to its favorable geopolitical location, the city began to gradually revive. Chernihiv becomes a transit point not only for salt, resin and potash, but also for oriental goods: silk fabrics, carpets, brocade, fruits and spices.

As part of the Principality of Moscow (Muscovy)

War between Lithuania and Russia assigned Chernihiv to the Principality of Moscow. In the city on the territory of Chernihiv citadel by the command of the great sovereign Vasily Ivanovich ... the city of Chernigov was cut down. Strong enough for those times, the fortress was a castle-citadel.

After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the population of Chernihiv gradually increased. The vast majority of houses are wooden. The area of ​​obligatory stone buildings was limited to the Red (Bazaar) Square. The central streets were illuminated by gas lamps, and since 1895 electric lighting was introduced. Horse-drawn transport was dominant. The main cargo was transported along the Desna. At the beginning of the 20th century, horse-drawn stagecoaches ran to Gomel and Kozelts along the Kiev-Petersburg highway.

As part of the USSR

Times of independent Ukraine

According to the last census in 2001, the population was 312.0 thousand people.

• The population as of 01.01.2006 is 299,600 inhabitants.

Notes

Literature

• Yatsura M. T. Chernigov. Handbook-guide. Kiev region book and newspaper publishing, 1961 (Ukrainian)

see also

Links

History of settlements in the Chernihiv region
Avdiivka | Anisov | Baturin | Bakhmach | Cornerless | Bobrovitsa | Borzna | Varva | Vedeltsy | Velyka Zagorovka | Vertiivka | Vykhvostov | Gorodnya | Tar | Zhovtneve | Ichnia | Kozelets | Korop | Koryukovka Kulikovka | Lyubech | Little Maiden | Mena | Monastery | Nizhyn | New Basan | Novgorod-Seversky | New Borovichi | Nosovka | Oster | Pekurovka | Sands | Fire victims | Pryluky | Turnips | Sednev | Semyonovka | Sosnitsa | Silver | Stolnoe | Talalaevka | Trostyanets | Hills | Red Partizans | Chernihiv| Shapovalivka | Shchors

CHERNIGOV

Chernigov is one of the oldest Russian cities, the time of its foundation is lost in ancient times. The oldest authentic documents already know Chernigov as one of the major cities of Russia. Oleg's agreement with the Byzantine emperors Leo and Constantine in 907 places Chernigov immediately after Kiev in the list of cities receiving indemnities from Byzantium. In the middle of the 10th century, Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus mentions it among the most important cities of Russia.

In 1024, Prince Mstislav Tmutarakansky gives Kiev to his brother Yaroslav, and chooses Chernigov for himself, turning it into the capital of the entire Dnieper left bank, the entire forest-steppe strip, the Don steppes and the strategic key of the Black Sea region - the Tmutarakan land (Russian principality on the Kuban River).

Chernihiv land has always been open from the side of the steppe, and warriors from the far southeast often appeared near the steppes of its capital: either the Yases (Alans) and Kasogs (Circassians), or the mysterious “there were, maybe even Tatras.”

At the end of the 11th century, Vladimir Monomakh reigned in Chernigov, and in the 12th century the city passed into the hands of the descendants of Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich - first the Davydovichs, and then the restless Olgovichs, whose family nest Chernigov became for a whole century.

Detinets - the Kremlin, the fortified central part of the ancient city.

ANCIENT CHERNIGOV

Mounds in "Elovsh^na"

.-^Old Cemetery

The plan of ancient Chernigov and the plan of the Vshchizh settlement Both plans are given on the same scale

Along with Kiev, Chernigov firmly entered the Russian epic epic. Chernigov created its own literature, known to us, unfortunately, only in fragments.

Chernigov was the center of a large principality, whose borders in the north passed through the Vyatka forests, and in the south coincided with the general borders of Russian settlement. The Chernigov diocese stretched all the way to Ryazan. The presence around ancient Chernigov of a vast necropolis with princely and boyar mounds, the richest in Russia, the preservation of the most ancient Russian architectural monuments on the territory of the city - all this gives Chernigov a special value as an important object of versatile study.

The city of Chernihiv is located on the high hilly bank of the Desna River, where it makes a sharp turn to the southwest, towards Kiev.

Local historians count up to four ancient settlements on the territory of Chernihiv, which formed a characteristic nest of ancestral fortresses. Here the later annalistic Chernihiv could develop. It was through the merging together of several small tribal fortified settlements that such ancient cities as Kiev or Isko-rosten were formed. The banks of the Desna, cut by deep ravines, made it possible to simultaneously create several fortifications next to each other.

At the mouth of the Strizhnya River, which flows into the Desna on the right, there is a citadel.

An ancient settlement adjoins its northwestern side, twice the area of ​​the citadel; the eastern border of the settlement also rests on Strizhen. From the west, the third part of the city, called "Tretyak", adjoins the settlement and the citadel, equal in area to the citadel, but stretched along the coast from east to west. Even further to the west, as if continuing the Tretyak, is the territory of the Yelets Assumption Monastery, founded in the 11th century. Each of the sections of the city occupies a natural spur of the coast and is separated from the neighboring ones by deep and wide ravines.

The last belt of Chernihiv fortifications began from the Yelets Monastery. The shaft, traces of which are still preserved in some places, goes from the monastery to the north, perpendicular to the line of the coastal cliff, and then / turns to the east, covering a significant territory in the north of the listed coastal parts of the city (Tretyak, Detinets, etc.). The line of these fortifications crosses the Strizhen River and goes along Zastrizhen, then turning south and joining the settlement not far from the northeast corner of the citadel. The total length of this shaft is about 6.5 kilometers. Within this northern half-ring of fortifications is

the church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa on Torgu, built at the very end of the 12th century, the remains of two large barrows of the 10th century - “Princess Cherna” (buried in 1851) and the famous “Black Grave” (pagan burial in the mound of a Slavic prince).

Outside the northern semicircle (I will call it conditionally the second settlement), until the 19th century, a number of mound groups remained, stretching far away from Chernigov and representing the remains of a huge cemetery that surrounded the city from all sides.

On the left bank of the Desna, not far from the church of Elijah, on a sandy hill, surrounded on all sides by channels and swamps, there was the "Holy Grove" 1 . The ancient city was surrounded by suburban villages, boyar estates, barrow cemeteries.

The terms used in the chronicle for the various parts of the city are explained as follows:

1. “Detinets”, or “the current city”, is what in the 17th-18th centuries was called the old fortress, fortification.

2. "Okolny grad" - the second belt of city fortifications, adjoining the citadel from the north, and possibly extending far to the west (Tretyak) to the Yelets monastery, which arose in the second half of the 11th century. Traces of the fortifications of the "roundabout city" were visible as early as the 18th century.

"Okolny grad" in the east rested on the river Strizhen, and there was a gate here.

3. "Frontwall with a prison." By the middle of the XII century, the volume of the capital of the Chernigov Principality had to expand greatly. Judging by the fact that the suburbs were taken by the Polovtsy alone (bad masters of storming cities), without the participation of the main troops of Prince Dolgoruky, one must think that the prison was not a particularly strong fortification barrier.

An indisputable confinement of the annalistic terms to the parts of the Chernigov fortifications known to us is hardly possible. In terms of its absolute size, the Chernihiv citadel, together with the roundabout city (including the Tretyak in its composition), is equal to Kiev in the time of Yaroslav the Wise.

