Preposition in Russian. What is a preposition in Russian? Derivative and non-derivative prepositions
Any schoolchild can answer; children begin to study this part of speech from the second grade and learn about what prepositions there are throughout the entire school curriculum. However, in a conversation they begin to use them from the very first phrases, because they make it possible to build the dependence of words on each other so that the statement takes on meaning and becomes a sentence. And although a preposition is an unchangeable part that does not act at all as a member of a sentence, but can only be attached to one, for a correctly constructed statement its presence is mandatory and irreplaceable. Therefore, for a correctly delivered speech, you simply need to know what prepositions there are, how they affect the endings of the words they are associated with, and how to use them correctly. After all, it is this small detail that forms semantic dependencies and relationships between words.
In the humanitarian dictionary, the definition of a preposition in the Russian language sounds something like this: this is a service word that formalizes the subordination of the case form of names to another word, expressing an attitude towards objects regarding their actions.
Main functions
Like all function words, prepositions are not used independently; they are always associated with a noun or another word used as such, which makes it impossible to define this element as a part of speech, but they are included among them. In some cases, it is the preposition that can determine antonymous and synonymous shades and pairs, making it quite easy to choose the right combination of words for the statement.
For example: to school - from school; before lesson - after lesson; at the kindergarten - at the kindergarten - near the kindergarten; due to inattention - due to inattention.
What are the prepositions?
All prepositions are divided into temporal, spatial, causal and target. Some of them can be used with nouns in one case, while others are used with words in different cases. For example:
- to a friend, to school - D. p. (to whom? to what?);
- thanks to a friend, thanks to school - D. p. (thanks to whom? thanks to what?);
- at seven o'clock - V. p. (at what?);
- in the park - P. p. (in what?).
The example shows that the preposition “in” can be used with words in different cases. Prepositions such as in, about, from, with, through, at, on, without, can have a huge number of meanings. In Russian they are called non-derivative prepositions.
If the preposition is formed from and is used with only one case, then it is called derivative. For example:
- around the house, the original form of the preposition is an adverb around;
- In one hour, the original form of the preposition is a noun flow, used with a preposition "V";
- thanks to the help, the original form of the preposition is the gerund .
Structural differences
Along with all the differences, Russian prepositions are also divided by their structure. Namely:
- Simple, consisting of one word. As a rule, these are one- and two-syllable. Non-derivative and some derivative prepositions: on, in, to, under, over.
- Complex or paired ones, which are essentially a type of simple prepositions: because of, from under and others.
- Compounds that are prepositional-case combinations: in fact, along by, in part, in relation to, depending on and so on.
Places by value
Since the preposition is only a connecting part, it cannot have its own meaning, but only determines the grammatical relationships between nouns used in oblique cases and other words. In other words, its lexical meaning depends on the word to which it is attached, but it can convey various adverbial nuances of the connection between words.
All prepositions of the Russian language are divided into the following categories:
- Spatial or prepositions of place: from, in, to, at, by, under, because of, about, in front of, around, near. For example: lives in the city; works at a factory; runs around the house.
- Temporal or prepositions of time: before, through, in, by, to, with, before, during. For example: after half an hour; jogging in the morning; walk before bed.
- Causal: from, for, from evil, due to, thanks to, by chance, in view of, as a result. For example: blushed with shame; broke a vase out of spite; I made a mistake due to carelessness.
- Prepositions indicating purpose: for the sake of, for, in, to and others. For example: say for fun; speech on occasion; go on vacation.
- Object, determine and indicate to which object the action is directed: about, about, with, about, regarding, about and others. For example: miss your daughter; find out about ratings.
Classification of derived prepositions
Depending on the part of speech from which the preposition is formed, they are divided into the following categories. Many hours are devoted in the school curriculum to what kinds of prepositions that come from other parts of speech, and rightly so, because it is very important to know what kind of connection words can form, and how to use them correctly in speech and writing.
