Knitting methods. Knitting methods Pregnancy and childbirth

Dog puberty and mating

Sexual maturity in spaniels occurs at the age of 8-9 months, but they can only be allowed to mate when the dog's body is completely mature.

It is absolutely not necessary to knit a bitch until this moment, since by the time of the first estrus it has not yet formed and pregnancy will be premature and unbearable burden for a young individual. As a result, a caesarean section, often removal of the uterus and infertility.

Only healthy animals are allowed to mate

In males, the formation of spermatozoa also begins with the onset of puberty. This period is individual both for individuals and for different breeds. Normally, a small amount of sperm is excreted in the urine before puberty.

But real ejaculation first occurs at 8-10 months. During this period, the seminal fluid is still poor in spermatozoa and, moreover, it contains many immature germ cells that are incapable of fertilization. Therefore, it is most correct and effective to start untying a spaniel male should not be earlier than 12 months. Regular use of the dog begins much later.

Vaccinated, clinically healthy animals that have reached age, sexual and physical maturity, with normal fatness are allowed for mating (dogs should be palpable with maklaks and the last two pairs of ribs).

Males are ready for mating all year round. In bitches, sexual activity is cyclical and is confined to estrus. The intervals between estrus in bitches of different breeds may differ: some bitches flow twice a year, others - once every 10 months, and some even once a year. The frequency of estrus can change with age, even in the same bitch. This is completely normal and should not cause concern to the owner.

During estrus, the bitch should not be exposed to hypothermia and drafts in order to avoid colds and inflammation of the uterus. Flowing female spaniels do not cause much trouble in the house, since their discharge is not abundant, and the dogs themselves are very clean. Random stains can be easily discolored with a regular hydrogen peroxide solution or washed off cold water.

The bitch is usually brought to the first mating on the 11th-13th day of estrus, but different bitches may have different days: some successfully knit on the 15th-17th day, while others are ready on the 5th-8th day. By this time, the discharge becomes almost colorless, and with a slight pressure on the croup, the bitch takes the tail to the side and pulls the loop up. The male knits the bitch in his territory, where he feels more confident. A day later, it is recommended to conduct a control mating. Do not forget to carry out preventive deworming before mating.

A young male is untied on an experienced balanced and active bitch. His breeding career sometimes depends on this first time. The long hair of spaniels must be picked up, and the hair around the loop must be cut in advance, since during intercourse it can wrap around the member of the male and lead to negative consequences.

Beginning breeders and owners of young inexperienced males are advised to invite a reliable instructor who will tell you how to properly prepare the animals and the place for mating, if necessary, help the dogs.

After finishing the mating, you need to blot the bitch's loop with a dry cloth or cotton swab and let her rest in a secluded place. In a male, it is necessary to check that the penis is completely retracted into the prepuce, and the edges of the latter are not wrapped inward. After mating, water the dogs.

A mated bitch must be protected from accidental mating with other males, as puppies from different fathers are possible.

Breeding animals must have documents of origin (pedigree) and show grades allowing them to participate in breeding. In his club, the owner of the bitch receives a referral - an act of mating, which indicates all the necessary data about both producers.

Raising puppies is a big responsibility.

Dog owners agree in advance on the time and conditions of mating, which are also recorded in the act. The conditions of mating must be agreed in advance and recorded in the act. The deed must be signed by both parties. In the RKF system, after paying for the mating, the owner of the sire issues a special stamp with his signature to the owner of the sire. This brand is pasted on the mating act. Without a stamp, the mating act is invalid.

You should consciously approach the issue of knitting, carefully weighing the pros and cons.

Mating animals, childbirth, nursing and raising puppies, education, treatment and vaccinations, photography and advertising - this and much more requires physical and moral strength, sleepless nights and substantial material costs. The use of a dog in breeding, especially a male, is preceded by serious preparation.

A male must be shown frequently and successfully in order for breeders to pay attention to him when choosing a stud.

In the wild, all males participate in reproduction. In dogs, for example, in a wolf pack, mating occurs once a year - in the spring, and only very strong, active and healthy animals participate in reproduction. The rest are busy hunting, guarding the flock, etc.