Chernihiv in the era of the formation of the ancient Russian state

Ancient Chernihiv of the 9th-10th centuries is still insufficiently known to us; the remains of his Dwellings, streets and palaces are hidden under later layers, and only in some places, during excavations at great depths, adobe ovens, houses cut into the ground and stucco (that is, made simply by hand, without the use of a potter's wheel) ceramics VIII-IX centuries. The remains of the cultural layer of this era are traced in the Chernihiv citadel on

Similar tracts associated with the pagan cult of "groves" exist near almost every ancient Russian city. Near Novgorod the Great, at the exit from the Volkhov to Ilmen Lake, there was the Perunya Grove, and later the Peryn Skete. According to legend, this place is associated with the cult of Perun.

b Ancient Russia

Boyar burial mounds of the 9th-10th centuries on the Boldin Hills near Chernigov

Significant space up the river Strizhnya and in other parts of the city.

Judging by the fact that two rich princely graves of Chernigov of the 10th century are located at the very walls of the Roundabout City, it can be assumed that the emergence of this line of fortifications dates back to the same time. The city was made up of a number of ancient settlements that arose on the picturesque spurs of the high bank of the Desna, and the earthen rampart of the “roundabout city” united both the hill of the Yelets Monastery, Tretyak, and the “daytime city” at the mouth of the Strizhnya River.

Knowing little about the city itself and its buildings, we can get an idea of ​​​​its population from the vast necropolis.

The famous Chernihiv burial mounds once bordered the city walls in a wide arc and diverged in rays in the direction of the most important

roads - to the southwest, to the northeast and to the north. The size of the necropolis is currently beyond any precise definition, since thousands of burial mounds that existed in the 19th century were destroyed and razed to the ground.

We cannot determine how close the necropolis came to the walls of the citadel, but we can assert that the area of ​​the mound "Princess Cherna" and "Chernaya Mohyla" in the 10th century was already outside the city walls.

Analysis of the Chernihiv necropolis makes it possible to highlight a number of important historical issues, such as, for example, about boyar and princely life, the topography of suburban villages and boyar estates and the time of their occurrence, about pagan rites, etc. The answer to all these questions can only be obtained as a result of dating the mounds and a comprehensive study of inventory and funeral rites . Sometimes it is possible to catch age differences from the grave goods.

In the 9th-10th centuries, there were two burial rites at the same time: cremation and burial in a spacious pit with a log house. The log tombs found in the immediate vicinity of Chernigov contained the burials of a warrior with a horse. Consider the barrow near the village of Gushchina. A saddled and bridled horse is placed in the northern part of the burial chamber, and in the southern part is the warrior himself with a battle ax, a spear and other items of combatant equipment. According to the Slavic custom, a pot decorated with a linear-wavy ornament and a wooden bucket were placed at the feet of the deceased.

The log tombs of Russian soldiers are reflected in epics; such, for example, is the epic about Mikhail Potok.

Age Differences in Decorations Found in Mounds of the 11th-12th Centuries at the City Cemetery of Chernihiv

And then they began to dig a grave,

They dug a grave deep and great.

Depth, width of twenty fathoms,

And then Potok Mikhailo Ivanovich With a horse and harness of the military They sank into the same deep grave.

And they rolled up the oak ceiling And covered them with yellow sands.

In the Chernihiv necropolis, cremation was also common.

Both of these burial rites among the Rus are described by Arab writers of the 10th century.

Chernihiv kurgans of the 10th-10th centuries with corpse cremations are the most precious historical source. Firstly, they introduce us into the complex world of pagan ideas and rituals, secondly, they reveal to us the life of combatants, boyars and princes with such completeness, which is inaccessible to all other types of sources, and, thirdly, they allow us to make a series of very important conclusions about the nature of the placement of warriors and boyars in the vicinity of the capital city, that is, the placement associated with boyar suburban estates.

The funeral rite was complex and varied depending on the social status of the buried. The barrow cemetery, located to the north of the Chernihiv “fort” of the 12th century, can be considered as samples of the burials of combatants of the 9th-10th centuries.

The mounds of these mounds, 3 to 7 meters high and 10 to 25 meters in diameter, covered the remains of bonfires formed from the burning of "domovinas", or, as the chronicler called them, "pillars" - small burial houses built from thin, flammable logs .

The idea of ​​the "house of the dead" is equally inherent in burials in pits, when a grave is dug in the form of a large house, and in cremations, when only logs remain from the domina. Of exceptional interest are the boyar and princely mounds of Chernigov, which have their own special names. I will focus on two of them - "Gulbishche" and "Black Grave".

The burial rite was carried out as follows: on the site of the future mound, in its center, a mound was built in the form of a truncated cone about 1.5 meters high and 10 meters in diameter. On this mound (which may have been called in antiquity "steal") a house was built for the deceased and his wife; all the things necessary for the ceremony (weapons, utensils, horses, bulls, saddles, tools) were placed in the house, and all this, surrounded by brushwood and straw, was set on fire with funeral cries and cries of numerous relatives.

After the fire burned out, the relatives of the deceased removed his remains from the fire: chain mail with half-burned bones stuck to it and a helmet with the remains of a skull. All this was temporarily taken aside and a huge mound with a thickened top was built in place of the fire. The circumference of such an embankment in the Black Grave reached 125 meters.

Mospekhsmyatnye from the fire, and ceremonial things laid on the Time of the funeral feast

The second mound of clay

Primary embankment (from a ditch)

Sprinkling h. ^Suggested

under the fire place "Yadyna" -

G castois Domovina*

Fireplace

Section of the mound "Chernaya Mogila" according to updated data

Reconstruction of the princely burial in the "pillar" according to the excavations of the "Chernaya Mohyla" barrow in Chernigov (mid-10th century)

ditch and inside it could fit, for example, the Cathedral of Chernigov (Spassky Cathedral, 1036) and two little churches.

At the top, a platform of about 1,000 square meters was formed. meters, in the center of which armor was laid, or, more precisely, the remains of the deceased along with the armor, removed in advance from the fire.

The area around these remains is heavily rammed; this allows us to think that it served as a place for performing some part of the funeral ritual. In all likelihood, at this time, “strava” and “trizna” were performed for the deceased. Strava is a commemoration, a funeral feast, for which there was enough space at the top of the mound. Triz-

na - this is a struggle, competition, wrestling - war games in honor of a deceased warrior.

Trizna coped obviously when the top of the mound was crowned with armor.

After these celebrations, the barrow mound was almost doubled, bringing its height up to 11-12 meters and its volume up to 6,000 cubic meters. meters of earth and clay.

At the very top of the finally filled barrow, a pillar with the name of the deceased was placed. The remains of such a pillar are preserved in the Black Grave.

The barrow "Gulbische" on the Boldin Hills in the vicinity of Chernigov can serve as an example of a rich boyar burial. Its date is the end of the 9th-beginning of the 10th century. Relatives brought to the top of the half-filled barrow not only the remains of the deceased (in chain mail and in a helmet), but also weapons: a huge sword in a sheath, a spear, large stirrups, a bit, arrows, an ax and a shield.

The mound "Black Grave", dated by a gold Byzantine coin of 945-959, contained three burials: men, youths and women. A number of considerations make us think that not just a noble and rich man, but a prince, was buried here. In favor of this is the purpose of things erected on a half-filled mound.

When filling the "Black Grave", the people who led the funeral rite did not care about pulling all the weapons up; they left a lot of weapons on the fire. But on the other hand, they were very attentive to providing a richer idea of ​​the connection between the buried and the cult. Here we see two tury horns (mandatory attributes of Slavic deities), two sacrificial knives and, finally, a bronze idol. The contemporaries of the deceased made it clear to us that under the mound of the "Black Grave" are people vested with the rights not only of military leaders, but also of priests, people who may need in the next world both knives for slaughtering victims and sacred rhytons 1 for proclaiming prosperity to fellow tribesmen.