Spelling prepositions
Knowing what prepositions there are is just as important as spelling them. Therefore, one of the main topics of the school curriculum regarding prepositions is spelling. The very first rule that children learn is: “Prepositions with other words are written separately.” To correctly determine whether a word is a function word, a question or complement can be placed between the preposition and the associated word.
For example: on (what?) the sea or at the Black Sea.
In high school, children are introduced to adverb education. And here the most important thing is to determine whether this part of the sentence is an adverb or is it already a preposition. To do this, you need to determine whether the sentence contains a noun in and how it is related to the controversial part.
For example: look around (adverb) or look around you (preposition).
There is also the following rule: “To make sure that a word in a sentence is a preposition and not another part of speech, it should be replaced with a synonymous preposition. At the same time, the semantic meaning should not change.” Here is a list of interchangeable auxiliary prepositions:
- due to (because of, for a reason);
- like (like);
- about (about, about);
- as a result (due to reason).
For example: Due to bad weather we did not go for a walk. Due to bad weather we did not go for a walk.
Notes
The following prepositions are written separately: during, in continuation, throughout, in conclusion, in order to avoid, in fact, in contrast to.
It should also be noted that paired or conjoined prepositions, such as because of, from under, for, for, over, are written only with a hyphen.
For example: The sun came out from behind the clouds. A cat jumped out from under the closet.
There are also prepositions whose spelling you just need to remember. Namely: near(without and through(with a soft sign).
Using prepositions with cases
It is very important to know what prepositions there are in cases, since often it is thanks to the preposition that you can correctly determine in which case a particular word is used, which is very important for correct spelling. It should be noted that prepositions are not used with nominatives, only with indirect ones:
- with the genitive case - without, around, for, from, from, at, with;
- with the dative case - to, thanks to, according to, in spite of, in defiance of, towards, by;
- with the accusative case - through, about, despite, through, in, on, under, for;
- with the instrumental case - above, before, between, behind, under, with;
- with the prepositional case - about, at, in, on.
This table of prepositions is compiled taking into account derivative and non-derivative prepositions, which in each individual case can be used only with one or more cases of nouns.
Instead of a conclusion
In fact, learning this topic thoroughly during school years is not so difficult; there are very few rules for spelling and forming prepositions from other parts of speech. The main task is that you should learn to distinguish a preposition from other elements and know how to use it correctly. This is what will allow you not only to correctly structure the words of a sentence, but also to be able to write them down without confusing the endings.
1) Many of these prepositional combinations, unlike prepositions themselves, relate selectively to those nouns with the case form of which they are connected: these can be nouns, either only animate or only inanimate: V the boundaries of something(but not whom -n .), V region what -n.(but not whom -n.), outside the framework of sth.(but not whom -n.), V ok what -n. (but not whom -n .), V roles someone. (but not what -n.), V hypostases someone. (but not what -n .), V community With by whom -n. (but not With how -n.). Such selectivity is determined and explained by the lexical meaning of the noun that is part of the prepositional combination. It is significant at the same time that the meaning of the relation contained in such a prepositional combination may turn out to be stronger than this lexical factor, and then there is no selective attitude towards animate and inanimate names; For example: in the name of someone, in honor of someone, at the expense of someone, with the help of someone, through someone, with the help of someone n., through someone or something, unlike someone or something, in agreement with someone or something.(compare: Name someone, help from someone, through someone, agreement with someone).
2) In many cases, a name included in a prepositional combination retains the ability to take a compatible adjective: lead myself V borders permitted – V established borders permitted , stands V roles appeaser – V dubious roles appeaser , flew V conditions polar nights – V unfavorable conditions polar nights , Not accepted visitor under pretext employment – under unconvincing pretext employment , arrived With purpose help – With noble purpose help , valid V dependencies from circumstances – V direct dependencies from circumstances , work V commonwealth With engineers – V close commonwealth With engineers , located on ways To success – on true ways To success. With the introduction of such a consistent word, the prepositional combination loses its service function, and the name that receives the definition restores all its objective properties. However, in very many cases the agreed word can no longer be included in the prepositional combination; For example: V a sign of something, in relation to someone, in continuation of something, as a result of something, on the subject of something, according to something.