Both in the natural environment and in practical human activities ( Agriculture, animal husbandry, fur farming, dog breeding, etc.) only a very small part of the males are used. In any case, when selecting male sires, they are subject to increased requirements. An important role is played by the quality of the previously obtained offspring, because sometimes breeders receive by no means outstanding offspring from a magnificent male.

Now in many countries, sterilization of animals is widely and successfully used, which is considered by modern veterinary science as a good preventive measure against many diseases of the reproductive system in both females and males.

From the book Breeding Dogs author Kostrzhevsky, B E

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Puberty of dogs Puberty in American Staffordshire Terriers occurs at the age of 8-9 months, but they can be allowed to mate only when the dog’s body is completely mature.

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From the book Cats - Rex author Iofina Irina Olegovna

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From the book Fundamentals of Animal Psychology author Fabri Kurt Ernestovich

Puberty Puberty is a very important period in a dog's life. Sometimes owners notice that their still very tiny puppy, regardless of its gender, begins to imitate the behavior and movements of an adult male when mating with a female. Don't be surprised and

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From the author's book

Mating The owner of the bitch should be well aware of the estrous cycle of his dog and the intervals between them. He must agree in advance with the owner of the dog about the day of mating, discuss the conditions for its implementation and payment for it, which must be documented at the meeting,

Produced by those who wish to acquire offspring, care for puppies or give them to acquaintances or friends.

First mating of a Cocker Spaniel

The first mating is made after the full maturation of the dog. Cocker spaniel's first heat occurs 1–1.5 years after birth, and then estrus is repeated every 6–8 months. In order for the mating to end successfully, it is necessary to correctly calculate the time at which the bitch is able to conceive puppies, this usually happens 8-10 days after the onset of estrus. The discharge is no longer blood-red, but a light color, the bitch begins to flirt with males on a walk, reacts to touching her back, moving her tail to the side. This time is considered the best for mating cocker spaniels. Let it all go, don't The best way Togo, how to knit cocker spaniels, in view of the excessive activity of these dogs, a sensitive control of the breeder is necessary. When the time comes when Cocker Spaniels can be seen, the owner of the bitch should bring her to visit the male.

Before the moment of mating occurs, the dogs need to get used to each other, get to know each other and take a little walk. It is necessary to happen dogs in the morning, before feeding, but after walking. During mating, the bitch must be held by the ears or head, firmly but gently. The bitch should not be able to escape. The male comes up from behind, jumps onto the bitch and hugs her torso with his front paws. After several pushing movements, the male settles, the dogs are tied with a lock. This state lasts from 15 minutes to an hour, during this time the dogs can be side by side, or, back to back. During the castle, it is best to continue to control the dogs, holding them and not letting them move restlessly. Such movements can harm the dogs. When the erection wears off, dogs may come apart.

Cocker Spaniel pregnancy

Usually one is sufficient. cocker spaniel mating, but in order to insure breeders repeats mating dogs cocker spaniels one day after the first mating. After the mating process is over, the owners observe the bitch, trying to recognize the signs of pregnancy. Sometimes the onset of pregnancy cannot be determined by eye. In this case, the care of the dog should be the same as if she were pregnant. It is better to overfeed and provide extra care for a non-breeding bitch than to underfeed a puppy-bearing dog. Of the visible signs, on the 10-12th day after mating, the dog's nipples may increase slightly in size, turn a little pink. Pregnancy of a Cocker Spaniel lasts 9 weeks and during this time, the dog should always be warm, not lying on the cold ground and not walking in the rain. Don't let the bitch run down stairs, jump off high curbs or couches. Signs of pregnancy become noticeable only at week 7, and then if the litter is large. If a dog is carrying one or two puppies, the pregnancy may not be noticed by the owners. There are a number of activities that must be done before mating. These are some of the vaccinations that a dog needs to be given and worming. If the worms are not driven out before mating, this can also be done a week after. Cocker spaniel mating is a responsible undertaking. The owner, who decides to breed his dog, must provide him with enough food, love and affection, and then help the bitch take care of his puppies. should not be the main reason for mating unless you are an experienced breeder. In order for puppies to be born healthy and happy, they need human care.