Helmets and bow parts from Chernihiv mounds of the 9th-10th centuries

1 Rhytons - drinking vessels made of horn.

Such a combination of a warrior and a priest could only be in the person of a prince. We know that among the Slavs, princes often performed the functions of high priests. I think that we have the right to recognize only two princely mounds of Chernigov - the mound of Princess Cherna, where a noble warrior equipped with a tury horn was buried, and the Black Grave, where one or two noble warriors with tury horns were buried.

The mounds "Gulbishche" and "Chernaya Mohyla", as well as a number of other Chernihiv mounds of the 9th-10th centuries close to them, gave science hundreds of valuable things that allow us to restore the types of clothing and weapons of the Russian boyars and princes of that time. Let us dwell on such rare items as the turya horns from the Black Grave (mid-10th century).

The ancient Russian feasts sung in epics are in themselves a remnant of a pagan ritual; it is possible that drinking from the horns, as the most archaic type of dishes, was one of the elements of the pagan holiday.

The turium horn subsequently becomes an obligatory attribute of the Slavic gods.

The most striking and interesting in terms of artistic performance are undoubtedly the two tury horns from the Black Grave. These turya horns first became known from the works of D. Ya. Samokvasov (in 1874). Since then, they have often attracted the attention of art historians. These horns are of various sizes: one of them is 54 centimeters long, and the other is 67 centimeters. There are no traces of fire on the thin silver frame of the horns. The terrible heat of the grandiose funeral pyre, which melted all the decorations of the dead into glassy ingots, did not touch the fragile silver of the turi horns. In all likelihood, they were laid after all the funeral rites were completed. It is possible that, saying goodbye to the deceased, before finally covering his remains with earth, his relatives, remembering him, drank from the horns and placed them next to the weapons. Both horns are equally bound with silver around the mouth and are decorated with square overlays in the middle part. One of the horns (smaller) is ornamented with a juicy floral pattern intertwined into garlands. This pattern, close to Iranian, was very common in ancient Russia and is found on things not of eastern, but of local origin. Such, for example, is the hilt of a sword found in Kiev, near the Golden Gates.

Another large turium horn is decorated much more intricately. The master chaser made a wonderful frieze here from various monsters, birds and people.

The central place in the ornamentation of the frame is given to the composition of two human figures and an eagle. This composition is located just at the opposite end of the frame from the dividing palmette; it is turned to the face of the drinker from the goblet and is central and main.

The attention of researchers has long been attracted by two small figures of people lost among huge monsters, flowers and grasses, covered

enclosing a field of silver frame. They were considered either hunters or children lost in the forest. Both figurines are turned to the right, towards the side of the eagle, which bowed its head.

The left figurine depicts a bearded man in obscure clothing like a long shirt (chain mail), without a hat. The right hand is stretched forward and, as it were, catches something. In the left hand - a large bow of a complex system with a clearly marked method of attaching a bowstring; near the hunter, behind him, in the air are two whole arrows and one broken in half. One arrow seems to be directed at the back of the man's head.

The right figure is female, with a quiver at the waist, holding a bow in her left hand, and right hand bent in such a way as if the hunter had just lowered the bowstring.

The distinguishing feature of this figurine is the long braids descending from the right temple to the thigh. You can even see something like two temporal rings in the place where the hairstyle goes into a braid. Judging by the braids, this is. young woman.

The eagle is depicted as disproportionately large; his head is tilted to the right, his wings are outstretched. With a general look at the entire compositional group of two hunters and an eagle, the following impression is created: the hunters are shooting at a bird of prey; but there are no arrows in the bird or near it - they seem to be returning back to the hunters and are depicted behind their backs flying in the opposite direction, in disorder, plumage forward and partially broken. All this is reminiscent of fairy tales about an enchanted bird and returning arrows. In Russian fairy tales and epics, we will find many episodes, the heroes of which are a bird (prophetic) ”a man and a girl. Often a man or a swan frees a girl from the clutches of a predatory kite-sorcerer.

But the most complete analogy to the Chernigov horn is the Chernigov epic about Ivan Godinovich. The place of action in all variants of the epic is Chernihiv. The plot of the epic is as follows: a young Kiev combatant Ivan Godinovich came to Chernigov for Nastasya (or Marya Dmitrievna) he liked - the daughter of a Chernigov guest, already betrothed to Kashchei the Immortal. Ivan takes Nastasya to Kiev by force and threats. On the way, he is attacked by Kashchei, who, with the help of Nastasya, defeats Ivan and ties him to an oak tree.

Here a new element is introduced into the epic:

At that time, at that time, a bird flew, a black crow,

He sat down, Raven, on a damp oak,

He spoke in human language:

“And not to own Marya Dmitrievna to Tsar Kashchei Tripetov,

And to own Ivan Godinovich.

Kashchei tries to shoot a bird with a bow, but the arrows he fires, without touching it, return and hit Kashchei himself in the head to death. Ivan is released.

Sacred vessel - turium horn from the "Black Grave"

Carved stones of the 12th century. from Borisoglebsky Cathedral in Detinets

The fabulous motif of the return of the arrows to the shooter, so well depicted by the chaser of the tury horn, is one of the central moments in the epic. It is definitely present in all variants of this epic (researchers count up to 30 of them).

A bearded man in a long shirt or chain mail, who has just lowered the string of his bow, is depicted on the Chernigov tury horn - Kashchei the Deathless, shooting at a prophetic bird. The girl with long braids and a quiver over her shoulder is the Chernihiv beauty Nastasya (Marya), the subject of a dispute between two men. Here she is also depicted with a bow in her left hand. The prophetic crow (or eagle) seems to be about to take off. Its wings are outstretched and one of them is raised.

Silver binding of the tury horn from the "Black Grave"

Above is a general expanded view of the fitting; below - detail (enchanted arrow hits the shooter himself)

Three arrows were shot at the prophetic bird in the image, as it should be in a real epic or fairy tale, and all of them ended up behind Kashchei.

One of the arrows broke "half" behind Kashchei. Another flew straight into the sky. The third arrow flies into the back of the head of Kashchei, who ran out to shoot a bird without a helmet, without a hat, with his head uncovered. The heart of the murdered Kashchei should go to the wolves, and on the tury horn, the wolf with its mouth open, as it were, is waiting for prey.

The matches are extremely complete. Only the second hero, Ivan Godinovich, is missing. The Chernihiv master focused all his attention on the moment of punishment of Kashchei the Immortal by higher powers for the encroachment on the bird.

Who is Kashchei? What bird enjoys such patronage of witchcraft powers? Why is the death of Kashchei depicted on the sacred rhyton of the Chernigov prince of the 10th century?

In the epic, the antiquity of which is a thousand years old, we have the right to look not for a genre scene, but for some hidden, deeper meaning. Perhaps a chased illustration to the epic will allow us to establish its literary history.

The most important character in the drawing of the turye horn is a prophetic bird hostile to Kashchei. It is she who personifies the higher powers that defeat Kashchei the Immortal. On the horn, she most resembles an eagle.

The eagle is known as the coat of arms of the city of Chernihiv. Proved by the Soviet scientist, doctor of historical sciences A. V. Artsikhovsky, the deep antiquity of many Russian city emblems makes us take this coincidence more carefully. The eagle, because of which Kashchei the Deathless finds his death on the tury horn, is the prophetic bird of the Chernigov epic, and the eagle is the coat of arms of Chernigov. All this suggests that the eagle in ancient times was especially revered by the Chernigov people, perhaps as the patron of a city or a tribe.