3) In cases where a noun attached to a preposition is replaced by a pronoun ( V progress negotiations – V progress their , V their progress ; behind check collective farm – behind his check ; with sides buyers – With their sides , with sides them ; V benefit the victim – V his benefit – V benefit him etc.), a prepositional combination that does not completely belong to the class of prepositions, allows the replacement of such a name with an indicative word this , such : valid on basis instructions – on this , on like this basis ; refused under pretext employment – under this , under like this pretext ; stands V roles appeaser – V this , V such roles ; expert By parts drawings – By this parts and so on. Similar to the phenomena described in paragraph 2, a name that receives a consistent definition loses its function as a connecting unit, i.e. the prepositional phrase breaks up. [Russian grammar 1972, volume 1, 578]
2.4 Lexical meaning of preposition in Russian
The lexical meaning of a preposition as a single word is the meaning of a particular relationship. This relationship can be either maximally abstract, broad, or more concrete and definite, narrow. However, in any case, the preposition has a lexical meaning; only the degree of its abstraction is different. There are no semantically “empty” prepositions.
What some grammatical descriptions define as the "semantic emptiness" of a preposition is its most abstract meaning. Thus, prepositions are considered “semantically empty” O , V , By in combinations such as think O future , doubt V friend , yearn By family or master By equipment. However, in all these cases, the preposition - together with the case form (see below about this) - expresses one or another relation: objective or attributive. In cases where a preposition has a more specific, more defined and narrow meaning, it expresses one or another relationship in a more differentiated way.
The meanings of non-primitive prepositions (with a few exceptions of ambiguous prepositions) are always somehow correlated with the lexical meanings of those significant words with which these prepositions are associated. For example, prepositions near , Not reaching before or having passed carry the meaning of spatial relationships (immediate proximity, proximity, remoteness); prepositions on throughout or V flow denote a temporal relationship (non-simultaneous simultaneity); prepositions By comparison With or like mean relations of comparison, assimilation; meaning of prepositions flush With or on a par With– a relation of equation or identification. The meanings of such prepositions also determine the relationships that arise in the word combinations they form; they are described in "Syntax". Next we will talk about the meanings of primitive prepositions. [Vinogradova 1972, 571]
All primitive prepositions are polysemous: each of them is capable of expressing several different relationships. Among these several meanings, one (less often, more) is central, basic, dominant for a given preposition, others occupy a peripheral, non-central position in the semantic structure of the preposition. Different meanings of a preposition can either be internally connected with each other, or not connected in any way, isolated from other meanings. Yes, as a pretext from with value spatial relationship – removal ( set sail from shores) its meanings are internally connected, such as the meaning of the relationship to the source, the origin ( letter from friend ; V young man There is What -That from poet) or object ( protection from enemies , refuse from instructions); the relation of temporal reference ( order from first August) stands apart from this preposition, semantically isolated from its other meanings. Semantic structure of a preposition about form two meanings: object relations ( speak about friends) and destinations ( these outfits Not about you); internally, these two meanings are in no way connected with each other.
As you can see, the structure and the very nature of the meaning of the preposition are close to the nature and structure of the meaning of the case. In both cases, the meanings are relations of varying degrees of abstraction, and the essence of these relations in the case and in the preposition is largely identical. Both case and preposition systems of meanings are organized by the main, central meaning (or meanings) and peripheral meanings; these latter, in both cases, serve as a source for lexicalization of the forms of individual words or for lexicalization and The basic, central nature of the meaning (or meanings) of the primitive preposition is usually supported by the following factors.