There are two ways of mating when crossing dogs - freestyle and manual. If the male is not the first time used for mating, in this case, free knitting is recommended. However, it is very important that the spaniel bitch has an increased interest in him. But even in such cases, complications in the mating process are not uncommon. Therefore, the owner must be nearby in order, for example, to prevent the bitch from rushing to the side at the moment when the dogs are in the castle, as this can lead to injury to the male. To exclude unforeseen and undesirable situations, invite an experienced breeder to be present at the mating, especially if the male or female is mated for the first time. When dogs are assisted throughout the mating process, this is called manual mating.

Spaniels retain the ability to reproduce offspring until old age, but you should not expect the birth of strong and healthy puppies from old individuals.

At home, males tend to feel more independent, calm and confident, so experienced breeders advise bringing a bitch to a male, and not vice versa. Before mating, care must be taken to protect the dogs from any stressful situations, otherwise they will behave restlessly, which will negatively affect the crossing process. It is also necessary to observe hygiene standards: before starting mating, the genitals of the bitch must be washed with an aqueous solution of rivanol. Feeding dogs (both male and female) should be carried out no later than 3 hours before the start of mating, after a walk.

It depends on the nature of the dogs how the dating period goes. In some cases, the males immediately begin to cage, in others they begin to lick the bitch and make several test cages before mating. If the male is much larger than the female, he should be assisted in mounting. The owner is advised to lift the body of the bitch by placing his knee under her stomach. The dog at this time is held by the hand by the lower back. The owner of the bitch should also help his dog by holding it by the neck.

Owners should in no case be concerned about unsuccessful landings of dogs. Nervousness will definitely be passed on to your pets, and they will experience stress as the mating process continues. Animals in order to avoid overwork and overexcitation must be periodically provided with rest for 10-15 minutes. At this time, it is desirable to bring the bitch to another room.

When helping dogs with mating, that is, holding a male on a bitch, you must not touch the male's genitals, otherwise he may refuse to mate. To facilitate the mating process, the bitch's loop is usually lubricated with petroleum jelly.

The fertility of the bitch is a hereditary factor, independent of the number of matings and the amount of sperm excreted by the male.

It is believed that mating is successful if the male spaniel's penis is tightly compressed by the bitch's vagina and the dogs are in the castle from 5 to 20 minutes (sometimes within 1 hour), and separation occurs arbitrarily. If the lock did not work out, then the knitting is repeated in a day.

In some males, at the end of the mating, the tension of the penis does not decrease, it remains enlarged and does not enter the prepuce. In this case, it is recommended to apply cold lotions or washing the penis with cold water. When bending the edges of the prepuce inward, carefully straighten them with your fingers.

After mating, dogs need a short walk and proper rest.

Current page: 5 (total book has 11 pages) [accessible reading excerpt: 8 pages]

knitting

Payment for knitting should be agreed in advance. Very often the owner of the bitch simply gives one of the puppies of the resulting litter to the owner of the dog. It is much less common to transfer any amount. If the first mating was unsuccessful, but has already been paid, the male is placed at the disposal of the owner of the bitch again.

Protection

The owner of the dog is not responsible for the actions of his pet in the following cases:

If a dog bit a person, protecting his master;

If a spaniel attacked a person committing a theft;

If your pet hurt the person who tried to hit him.

Travels

Dogs often accompany their owners on a journey, and the owner of the animal will have to strictly comply with some rules stipulated by the legislation of the country to which he is sent.

Remember that when transporting a dog by sea, river, air or rail, its owner must have a certificate from a veterinarian with him.

A healthy dog tolerates travel well

Public transport

On buses, trolleybuses, subways and trams, American Cocker Spaniels can be transported in large bags or baskets. At the same time, no matter how small the animal is, it must have a collar and a muzzle. The dog will be charged the full fare. The exception is a guide dog.

Taxi

The taxi driver may refuse to transport the dog. If he agrees, the animal is put in the back seat, and his fare is paid in accordance with the amount requested by the driver.

During the trip, the dog must be muzzled and collared.