Tsar Kashchei the Immortal, Kashchei Tripetovich - this is perhaps one of the images of the steppe nomads, the image of the khan leading the raid, eluding death and sheltering a captivated Russian beauty. In the 12th century, khans were sometimes called "koshchei"; so, for example, Konchak is called in "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" "a filthy koshchei."

Perhaps the whole scene, minted on the sacred rhyton, is an image of a simple, historically justified thought: the filthy “Koschei-Pechenozhin” raised his hand to the Chernigov eagle, but the power of the bird’s things sent the arrows back to the offender.

The master chaser, who considered the ritual nature of the horn, wanted to show not so much the real death of Kashchei as the action of the invisible, but powerful power of the spell.

Regardless of the correctness of the above considerations, the turium horn from the "Black Grave" will remain one of the most interesting objects of ancient Russia, which will attract the attention of art historians, connoisseurs of everyday life and researchers of Slavic paganism for a long time to come.

Chernihiv burial mounds.

<бища IX-X веков свидетельствуют о важном значении Чернигова в древнерусском государстве. В распоряжении черниговского князя были тысячи дружинников. По. пытки норманистов объявить часть курганов вокруг Чернигова скандинавскими потерпели полную неудачу.

Both rituals - both cremation and burial in log cabins - are attested by written sources of the 10th century as Russian.

Summing up the results of a cursory review of the burial mounds of the 9th-10th centuries, I would like to dwell on the issue of the resettlement of combatants and boyars in Chernigov and its environs.

In the 9th - 10th centuries, the population of Chernigov buried their dead not at the very walls of the citadel or roundabout city, but a little further, on exit routes from the city. The cemetery breaks up into several separate troupes, which are spread over a very large area, and down the Desna stretch for 18 kilometers to Sheetovitsy. Such dispersal -Nigovsky warrior burials can be explained by the appearance of land holdings around the city among the warriors, some of which are known to us by name (Gyurichev, Semyn, etc.). It is noteworthy that each kurgan group contains many ordinary small graves and several large kurgans with rich inventory.

Let's make an approximate comparison of the Chernihiv kurgan groups surrounding the city with the ancient annalistic names of the villages.

1. Burial mounds to the east of Chernigov, among which there are several of the 9th-10th centuries, are the necropolis of the annalistic Gyurichev, a suburban village.

2. Druzhina mounds of the 9th-10th centuries "in the old cemetery in Berezki" - this is the cemetery of the ancient village of Semyn, mentioned in the annals. This group was dominated by several large burial mounds.

3. The neighboring group of burial mounds of the X century near the "Five Corners" is, perhaps, the necropolis of that ancient village, which in the XII century began to be called the village of the Holy Savior.

4. The burial mounds on Oleg's Field, which were grouped around a huge oval grave, should perhaps be associated with some princely village, which later took the name of Oleg (the modern village of Ol'govo). Here, on the land of the village of Olgova, a treasure trove of princely silver items of the 12th century was found.

5. In the ancient Boldino tract, there was a mound of a rich and noble boyar of the late IX - early Khvek (“Gulbische”), surrounded by less significant mounds.

Swords of the 10th century from the boyar mounds in the vicinity of Chernigov (Shestovitsa)

6. The neighboring Trinity group also had its own boyar mound. It can be brought closer to the ancient suburban village of Gostynichi.

7. The necropolis of the village of Gushchina (near which the village with the meaningful name Kienki is located) is headed by a large mound with a log-frame tomb. Here, in this village, in 1934, a treasure trove of silver jewelry of the nesting type of the 10th century was found.

Expanding the radius of our observations, moving along the ancient roads from Chernigov to Kiev, to Lyubech, to Starodub, we will see that the necropolises of suburban villages imperceptibly turn into urban ones with large and small mounds: Orgoshch in the northwest, Sednev in the northeast, Shestov -tsy in the southwest.

This whole picture does not fit into the idea of ​​the Chernigov prince as the only center of attraction for combatants. On the contrary, we see around Chernigov a kind of "solar system": the city - the residence of the prince - is surrounded by several secondary centers, the borders of which rise almost to the city itself; these secondary boyar centers have their own "satellites" surrounding them, entering their orbit.

Only the possession of land, the need to be in the villages, a strong connection with the suburban estates could create such a vivid picture of the feudal dispersal of the Chernigov necropolis. There is no single aristocratic cemetery here. Huge boyar burial mounds such as Gulbishcha, Bezymyanny and large Gyurichev mounds are dispersed in separate groups, as if leading them. Archaeological materials allow us to draw the following conclusions about the social structure. The Chernigov boyars-warriors of the 9th-10th centuries are not a crowd of landless princely men surrounding the prince, they are landowners, overlords of their warriors, rulers of the villages known to us from the annals. Vassalage without land grants was, obviously, a stage already passed by the beginning of the 10th century for the feudal lords of the second city in ancient Russia - Chernigov, second only to Kiev. The Chernihiv boyars, far beyond the city limits, exercised power over the surrounding villages, over the land, turning it into their feudal property, which was the basis of the feudal system.

The princely burial mounds - the mound of Princess Cherna and the "Black Grave", which the local legend always wanted to connect with the founder of the city of Chernigov, Prince Cherny, are not connected with any of the suburban villages. They, as befits princely mounds, are connected with the Saxon city, at the walls (or maybe at the gates) of which they grew up.

The first settlements, according to the data obtained during the excavations, appeared on the site of Chernigov as early as four thousand years BC. Due to its favorable geographical position, next to a large river, which made it a trading and transport center, the city began to grow rapidly in the first millennium BC. According to the chronicles, in 907 the Kiev prince Oleg conquered Chernigov. At that time, it was already a fully formed city of great strategic and economic importance. At the beginning of the 11th century, two large monasteries were built in the city, which made it the religious and cultural center of the entire northern part of Kievan Rus. During the period of fragmentation, Chernigov grew to an area of ​​about 4.5 square kilometers and had a population of 40 thousand inhabitants, which made it the largest city in Europe at that time. In 1239, the hordes of the Tatar-Mongols, who invaded Russian lands, coveted a large and rich city. Despite the Russian army coming to help, the city fell and was plundered. In the future, foreigners constantly tried to capture Chernihiv. As a result of the Russian-Lithuanian war, in 1503 the city was annexed to the Moscow principality. In 1618, Chernigov was captured by the Poles and, following the results of the treaty, went to the Commonwealth. Then in 1649, thanks to the efforts of Bohdan Khmelnitsky, who raised an uprising, Chernihiv was recaptured from the Poles and returned to Russia.

sights

Any guidebook will tell you: acquaintance with the city should begin with Val - the former Chernihiv citadel, the ancient princely court. It is the spiritual and administrative center of the city. It is here that the largest number of historical buildings and museums are concentrated.

Spassky Cathedral

Spassky Cathedral - the oldest surviving in Russia. It was founded in the 11th century by the first known prince of Chernigov, Mstislav the Brave, the son of the baptist of Russia Vladimir Svyatoslavich. Since 1967, the Spassky Cathedral has been part of the National Architectural and Historical Reserve "Old Chernihiv".

Borisoglebsky Cathedral

Borisoglebsky Cathedral was erected around 1123, dedicated to the heavenly patrons of the Yaroslavich family and was conceived as an honorary tomb. The temple stands just tens of meters from the Spassky Cathedral. Initially, there were palace buildings between them, of which nothing remains, except for the archaeological foundation. During its existence, the Borisoglebsky Cathedral was repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt. Today it is a museum, concerts of sacred music are held here and two exhibitions are constantly working - "The fresco of Chernigov temples" and "Architecture and craft of Chernigov of the 11-13 centuries."