1) There is a prefix in the language that is unambiguous with the preposition or close in meaning to it: insane – without crazy , safety – without dangers(in both cases – the value of absence); interzonal – between zones(meaning interconnectedness); early – before deadline(precedence meaning). Such semantic correspondences with prefixes exist for the following prepositions: without (without forests – treeless , without crazy – madness), V (drive move in , look V [face ] – take a closer look), before (fly before – fly , before deadline – early , run before [fatigue ] – run after), behind (behind Volga – Zavolzhsky , run behind [fence ] – run in), from (drive from [cities ] – expel), between , between (between continents – intercontinental , between rivers – interfluve), on (quit on What -n . – throw , on wall – wall , complain on [whom -l .] – complain), above (build above – build on , above eyebrows – eyebrow , swear above [shrine] (obsolete) – abuse), from (drive from what -n . – drive off , cut from [loaf ] – cut off , count from [units ] – count down , form from verb – verbal), before , before (before mountain – foothills , before launch – pre-launch), By (By Volga – Volga region , By to his [discretion ] – By -to his , By pieces – piece , By forces – feasible , By of death – posthumous), under (put under What -n . – plant , under earth – underground , under Moscow – Moscow region , under protection – client), at (at stations – station , build [barn ] at [home ] – attach , [sing And ] at this dance – dance , at people – in public [new .]), With (jump With – jump off , cut With [edges ] – cutting down , together With [by whom -n .] – joint , unity With [by whom -n .] – compound , paint With [nature ] – sketch), through , through (through saddle – saddlemaker , through measure – excessive).
Sections: Primary School
Lesson objectives:
- Teaching the use of prepositions in oral and written speech using ICT.
- Spelling prepositions with different parts of speech.
- Providing a differentiated approach to the training and education of students with different levels of psychophysical development.
- Formation of love for the native language through oral folk art.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment
Two students:
Where are you in a hurry, Ivan?
To school!
And dressed up like for a holiday!
In our folk school, every lesson is a holiday.
(teacher rings the bell)
Students in Russian folk costumes enter.
Hello, dear guests! Honor to the guest - honor to the owner. The guest is happy - the owner is happy. The guest stays a little and sees a lot. Don’t feel sorry for your guest, but be kinder to her. A good hut welcomes guests. The hut is not red in its corners, but red in its pies.
Guests came in large numbers from different volosts. The Russian people always rejoice at their guests and welcome them with an open soul. And how many apt proverbs and sayings have been composed by the observant Russian people. All the richness of the Russian language, both beauty and brevity, can be found in oral folk art. Remember Russian folk proverbs and sayings related to teaching. (Learning is beauty, and ignorance is dryness. Learning is better than wealth. Learning is light, and ignorance is darkness. Learning is a bitter root, but the fruit is sweet. Learn good, so evil will not come to mind.) Today we continue to study the rich Russian language, and decipher the topic of the lesson yourself.
2. Setting the topic of the lesson.
Guess the encrypted word: This is a functional part of speech that serves to connect words in a sentence. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Write down the date and topic of the lesson “Prepositions” in your notebook
Updating knowledge.
What do we know about preposition? Which part of the word should the preposition be distinguished from?
Table 1 on the screen. (As students answer, the required entry appears on the screen)
Setting a learning task.
That's how much we already know about prepositions and prefixes. What else new can be discovered in this topic? It turns out that's what it is. Even many adults make mistakes in their speech by using prepositions incorrectly. Why do you need to be able to use prepositions in your speech correctly? (So that the speech is beautiful, accurate, competent, understandable) Therefore, today our task is to learn to correctly use prepositions in oral and written speech. First, let's remember what prepositions there are in the Russian language. (On the screen there is a table with the words: with, on, from, in, about, before, from, under, oh, ah, three, meow, plim, tu-tu) Task: choose only prepositions. (Students name words - prepositions that need to be left. The computer removes unnecessary words. Students are given 20 seconds to remember the prepositions on the screen. Then the prepositions are removed. Students reproduce from memory in writing what they remember. Frontal check. Strong students are asked to write down 2 more 3 prepositions that they remembered). So, we must know and remember what prepositions exist in the Russian language and be able to use them correctly in speech. Each preposition carries some kind of spatial meaning, and in order to use the preposition correctly, you need to understand this meaning. For example: the teacher demonstrates diagrams, students explain the position in space. Annex 1 .
3. Learning to spell prepositions with words. Differentiated task according to the level of creativity. Working in pairs with a neighbor.