Railway

A small dog can be transported in a passenger train car, but only if there is a ticket issued for it. The barking of a dog almost always causes displeasure of other passengers.

In such a situation, the permit to transport the animal is cancelled. If you are transporting several adult spaniels at once, ask for a separate compartment for you. Dogs can only be fed on long stops. This is done so that after eating the spaniel has time (1-1.5 hours) to digest it.

If the duration of the stop is less than 20 minutes, you should not feed the dog, as it may vomit during the move.

Airplane

When transporting a dog by air, keep in mind that a small dog can be in the cabin with its owner, and a large animal must be in a cage that is placed in the luggage compartment. When transporting a spaniel over very long distances, do not forget to feed and walk it. Dogs are usually walked after landing at the airport, in places specially designated for this.

Water transport

When transporting a dog by water transport (river steamer, transatlantic liner), animals are always placed in holds, in special cages.

Table 6

Conditions for importing the American Cocker Spaniel into certain countries

Beginning breeders need to carefully study all the problems associated with breeding work in order to prevent signs of degeneration in the next generation of dogs.

During the breeding of dogs, their hereditary traits are distributed and combined in most cases arbitrarily. Having influenced this process, breeders get the opportunity to influence the phenotype of the future generation.

The breed of American Cocker Spaniels was bred and settled for a very long time, therefore, when breeding these dogs, breeders know in advance the phenotype of the puppies of the resulting litter. Possible changes in this case (color, eyes) depend on the genotype of the parents.

The genotype of a newborn puppy always includes half of the hereditary traits of the mother and half of the father. Despite this, the cub most often resembles only one of its parents. Thus, by carefully studying the pedigree of sire dogs, one can get an idea of the next generation.

The concept of "phenotype" includes the general appearance animal, the development of its sense organs, the structure of all tissues of the body, behavioral signs. Heredity refers to the transmission of certain physical qualities and psychological traits to offspring. Heredity determines the dog's genotype.

The genotype of a dog is a set of factors that determine heredity. Genes are either homozygous or heterozygous. Homozygous genes are the same, while heterozygous ones differ from each other in some specific way.

In the formation of eggs and sperm, genes come together in pairs. This is done by random selection, which makes it difficult to predict the final result in advance. When a spermatozoon and an egg merge, an embryo is formed in which certain pairs of genes predominate. In some cases, the dog's phenotype does not match its genotype. The reason for this is the random variations in genes that occur with an allelic sequence.

The allelic sequence implies the presence of two types of genes: recessive and dominant. The first of them are completely suppressed by the second and manifest themselves extremely rarely, usually in the second, third or fourth generation. Dominant genes are clearly expressed in the first generation. It is they who determine the phenotype of puppies.

If completely dominant genes are absent, partial dominance appears in the first generation. In this case, it is very difficult to predict the appearance of future offspring, and newborn babies do not always meet the requirements of the breed standard.

hereditary traits

The dog inherits certain qualities of the parents in accordance with the laws of Mendel's genetics: the law of uniformity of the first generation and the law of splitting of the second generation.

First generation law of uniformity

In accordance with the law of uniformity of the first generation, all animals of the first received generation fully inherit the qualities of their parents.

Sometimes it happens that the phenotype of the first generation only partially satisfies the requirements of the breeders. In this case, the law is not fully respected and the first generation becomes intermediate.

Law of splitting of the second generation

In accordance with the second generation splitting law, individuals of the first generation with a well-traced dominant become parents of dogs with heredity passed to them from their parents in a ratio of 1:3. Thus, 25% of dogs from the second generation will receive recessive genes, and 75% - dominant.

Purebred crossbreeding

In breeding work, such concepts as purebred and interbreeding are distinguished. As for the breeding of American Cocker Spaniels, now for this purpose they resort only to purebred crossing. There are a number of methods of purebred crossbreeding. These include inbreeding, outbreeding, outcrossing, linebreeding (linear crossing).

Inbreeding

By the method of inbreeding, only representatives of the breed that are closely related are crossed.