Catherine's Church

This church of extraordinary beauty is located on a high promontory and is separated from Val by a ravine. It is considered a visiting card of Chernigov, although it was built much later than Spassky and Borisoglebsky - in the 18th century, on the remains of a medium-sized temple from the times of Kievan Rus. Now in the church you can see an exhibition of folk and decorative Ukrainian art.

the Red Square

Yes, yes, Chernigov also has its own square, and it is also red. From the beginning of the 19th century to the present day it has been the administrative and cultural center of the city. You can get to the square from the Catherine's Church along the Alley of Heroes decorated with fountains. Previously, this place was called Pyatnitsky field. The name comes from the nearby church of St. Paraskeva Pyatnitsa, built at the end of the 12th century.

Eletsky and Trinity-Ilyinsky monasteries

The emergence of both monasteries is associated with the name of St. Anthony of the Caves. In ancient Russian times they were outside the city. The Yelets Monastery, located closer to the center, includes the Assumption Cathedral, built in the 12th century, a bell tower, a cell, the Peter and Paul Church and a stone fence. Also on the territory there is still the only wooden building of the Cossack time - the house of Theodosius Uglitsky (late 17th century). The well-known dungeons of the monastery did not appear before the 18th century. Nearby are several more historical buildings: the prison castle, built in 1803-1806, and the two-story building of the former men's school. Here, opposite the monastery fence, a huge earthen embankment rises. This is one of the most famous ancient Russian pagan burial mounds - the Black Grave. According to legend, the founder of Chernigov, Prince Cherny, is buried under it. Although the excavations proved that the barrow was built already in the 10th century, when Chernihiv already existed.

The Trinity-Ilyinsky Monastery is located on Boldina Hill (the name comes from the old Russian "bold" - oak). Historians do not exclude that in pre-Christian times there was a temple of the Slavic god Perun on the mountain. At first, the monastery was a cave monastery, then the single-domed Elias Church was erected here, which has survived to this day in a rebuilt form. Next to it is the entrance to the famous Anthony Caves - they are open to tourists. At the end of the 17th century, a grandiose architectural complex headed by the Trinity Cathedral, consecrated in 1695, began to be erected on a spacious site on the western side of the Elias Church. He gave the modern name to the monastery.

Museums

For lovers of historical treasures under glass, seasoned with the stories of a guide, there are several good-quality museums in Chernihiv at once. This is the historical name of Tarnovsky, and the military, and the artistic name of Galagan, and the literary name of Kotsiubinsky.

Material from Encyclopedia of Chernigov

Chernihiv - city in the north-east of Ukraine, in the western part of the Chernihiv region. Chernihiv is the administrative center of the Chernihiv region, as well as the Chernihiv region (which is not included). River port on the right bank of the Desna. A junction of railway and motor ways. Airport (now frozen). The population of Chernihiv is 299,989 inhabitants (2009). Chernihiv is administratively divided into 2 city districts: Desnyansky district and Novozavodsky district.

Chernihiv- This is an ancient Slavic city. The historical center of the Left-bank Ukraine and one of the largest cities of Kievan Rus. According to archaeological data, its formation began at the end of the 7th century. In the 9th century it was the center of the East Slavic tribe of the northerners. At the end of the 9th century, it became part of Kievan Rus. It was first mentioned in the annals of 907. When the prince of Kiev Oleg at the end of the 9th century conquered the country of the north, who lived along the Desna, this city probably already existed, since on the stone that was preserved in the oldest church in the city there is a mark referring, in translation from Greek chronology, to the beginning of X century.

According to legend, Chernihiv got its name in honor of the first local prince - Cherny. To date, there are many different legends and legends that are associated with the name of the city. According to one of them, the name of the city is also associated with the name of the daughter of the same prince "Cherny", who jumped out of the window of the prince's chamber in order to avoid the second from the side of the enemies who were besieging around the city. Other legends say that Chernihiv owes its name to the dark, dense, "black" forests that surrounded the city from all sides.

History and chronology

A number of Neolithic finds discovered on the territory of Chernigov indicate that the first settlements appeared in these places already in the 4th millennium BC. In addition, traces of ancient settlements of the Bronze Age were found in the tracts of Yalovshchina and Tatarskaya Gorka, which indicates the settlement of the present territory of the city as early as the 2nd millennium BC.

In the 1st millennium A.D. e. on the steep banks of the Desna and Strizhnya rivers, there were several settlements of northerners: within the ancient central part of Chernigov on the Val, on the Yelets and Boldin mountains and in other places. The rapid economic growth of Chernihiv was facilitated by its favorable geographical location in the basin of the Desna River and its tributaries, the Snov and Seim rivers.

From 1024-1036 and from 1054-1239 Chernigov is the economic and political center of the Chernigov Principality. In the 11th century, the population of Chernihiv repulsed several attacks by the Polovtsians. At the end of the 12th century, Chernihiv occupied an area of ​​more than 200 hectares and consisted of the princely center - Detinets, Okolny grad, Tretiak, Suburbs, and Podil. Construction, crafts and trade developed intensively in the city. At that time, the Cathedral of the Savior, Ilyinskaya Church, Pyatnitskaya Church and a number of other structures were built.

In 1239 Chernigov was captured, destroyed and burned by the hordes of the Mongol Khan Batu. In the 2nd half of the 14th century, Chernihiv was captured by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Then the Chernihiv fortress was built. In 1482 and 1497 Chernihiv suffered destruction due to the attacks of the Crimean Tatars. As a result of the victory of the Russian troops in the war against Lithuania, Chernigov, together with the Chernigov-Seversk land, became part of the Russian state (1503). According to the Deulino truce of 1618, Chernihiv was captured by the Polish gentry. In 1623 Chernihiv received Magdeburg rights, and in 1635 Chernihivs became the main city of the Chernihiv Voivodeship.

The population of Chernihiv participated in the liberation war of the Ukrainian people in 1648-1654.

In 1648, after the liberation of the city from the Polish invaders, Chernigov became the center of the Chernigov regiment. As a result of the reunification of Ukraine with Russia in 1654, Chernihiv is part of the Russian state.

Since 1782 Chernihiv becomes the center of the Chernihiv governorship, since 1797 - the center of the Little Russian province, since 1802 - the center of the Chernigov province.

In the 2nd half of the 17th-18th century Chernihiv was one of the centers of handicraft production and trade. There were weaving, shoemaking, sewing, butcher, bakery, konvisarsky and other workshops (see also the article embroidery, pottery, goldsmithing, kahlaria, saltpeter making, weaving, leather production).

In the 80s and 90s of the 18th century 35 windmills and 9 watermills, 8 brick factories, 14 distilleries, several malteries and breweries operated in the city. A significant part of the population of Chernihiv was engaged in agriculture, gardening and horticulture. Chernihiv hosted 4 fairs a year, attended by merchants from Moscow, Kiev, Poltava, Nezhin, Lubnov, Pryluky and other cities.

In 1785 The first Chernihiv city hospital appeared in Chernihiv.

Chernihiv- one of the significant and influential centers for the development of ancient Russian education and culture. The emergence of a number of works of ancient Russian folklore is associated with Chernigov (epics about Ivan Godinovich, Ilya Muromets, Nightingale the Robber, Ivan Gostiny son). Peru Chernigov hegumen owns one of the first works of pilgrimage literature "The Walking of Danilo".

In the 70s of the 12th century in Chernigov, "The Tale of the Murder of Andrei Bogolyubsky", "The Word about the Princes" were written. The policy of the Chernigov princes was covered in the Tale of Igor's Campaign. Chernihiv had its own chronicle writing (fragments of the Chernihiv chronicle revealed in the Ipatiev Code of the 15th century). Parish schools operated at the churches of Chernihiv.

In 1689 a Slavic-Latin school began to function at the archiepiscopal see. On its basis, in 1700, the Chernihiv Collegium was opened (in 1776 it was transformed into a theological seminary).

In 1789 In Chernigov, the Chernigov Main Public School was opened.

Since 1679 Chernihiv printing house operated in the city. In the 17-18 centuries, ancient architectural monuments were restored and renovated - Spassky, Borisoglebsky, Assumption Cathedrals, Pyatnitskaya and Ilyinskaya churches. At this time, the architectural complexes of the Yelets-Assumption Monastery, the Trinity-Ilyinsky Monastery were formed. Catherine's Church, Lizogub's house and others were built.

With the history of Chernihiv This period is connected with the life and work of the regimental clerk I. Yanushkevich, one of the compilers of the Chernihiv chronicle, Ukrainian writer and public figure I. Galyatovsky (? -1688), author of the local history work “The Treasury is Necessary”; Ukrainian and Russian writer, church and cultural figure D. Tuptalo (Demetrius of Rostov; 1651-1709), author of "Irrigated Fleece", Ukrainian chronicler L. Bolinsky (? -1700; see Bolinsky chronicle); Ukrainian historian D. R. Pashchenko, author of the Description of the Chernihiv Viceroyalty; Ukrainian historian, economist, ethnographer, doctor A.F. Shafonsky (1740 - 1811), author of the “Topographic description of the Chernihiv viceroyalty” (see Topographical descriptions of viceroyalties, Shafonsky A.F. grave).

Ukrainian literary and church figure A. Radivilovsky (? -1688), Ukrainian writer, church and educational figure Ignaty Maksimovich (late 30s of the 18th century - 1793) and others lived and worked in Chernihiv.

The population of Chernihiv in the 1st half of the 19th century increased from 4.5 thousand people (1808) to 14.6 thousand people (1861). There were 43 stone and 803 wooden houses. In the 1830s, there were 13, and in 1861 - 24 enterprises. There were 250 masters in 13 specialties.

At the end of the 19th century An iron foundry was built in Chernigov. There was a post office and, since 1859, a telegraph station in the city. In addition to parochial schools, there were medical assistant's (since 1847), women's (since 1852), vocational (since 1804) schools, and gymnasiums in Chernihiv.

In 1860 Sunday school is open. Also in Chernihiv there were eight libraries. At different times, newspapers were published: “Chernigov Gubernskie Vedomosti”, “Chernigovskaya Gazeta”, “Chernigov Leaf”, “Faith and Life”, “Desna”, “Morning Dawn”, “Chernigov Word”, “Zemsky Collection of Chernigov Province”, “ Chernihiv Zemstvo Week”; magazines: “Zemsky doctor”, “Volna”, “Cherigiv Diocesan Gazette”, “Addendum to Chernihiv Diocesan Gazette "", "Chernigov flying humorous and satirical sheet", "Chernigov Bulletin".

Early 20th century When Chernihiv celebrated the 1000th anniversary of the first mention in the annals, there were three hospitals in the city, including the city hospital for “comers” and the community of sisters of mercy with 177 beds, where 66 medical workers were employed, including half of the doctors. Spending on medicine and sanitation at that time accounted for 5.3% of the city budget.

In the 70s of the 19th century in Chernigov there were illegal circles of populists (see Populism in the Chernihiv region). At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the first Marxist circles arose [see Chernigov organization of the RSDLP(b)].

During the revolution of 1905-1907 strikes, rallies and demonstrations took place in Chernihiv. After the February Revolution of 1917, the Bolsheviks under the leadership of Yu. M. Kotsyubinsky, V. M. Primakov, V. A. Selyuk, A. I. Stetsky and others led the struggle of the working people of the city against the bourgeoisie of the Provisional Government and the counter-revolutionaries of the Central Rada.

6.03.1917 The Chernigov Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies was created in the city.

19.01.1918 Soviet power was established in Chernigov. In 1918, the Chernigov provincial organization of the CP(b)U was created.

12.03.1918 Chernihiv was captured by the German-Austrian invaders.

At the end of May 1918 in Chernigov, at the underground provincial congress of Bolshevik organizations, a provincial committee and a provincial revolutionary committee were elected.

14.07.1918 in Chernihiv an uprising broke out against the invaders and hetmans.

In December 1918 power in Chernihiv was seized by the Directory. 01/12/1919 Soviet troops liberated the city (see the Bogunsky regiment, the Bogunsky regiment obelisk to the fighters).

August 30, 1919 The Central Committee of the CP(b)U, the Council of People's Commissars and the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense of Ukraine moved from Kiev to Chernigov. They were here until October 20 (see the memorial plaque to the Government of Soviet Ukraine for their stay in Chernihiv).

By 1925 Chernihiv becomes the center of the Chernihiv province, in 1923-1930 - the center of the Chernihiv district, and since 1932 - the Chernihiv region.

During the Second World War 1941-1945 years during the German occupation of Chernihiv (09/09/1941 - 09/22/1943) underground organizations operated in the city. German troops were driven out of the city of Chernigov as a result of the Chernigov-Pripyat operation of the Soviet troops in 1943.

Chernigov. Our days.

Modern Chernihiv is a large industrial center with a developed industry, construction industry, transport, and energy industry. The leading industrial sectors are light, chemical and food industries.

Chernihiv industry

Main Chernihiv enterprises

"Chernigov Plant of Radio Devices "CheZaRa"" - the largest enterprise in the city of Chernigov Automobile Plant

Chemical industry

OJSC "Chernihiv Khimvolokno" - synthetic fiber plant (since 1959)

TOV "Vitrotex"

ATZT "Chernihivfilter"

Light industry

JSC "Chernigovsherst" - the successor of the traditions of the Chernihiv primary wool processing factory, one of the largest enterprises in the industry in the territory of the former USSR.

CJSC Factory "Yaroslavna"

CJSC "KSK Cheksil" - the successor of the traditions of the Chernihiv worsted and cloth factory (since 1963) UVP UTOG

CJSC firm "Siverianka"

CJSC "Bereginya"

food industry

ZAO ChLVZ "Chernihiv vodka"

CJSC Pivkombinat "Desna"

OJSC Confectionery Strela

CJSC "Chernihiv Meat Processing Plant" - closed

CJSC Ritm

CJSC "Chernigovryba"

TOV "Nyvky"

PJSC "Food company "Yasen" (ukr. PAT "Food company" Yasen "")

TOV "Chernihiv maslosyrbaza"

Building materials industry and construction

TOV "Chernigov Plant of Building Materials"

CJSC "Chernihivstroy"

CJSC brick factory No. 3

CJSC "UkrSiverStroy" (ukr. CJSC "UkrSiverBud")

Other enterprises

Chernihiv factory of musical instruments (since 1934)

Chernihiv plant of special vehicles

OJSC Boiler Plant Kolvienergomash

NPO "Group of Companies MAGR"

CJSC Cardboard and Printing Factory

LLC "Germes-T" - a follower of the Chernihiv Cardboard and Paper Mill

TOV "Ukrainian Woodworking Factory"

Fuel and energy

Chernigovles

Chernigovtorf

Chernihiv CHP

Oblteplokommunenergo

Culture and science in Chernihiv

Chernihiv- an important cultural and educational center of Ukraine.

In Chernihiv there is an extensive system of educational institutions of preschool, school and out-of-school education, higher educational institutions, both III-IV, and I-II levels of accreditation.

Chernihiv Specialized School No. 2

Chernivtsi secondary school № 20

Chernihiv Children's Art School

The main building of the ChNPU named after T. G. Shevchenko.

Chernihiv Musical College

The system of educational institutions of general education covers 36 schools in Chernigov (see also Chernihiv specialized school No. 2 with in-depth study of foreign languages, secondary school No. 35), and several of them are the so-called educational institutions of a new type: these are lyceum schools No. 15, 16 , 22, collegium school No. 11 and gymnasium No. 31.

There are three research centers in Chernihiv:

Institute of Agricultural Microbiology of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (1969).

All-Union Scientific Research Institute of machines for the manufacture of synthetic fibers;

Branch of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Oil and Gas Geological Exploration (Ukrainian State Geological Prospecting Institute (UGGI));

Libraries

The city has a city centralized library system (Kirponos street, 22), which includes the following libraries:

Regional State Universal Library. V. G. Korolenko (Prospect Mira, 41)

Regional Library for Youth (Shevchenko St., 63)

Regional Library for Children. M. Ostrovsky (Rokossovsky St., 22-a)

Theaters and clubs

Chernihiv theaters and concert halls:

Chernihiv Regional Music and Drama Theater (Prospect Mira, 15)

Chernihiv Regional Philharmonic (Prospect Mira, 15)

Youth Theater (St. Rodimtseva, 4)

Puppet Theater (Prospect Pobedy, 135)

City clubs:

KP City Palace of Culture (St. Shchorsa, 23)

Palace of Culture of Artistic Creativity of Children, Youth and Youth (st. Stakhanovtsev, 8)

Cinemas

Cinema Druzhba (Prospect Mira, 51)

Cinema them. Shchorsa (st. Magistratskaya, 3)

Druzhba-kino cinema hall (former Pobeda Cinema) (Rokossovskogo St., 2)

Museums

Historical and Literary-Memoir Museum. M. Kotsiubinsky (st. Kotsiubinsky, 3)

Chernihiv Regional Historical Museum. V. Tarnovsky (Gorky St., 4)

Personalities

Ukrainian historian-archivist A. M. Andriyashev, Soviet military figure V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko, domestic educational and community figure I. P. Belokonsky, Ukrainian poet and teacher N. A. Verbitsky, revolutionary populist V. K. Debogoriy-Mokrievich, Ukrainian doctor P. V. Malakhov, participant in the civil war in Ukraine L. G. Mokievskaya, domestic doctor G. F. Mokrenets, Soviet historian A. L. Narochnitsky, Russian Soviet sculptor G. V. Neroda, Russian Soviet writer A. N. Rybakov, Ukrainian Soviet fox expert D. I. Tolstoles, Russian artist F. F. Fedorovsky, Ukrainian livestock specialist M. P. Chervinsky.

At the end of the 18th century, the historian and doctor A.F. Shafonsky lived and worked in Chernihiv, in the 19th - early 20th century historians N.A. Markevich, A.M. Lazarevsky, V.L. Modzalevsky, ethnographers and folklorists A.V. lived and worked Markovich, S. D. Nos, P. S. Efimenko, and A. A. Rusov.

The life and work of many Ukrainian writers are connected with Chernihiv. Taras Shevchenko visited the city in 1843, 1846, 1847 (see Taras Shevchenko memorial plaques), 1851-53 Marko Vovchok lived. In the 19th - early 20th centuries, A. V. Shishatsky-Illich, L. I. Glebov, B. D. Grinchenko, M. M. Kotsyubinsky, V. I. Samoylenko, P. S. Kuzmenko, N. K. Voronoi and others.

Ukrainian Soviet writers P. G. Tychina, V. M. Blakitny (Ellan), I. A. Kocherga, Oleksa Desnyak and others began their creative path here; the revolutionary figure S. I. Sokolovskaya studied; artists I. G. Rashevsky, N. I. Zhuk worked. Chernigov was visited by Russian writers A. S. Pushkin (1820, 1824), N. V. Gogol (1829), A. M. Gorky (1891), composer M. I. Glinka. G. I. Uspensky spent his childhood and youth in Chernigov; English writer J. Conrad lived in the city for several years. The theater and troupes with the participation of M. L. Kropivnitsky, Karpenko-Kary, P. K. Saksagansky toured in Chernigov. At the beginning of the 20th century, M. V. Lysenko came to Chernihiv and took part in concerts. M. K. Zankovetskaya, L. P. Linitskaya, A. G. Kisel began their career in Chernigov.

In the 80s of the 19th century, the Chernihiv Music and Drama Society was created, which organized amateur concerts and performances by professional musicians. In August 1919, L. V. Sobinov gave concerts here. The pianist E. V. Bogoslovsky took part in the musical life of the city in the 1920s, organizing concerts and musical evenings for the working people. The life and work of Ukrainian composers M. T. Vasilyev-Svyatoshenko, G. M. Davydovsky are connected with Chernigov. (see also a series of articles on the word "Chernigov", separate articles about monuments, streets).

The ancient Ukrainian city of Chernigov is located at the intersection of the borders of Ukraine, Russia and Belarus, at the crossroads of water, rail, road and air transport routes.
Chernihiv settled in the north of Ukraine, in the eastern part of the Chernihiv Polissya, on the right bank of the Desna River, in its middle course, where the Desna valley goes to the Lyubech-Chernigov Plain.
The surrounding relief is predominantly low and flat, which is typical for the Dnieper lowland. The right slope of the Desna valley is quite steep, and erosion and ravine development are noticeable here. The width of the river within the city reaches 140 m.
In addition to the Desna, which flows in the southern part of the city, its right tributaries are located within the city limits of Chernigov: the small rivers Strizhen in the center and Belous in the west.
The local climate is characterized by short, moderately mild winters and warm, long summers.
The most common version of the origin of the city's name is from the word "black". Perhaps this is somehow connected with the black soil or the name of the semi-mythical river Cherniga.
People began to populate Chernihiv region in the Paleolithic times, about 100 thousand years ago. And the active development of this territory began in the late Paleolithic, more than 20 settlements with an age of 10-35 thousand years testify to this.
A permanent settlement on the site of Chernigov appeared around the 7th century. At that time, Seversky Slavs lived in the city. The first written mention of Chernigov is contained in the annals dating back to 907, when Chernigov became the center of the Seversk land and one of the largest cities of Ancient Russia. At the end of the ninth century Kiev prince Oleg seized the lands of the tribal union of the northerners, and the city began to expand rapidly, which was facilitated by its favorable geographical position on the Desna River. Along the river, Chernihiv residents maintained trade relations with Kiev, Novgorod and even the Arab East - along the Volga-Don route.

In the XI century. the city was the capital of the Chernigov Principality and continued to grow. Under the Olgovich dynasty, the city reached its peak, when its area exceeded 450 hectares, and the population approached 40 thousand. At that time, Chernihiv was one of the largest cities in Europe.
It is not known how the fate of the city would have developed, which could have become the capital of the entire Russian land, if not for the Mongol-Tatar invasion of the 13th century, which interrupted the development of Chernigov. The city was destroyed and burnt down by nomads and forever lost its leading position in Ancient Russia.
Freed from the Tatar-Mongol yoke, Chernigov became part of the Muscovite state, in the middle of the 16th century. becoming a fortified stronghold on the border. Chernihiv was repeatedly attacked by Lithuanian and Polish troops, during the Time of Troubles of the 17th century. was captured and plundered by False Dmitry I, and then burned by the Poles, who killed many civilians.
The city temporarily went to the Commonwealth, but at the end of the 17th century, after an uprising led by Bogdan Khmelnitsky, it returned to the Russian state. In memory of these victories, a monument to Khmelnitsky was erected in the city.
At the beginning of the XIX century. Chernihiv received the status of the administrative center of the Chernihiv province.
In the first half of the 20th century, during the years of Soviet rule, Chernihiv became a major industrial center, and mass housing construction was carried out in the city. In 1941, German troops captured the city. Over 50,000 civilians died during the two years of occupation. On September 21, 1943, the almost completely destroyed city was liberated and was restored in five years.
At present it is the northernmost regional center of Ukraine.
Chernihiv has a fairly highly developed economy and industry; in terms of the standard of living of the population, it ranks seventh in the republic. But in terms of the number of outstanding architectural and historical monuments, Chernigov is one of the first places among the cities of Ukraine.
Only monuments of the pre-Mongolian period here are about a third of all Ukrainian ones.
The oldest part of the city is Val, the former Chernigov detinets, the place where the city arose, from where it expanded, the cultural and administrative center of Chernigov. The main part of the historical buildings and museums of the city is also collected here, the main of which is the oldest surviving Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral in Russia, founded in 1033 by Mstislav Vladimirovich, the first known prince of Chernigov. Here, in the cathedral, there is the burial of the Novgorod-Seversky prince Igor Seversky, sung in the "Tale of Igor's Campaign".
For many centuries Val remained the most protected part of Chernihiv, its main and only fortress. Previously, there were many buildings here, but only the archbishop's palace, built in 1780, has survived to this day.
Next to the Val stands Borisoglebsky Cathedral built in the 12th century. The cathedral was almost destroyed during the German occupation, but restored in the 1950s in its original form. Currently, it is part of the National Architectural and Historical Reserve "Ancient Chernihiv". This reserve includes more than 30 buildings, including the Church of the Annunciation, the Church of Elijah, the collegium building.
There are many monuments to famous personalities in the city, including poets A.S. Pushkin and T.G. Shevchenko: They have both been to Chernigov.
Among the many temples stands out the Church of St. Catherine, standing on the Kiev highway and has become a kind of symbol of Chernigov. The church was built in 1715 by the Cossack Yakov Lizogub in memory of his grandfather Yakov Lizogub and his comrades-in-arms, who proved themselves in 1696 during the storming of the Turkish fortress of Azov, which was reputed to be impregnable.
The center of the city is Red Square, which appeared in the XVIII-XIX centuries. and formerly called the Pyatnitsky field, after the nearby church of St. Paraskeva Pyatnitsa, built at the end of the 12th century.
Where the southern slopes of Boldina Mountain descend, the highest section of the urban landscape, immediately below the Elias Church, there are the Anthony Caves with three underground churches: St. Theodosius, St. Anthony and St. Nicholas Svyatosha. Anthony's caves - a Christian monastery, founded in 1069 by Anthony of the Caves, the founder of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. They are a complex of underground corridors and rooms with a length of 350 m at a depth of 2 to 12 m. The Anthony Caves are also part of the Chernihiv Ancient Reserve. From this place, a panorama of the ancient part of Chernigov opens up and the Holy Grove is clearly visible, where, according to another Chernigov legend, in 992 the inhabitants of the city were baptized.
In the immediate vicinity of the Antoniev caves, two Slavic mounds rise, created in pre-Christian times and nicknamed by the people Gulbishch and Bezymyanny. In Chernihiv, one more mound has been preserved - the Black Grave, where the first Chernihiv princes were buried in pagan times.

general information

Location: Eastern Europe, northern Ukraine.
Administrative center and Chernihiv region (not part of the region).

Administrative division: 2 districts (Desnyansky and Novozavodsky).

Historic districts: Bobrovitsa, Zabarovka, Kordovka, Cats, Krasny Khutor, Leskovitsa, Masany, Old and New Podusovka, Woolenka.
Languages: Ukrainian, Russian.

Ethnic composition: Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians, Jews.
Religions: Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Baptism, Judaism.
Currency unit: Ukrainian hryvnia.

Major rivers: Desna, Strizhen, Belous.

Largest lake: Glushets.

Numbers

Area: 79 km2.

Population: 296,896 (2011).
Population density: 3758 people / km 2.

Height above sea level: 136 m

Distance: 139 km north of Kiev.

Economy

Industry: chemical, light, food, pulp and paper, printing, metallurgical, metalworking, building materials, woodworking.

Handicraft products: wicker products.
Service sector: tourism, transport, trade.

Climate and weather

Moderate, temperate continental.
January average temperature:-7°C.

July average temperature:+18.7°С.

Average annual rainfall: 600 mm.

sights

■ Chernigov Val.
■ Historical and architectural reserve "Ancient Chernihiv".
■ parks: forest park Elovshchina, im. MM. Kotsiubinsky, Birch Grove, Maryina Grove, Bogdan Khmelnitsky Square.
■ Desna Valley.
■ Churches: Anthony caves with underground churches of St. Theodosius, St. Anthony and Nicholas Svyatosha (XI century), Assumption Cathedral of the Yelets Monastery (XI century), Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity-Ilyinsky Monastery (XI century), Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral (XI century .), Borisoglebsky Cathedral (XII century), Elias Church (XII century), Pyatnitskaya (St. Paraskeva) Church (XII-XIII centuries), Catherine Church (XVII century). Church of Peter and Paul (XVII century), Resurrection Church (XVIII century).
■ Bishop's house (XVIII century).
■ Museums: Historical and Literary-Memoir Museum. M. Kotsiubinsky, Historical Museum. V. Tarnovsky, Art Museum, Architectural and Historical Reserve "Ancient Chernihiv".
■ monuments: A.S. Pushkin (end of the 19th century), Bogdan Khmelnitsky (mid-20th century).
■ House of Theodosius Uglitsky (late 17th century): the only wooden structure of the Cossack period.

■ Boldina mountain.
■ Pagan burial mounds: Black Grave, Nameless, Gulbishche.
■ Collegium (XVIII century).
■ Regimental office (Lyzogub's house, late 17th century).
■ Red Square (XVIII-XIX centuries).
■ House of Mazepa (late 17th century).
■ Musical fountain.

Curious facts

■ 12 cast-iron cannons are a landmark of Chernigov Val. The townspeople claim that Emperor Peter I the Great himself presented Chernihiv with guns in recognition of the heroism of the Chernihiv Cossacks in the fight against the Swedish conquerors. Historians believe that Emperor Peter simply left old guns here, not wanting to take them to Moscow.
■ In 1805, the Chernigov Dragoon Regiment heroically showed itself in the battle near the village of Shengraben (Austria), for which the first of the cavalry units received the St. George Standard. In 1812 the regiment fought in the Battle of Borodino.
■ In 1986, after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, many residents of Chernigov took part in the liquidation of its consequences. In the year of the tenth anniversary of this tragedy, a bronze monument was erected on the Alley of Heroes in honor of the fallen Chernihiv residents.
■ In the 1690s, a representative stone house was built in the southwestern part of Val, nicknamed by the inhabitants “the house of Mazepa”. An urban legend says that the elderly hetman hid his goddaughter and beloved Motrya Kochubey in this house, cursed by her mother for a vicious connection with her father's murderer.
■ The high level of humidity in the Anthony caves made it impossible to install wooden iconostases in the cave churches. Therefore, instead of them, brick walls with metal icons were built. The royal gates are also made of metal.
■ The towers of the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior served as a kind of clock, and the priests could determine the time of the beginning of worship with an accuracy of five minutes. The window niches on the left bell tower were directly the clock. The niches are positioned so that sunlight fills the large niches in exactly one hour, and the smaller niches in 30, 15 and 5 minutes. Thus, in clear weather, the ringer determined when to beat the bell during the morning service, Mass and Vespers.