Using the diagrams, come up with and write down phrases using these prepositions. Appendix 2. (The teacher distributes diagrams to students taking into account the level of complexity) Nouns are offered to help weak students: stove, bench, sled, letter, guys, village, dishes. Children write down the formed word combinations in their notebooks. Frontal check.
Let's read out the word combinations that you were able to form (students' answers)
4. Development of phonemic hearing.
The Russian people loved to compose fabulous songs - nursery rhymes, riddles.
Write down words with prepositions by ear
Because of the forest, because of the mountains
Grandfather Yegor is coming.
Where was grandfather Yegor? (behind the forest, behind the mountains)
Where is he coming from? (from behind the forest, from behind the mountains) We write out and explain the spelling gap.
Match these words with prepositions to a diagram.
Ohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh!
Can't be seen from under the table
Our Afonushka.
Where is Afonyushka located? (under the table)
Where can you not see him? (from under the table) We write out, explain the spelling of the space, select a diagram.
Additionally: Masha gave Sasha whey from the yogurt.
Fizminutka
Students perform cross movements to Russian folk dance music : Right elbow - left knee, left elbow - right knee (6 times)
5. Learning to use prepositions in speech. Differentiated task according to difficulty level. Work in groups.
Group 1 – Insert the missing prepositions into the sentences With or from . Write down the sentences received, underline the spelling space.
The doll was taken out…… boxes. The crow flew off... the tree. Passengers got off... trolleybus. The milk was taken out... from the refrigerator. The linen was taken out... from the closet. The dust was wiped off... the closet. The pies were taken out….. from the stove.
Frontal check.
Group 2 – Complete the sentence by inserting a suitable word with a preposition, answering the question where? Write down the resulting sentences and underline the spelling space.
The pencils are (where?) ……………………. Apple and pear trees grow (where?)………………
The bear lives (where?) …………………… … Received the parcel (where?) ………………………….
All summer we rested (where?)……………... My mother works (where?) ………………….
6. Independent work.
Explain where the preposition is, where the prefix is, and where the part of the root is. Let us recall once again the rule for writing prefixes and prepositions (we pronounce the rules orally, returning to Table 1).
Peer review. Mutual assessment.
What did you learn today? (use prepositions correctly in oral and written speech)
What did we do for this? (learned to determine the spatial meaning of a preposition, etc.)
Why do you need to be able to use prepositions correctly? (So that the speech is beautiful, accurate, correct)
Our speech and well-aimed popular sayings make our speech beautiful.
We will end the lesson with the folk wisdom “Live forever, learn forever.” How do you understand this saying? (As long as a person lives, he must learn new things, learn something interesting)
Happiness suits the wise. The whole earth is open to a wise man. Wisdom is in the head, not in the beard. The wisdom of old age is more honest.
8. Homework.
Select and write down 6-8 proverbs about truth and lies. Underline the words with prepositions in the proverbs. If you encounter words with prefixes, highlight the prefixes.
Note: While working in class, the teacher encourages children, comments on their work, using proverbs and sayings in his speech:
They write not with a pen, but with their mind.
Illiterate is like blind. Learning will find application everywhere!
The root of learning is bitter, but the fruit is sweet.
He who does not study wanders in the dark.
Do it well, and bad things will happen on their own.
A smart head is revered from a young age.
To teach is to sharpen the mind.
A smart head has a hundred hands.
“Maybe” and “somehow” won’t lead to any good!
If there is work, then there will be success.
A preposition is a auxiliary part of speech that shows the relationship of a noun (as well as pronouns and numerals) to other words. The book lies on the table, under the table, near the table, at the table.
(The prepositions on, under, about, at show where the book is.)
Each preposition must be used together with some specific indirect case. For example: preposition from(what?) used with gender. pad., preposition to (what?) - from dates. pad. Some prepositions are used with two or even three. cases. For example: the preposition na is used with two cases - from wine. or sentence: sat on the bench, sitting on the bench; The preposition s is used with three cases - gen., vin. and creativity: came down from the top, as tall as his sister, spoke to me(see list of prepositions).
meaning of prepositions. Over time, prepositions began to indicate the time of an action, its reason, and purpose. For example, duration: after the tests he left for a month; fishing from dawn to dusk; I read in the evenings; returned by autumn; reason for action: praised for good work; due to bad weather the excursion did not take place; sick from a cold; purpose of action: stopped for the night.