The inbreeding method is mainly used to consolidate the important qualities of the breed. Breeders create new varieties of the breed and define the boundaries between them. Animals-producers, which are used to improve the breed by inbreeding, must fully comply with the requirements of the standard. Breeding dogs in this way allows you to save the most valuable qualities of the breed in future generations. However, inbreeding is recommended only for breeders with extensive breeding experience, and for beginner dog breeders it is best to use other crossing methods.

When choosing manufacturers Special attention it is necessary to pay attention to their pedigrees, in which common ancestors are indicated by Roman numerals. This will help to accurately determine the degree of inbreeding of each individual generation.

Sometimes in the course of work to improve the breed by inbreeding, breeders are faced with inbreeding depression, which significantly reduces the number of viable babies obtained during breeding. To reduce the risk of this phenomenon, when selecting individuals for crossing, carefully weed out dogs that do not meet the requirements of the American Cocker Spaniel standard.

In the first place in the dog's pedigree are the parents of the animal, and in the second place are the grandfather and grandmother. It looks like this:

I - mother or father,

II - daughter or son,

II - sister or brother,

III - grandmother or grandfather,

III - granddaughter or grandson,

IV - great-grandmother or great-grandfather.

If in the pedigree the rows of ancestors are repeated several times on the part of both or one of the parents, a dash is placed between the Roman numerals. Repeating rows of ancestors are indicated by commas, which are placed between Roman numerals.

There are 3 degrees of relationship in inbreeding: close, close and moderate. With close inbreeding, mating occurs between the closest blood relatives: father and daughter, mother and son, sister and brother, grandson and grandmother, grandfather and granddaughter, as well as between half-brothers and half-sisters (they have only one parent in common).

¦ CLOSE RELATIONSHIP

II - I son x mother;

II - I - father x daughter;

II - II - brother x sister;

II - II - half-brother x half-sister;

I - III - grandson x grandmother;

III - I - grandfather x granddaughter;

¦ CLOSE RELATIONSHIP

II - III - son x grandmother;

III - II - grandfather x daughter;

III - III - grandfather x grandmother;

I - IV - grandson x great-grandmother;

IV - II - great-grandfather x granddaughter;

IV - I - great-grandfather x great-granddaughter;

II - IV - great-grandson x great-grandmother;

¦ MODERATE RELATIONSHIP

III - IV - great-grandfather x granddaughter;

IV - III - great-grandfather x daughter;

VI - I - great-grandfather x great-granddaughter;

IV - I - great-grandson x great-grandmother;

IV - IV - great-grandfather x great-grandmother;

V - I - great-great-grandfather x great-great-granddaughter;

I - V - great-great-grandson x great-great-grandmother.

outbreeding

Outbreeding is the crossing of dogs that do not have common consanguineous ancestors. The quality of the breed when using this method of mating spaniels, as well as other purebred dogs, deteriorates, and therefore experienced breeders most often refuse this method.

The outbreeding method is similar to the natural breeding method, since purebred animals that do not have a common ancestor in the pedigrees are used as stud dogs.

The best individuals are selected for breeding

Outbreeding gives good results, but it is not recommended to use it too often, because after a while the phenotype of the animals born will no longer meet the standard. Thus, the outbreeding method should only be used if there is a need to improve the breed line.

When breeding spaniels by outbreeding, there is an increased risk that the heredity of the resulting offspring will be undesirable. Even if the appearance of the dog will meet the requirements of the standard, it is impossible to guarantee that other qualitative characteristics will not appear in subsequent generations.

For breeding dogs by outbreeding, you need to use animals with good external data. Surprisingly, the individuals of the first generation, as a rule, are healthier than those of their parents. In some cases, males of the first generation were used as sires to form a new breed line.

Outcrossing

Outcrossing is crossbreeding by selecting males and females that have no common ancestors since the fourth or fifth generation. This method is used by breeders in order to enrich the fund of sire dogs with animals that have some valuable qualities.

As a rule, representatives of each pair intended for outcrossing were born as a result of linear crossing. Therefore, in the course of selection work, which is carried out by a breeder who has chosen this method breeding American Cocker Spaniels, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of some shortcomings and vices characteristic of representatives of both lines.

Linear crossing

Linear crossing (linebreeding) is the crossing of dogs that, although they have a common ancestor, are quite far from each other in terms of the degree of relationship.

A male and female selected for linebreeding must have a common ancestor of at least the third generation. In addition, experienced breeders place rather high demands on the genotype and phenotype of this ancestor, as well as on its ability to inherit the most valuable qualities of the breed.

Line crossing is essentially the opposite of inbreeding depression.

In breeding work, it is used simultaneously with inbreeding and can greatly increase the viability of subsequent generations. This phenomenon is called heterosis.

With hetorosis, all lines of producers are similar to each other, which allows you to maintain the homozygosity of the breed. At the same time, those qualities of producers that do not meet the needs of breeders “sleep” without showing themselves.

Mutations

Mutation is the main driving force of selection. It makes possible the appearance of new colors, sizes and numbers in the litter of individuals, determines the color of their eyes, etc. In most cases, mutations occur slowly and recessively (imperceptibly). All new mutations are nothing but new combinations of already known genes. Very rarely there is a complete change in the genotype under the influence of extraneous factors.

Basic conditions for breeding work

When selecting pairs for mating, the breeder must be guided by the following rules:

A male and a female intended for breeding should correspond to each other in age, not have conformation defects, diseases, obesity and other deviations from the physical and mental norms of the development of the body;

Pedigrees of dogs must comply with the principles of a particular method of crossing;

The stud dog must have qualities that can improve the breed;

During one estrus, a bitch may be allowed to mate with only one male.

Dogs to be bred must be at least 1.5 years old for males and 1 year 8 months for females.

10
Pregnancy and childbirth

Spaniels become physically mature between 24 and 30 months of age, but the first mating can be done a little earlier, as puberty of these dogs usually occurs before they reach 2 years of age.

Animals intended for mating require a special regimen and diet. 1-1.5 months before the day of the planned mating, spaniels should definitely be given antihelminthics, but only on the recommendation of a veterinarian. Vitamins A, E, group B, proteins, microelements should be included in the feed for pedigreed males. Also, the diet necessarily includes raw meat, fish, eggs, dairy products and vegetable oil.

A few days before mating and for several days after it, male spaniels are required to add 1 teaspoon of food daily vegetable oil and 5-6 drops of vitamin A in soups or cereals. To make up for the deficiency of calcium in the dog's body, as well as other necessary substances, it is recommended to periodically introduce mineral supplements into the main food.

The interval between estrus in a bitch is 6-7 months. You need to know that the first time the bitches are mated only after the third estrus. If the next estrus does not occur on time, this is most likely due to a lack of animal protein in the dog's body. The owner of the dog should contact the veterinarian if the first estrus in the spaniel bitch did not come after she reached the age of one. A doctor's advice is also necessary if you plan to use a female older than 4 years of age for mating.

Mating should be carried out twice, the optimal interval between matings is 1 day. In this case, the egg retains the ability to fertilize for 4–5 days.

The estrus in a bitch begins with the appearance of bloody discharge from the genitals. The loop (external genital organ) at this time greatly increases in size. The owner must accurately record the day of the onset of estrus so that there is no error in determining the onset of ovulation (the time the egg leaves the ovaries, ready for fertilization). In spaniels, the ovulation period falls on the 11-14th day, that is, at the end of the second week of vacancy. It happens that the timing of ovulation is shifted in one direction or another. To determine the greatest accuracy of the day of ovulation, they usually turn to a veterinarian who performs a smear analysis.

For mating, the last day before the onset of ovulation is most favorable. On the eve of the release of the egg from the ovaries, the bitches stop bleeding, sometimes the discharge remains, but at the same time they are colorless or light pink. 1-2 days before the most suitable day for knitting, the loop loses its elasticity and remains dense only in the upper part. The readiness of the bitch for mating is also determined by the position that the dog takes if you run your hand over her croup and lower back: she crouches without touching the ground with her back, and raises her tail, taking it to the side.

Knitting methods

Spaniels retain the ability to reproduce offspring until old age, but you should not expect the birth of strong and healthy puppies from old individuals.