List of the most common prepositions and cases with which they are used (for reference).
As can be seen from the list, there are a number of prepositions with wines. pad. indicates the direction of action (to the question where?): into the room, across the river, on the table, under your feet. The same prepositions with the sentence. pad. (and some with creative pad.) indicate the place of action (to the question where?): in the room, across the river, on the table, underfoot.
Note. Prepositions that are used in two or three cases are underlined in the table with a straight line.
Various parts of speech as prepositions.
Various parts of speech can be used in the meaning of prepositions. Most often, adverbs are used in the meaning of prepositions.
Adverbs as prepositions.
Participle thanks to also often appears in the meaning of a preposition. The students left, thanking the teacher for the consultation (here thanks is a gerund). Thanks to (what?) good rains, the crops rose (here thanks is a preposition).
Prepositions thanks, in agreement and in spite of are used with the dative case.
Spelling prepositions.
1. A preposition, as a special part of speech, is always written separately from the word it stands before. A preposition must be distinguished from a prefix, which is written together. To do this, you should remember: 1) that with verbs there are only prefixes; wrote, left, conceived; 2) that after a preposition you can always put a case question: raindrops fell on (what?) the face; I went with (who?) him; 3) between the preposition and the noun or adjective, you can insert another word (pronoun or adjective): drops of rain fell on my face; we walked in a pine grove - we walked in a large beautiful pine grove.
The prefix never requires a case question after itself and no word can be inserted between it and the root. All the library books were there. He lived in the suburbs.
2. Complex prepositions because of, from under written with a dash.
3. Prepositions during, and continuation written separately: during the day, throughout the summer. Pretext due to written together: Due to illness, he fell behind in his studies.
Pretext is a service part of speech that expresses the dependence of nouns, numerals and pronouns on other words in phrases and sentences: I'll go To uncle, I'll go behind milk, walk By three.
Morphological features of prepositions
Prepositions connect words in phrases and sentences: go V shop, go out from shop, come in behind house.
Prepositions, like other auxiliary parts of speech, do not tend to change.
Prepositions in themselves are not members of a sentence, but are included in their composition (must be emphasized together with independent words): We got off With roads
Types of prepositions
Based on their composition, prepositions can be divided into three main groups:
1) Simple prepositions (they contain only one word with one root): at, near, above, thanks.
2) Compound prepositions (such prepositions include two or more words): despite, in contrast to, in continuation.
3) Complex prepositions (contain two roots, they must be written with a hyphen): from behind, from under, over.
Based on their origin, there are two groups of prepositions:
1) Non-derivatives (not related by formation to any part of speech): in, to, about, with, at, for, from and others. Non-derivative prepositions also include more complex ones: from behind, from under, over.
2) Derivative prepositions, by their origin, are related to other parts of speech: towards, like, about, despite.
Prepositions formed from other parts of speech are:
1) Adverbial (genetically related to adverbs): near, ahead, inside, behind etc. Such unchangeable words as in near, around, around and similar ones are also used independently (out of connection with the name), i.e. may refer to adverbs. When combined with nouns, these words become prepositions: He kept walking around Yes near (adverbs) – It was already quite late near midnight(pretext).
2) Denominative prepositions are the result of the transition of nouns into prepositions. Most often these include former nouns with prepositions: as a result of, during, in continuation of, like, in relation to, due to etc. Examples: Due to We had to wait for the next trolleybus for some delay. In continuation throughout the winter the Skvortsovs visited us two or three times a week.
3) Verbal prepositions are directly related to gerunds: in spite of, in spite of, thanks to, including, excluding, starting from, after etc. Example: On the sea, despite fog, one could admire the beautiful scenery.
Together with the article “What is a preposition in Russian?” read: