What is France Braudel Fernand. Fernand Braudel and global history. See what "Fernand Braudel" is in other dictionaries
In social sciences.
Works
- - La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen a l"époque de Philippe II (3 volumes, 1st ed.; 2nd ed. ; The Mediterranean Sea and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II):
- - Russian translation, : per. from fr. M. A. Yushima. - M.: Languages of Slavic culture. - Part 1, 2002. 496 p. - Part 2, 2003. 808 p. - Part 3, 2004. 640 p. Ecrits sur l'Histoire
- - v. 1. - ISBN 2-08-081023-5.
- - Le temps du monde v. 3
- - : per. from fr. L.E. Kubbel: - 1st ed. - M.: Progress. - T. 1, 1986. 624 p. - T. 2, 1988. 632 p. - T. 3, 1992. 679 p.- 2nd ed., intro. Art. and ed. Yu.N.Afanasyeva: in 3 vols. - M.: The whole world, 2006. - ISBN 5-7777-0358-5.
- - Russian translation, . Structures of everyday life: possible and impossible). - ISBN 2-253-06455-6.. - ISBN 2-08-081192-4.
- - : Dynamics of capitalism. - Smolensk: Polygram, 1993. - 123 p. - ISBN 5-87264-010-2..
L'identité de la France
- (3 volumes).
- : What is France? (in 2 books). - M.: Publishing house named after. Sabashnikov. - Book 1. Space and history. - 1994. - 406 p. - ISBN 5-8242-0016-5.
- Book 2. People and things. Part 1. Population size and its fluctuations over the centuries. - 1995. - 244 p. - ISBN 5-8242-0017-3.
Book 2. People and things. Part 2. “Peasant economy” before the beginning of the twentieth century. - 1997. - 512 p. - ISBN 5-8242-0018-1.
. - ISBN 2-08-081304-8.
Les mémoires de la Méditerranée
Braudel, Fernand Fernand Braudel Fernand Braudel Date of birth: August 24, 1902 (1902 08 24) Place of birth: Luméville en Ornois, Meuse ... Wikipedia
Fernand Braudel Fernand Braudel Date of birth: August 24, 1902 (1902 08 24) Place of birth: Luméville en Ornois (Meuse department ... Wikipedia
Fernand Braudel (French Fernand Braudel; August 24, 1902 November 27, 1985) is an outstanding French historian. He revolutionized historical science with his proposal to take into account economic and geographical factors when analyzing the historical process.... ... Wikipedia
- (Braudel) Braudel (Braudel) Fernand (1902 1985) French historian. Born August 24, 1902, Lumeville, Meuse department. 1948 head of the French Center for Historical Research. 1949 Professor at the College de France. 1956 head of the 6th section (... Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms
- (Braudel) Fernand (1902 1985) French. historian. Graduated from the Sorbonne (Paris, Univ.); from the beginning 20 x to mid. 30s taught at lyceums in Algeria, from 1938 in Practical. School of Higher Studies in Paris. In 1932 he met L. Fevre, who influenced ... Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies
Fernand BRAUdel (August 4, 1902, Lunéville, Meuse November 28, 1985, Paris) French historian, social thinker, one of the founders of the new paradigm of modern historical science. Graduated from the Sorbonne (1923). Participated in the 2nd World War... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
- (1902 85) French historian. Works mainly on the economic history of Western Europe. Europe 16th 18th centuries... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Fernand Braudel (b. August 24, 1902, Lumeville, Meuse department), French historian. Head of the French Center for Historical Research (since 1948), prof. College de France (since 1949), head (since 1956) of the 6th section (“Economic and ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Fernand Braudel
Fernand Braudel (August 4, 1902, Lunéville, Meuse - November 28, 1985, Paris) - French historian, social thinker, one of the founders of the new paradigm of modern historical science. Graduated from the Sorbonne (1923). He took part in the 2nd World War and was captured in 1940-1945. In 1947 he defended his dissertation. In 1946 he became one of the founders of the Annaly magazine. Since 1949 he headed the department of modern civilization at the College de France. Since 1962, administrator of the House of Human Sciences. He proposed a new methodology for the synthesis of social sciences, highlighting the structures of social time. Criticizing traditional historiography, based on the description of historical events measured in short chronological units, Braudel introduces the concept of “long time” (la longue duree). It is with the help of this concept that historical research can make its subject demographic processes, changes in economic and social conditions, and cyclical fluctuations in production, exchange and consumption. With this approach, the subject of history turns out to be not individual historical individuals, but structures that slowly change over time - “systems of fairly stable relations between social reality and the masses.” Isolating a new dimension of history and a specific historical subject in the form of structures allowed Braudel to create an original model of historical research, widely used by historians in the 2nd half of the 20th century. First, the geographical, demographic, agrotechnical, production and consumer conditions of material life are considered, or, as Braudel calls them, “the structures of everyday life.” Then the actual economic structures of society associated with the sphere of exchange (markets and fairs, exchanges and loans, trade and industry) and the social structures arising on their basis are analyzed, starting with the simplest trade hierarchies and ending, if the subject of research requires it, with the state. Finally, the last part of the study shows how, as a result of the interaction of previously identified structures, the actual subject of research arises, be it the economic world of modern capitalism (“Material Civilization, Economics and Capitalism,” 1992) or modern France (“What is France?”, 1997 ).
F. N. Blucher
New philosophical encyclopedia. In four volumes. / Institute of Philosophy RAS. Scientific ed. advice: V.S. Stepin, A.A. Guseinov, G.Yu. Semigin. M., Mysl, 2010, vol. I, A - D, p. 311.
Braudel, Fernand (b. 24.VIII.1902) - French historian, head of the French Center for Historical Research, prof. Collège de France, head of the VI section "Economic and Social Sciences" at the Ecole pratique des Hautes Études, editor of the journal "Annales Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations". Braudel's most significant work, "The Mediterranean Sea and the Mediterranean World in the Time of Philip II" ("La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen a l"époque de Philippe II", 1949) contains extensive material on the geography, economics and history of South-Western Europe in the 2nd century. In the first half of the 16th century, data on trade and money circulation are especially interesting. In methodological issues, Braudel largely follows L. Febvre. He proceeds from the need to understand the laws of social development and attaches great importance to economic phenomena, advocating the widespread use of material in historical research. related sciences (geography, demography, psychology, etc.), Braudel sometimes overestimates their role in the process of historical knowledge. In particular, Braudel’s exaggeration of the influence of the geographical environment leads him to the position of the so-called “geohistory”. Braudel also overestimates the importance in the development of trade society. movements of supply and demand.
Yu. L. Immortal. Moscow.
Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 2. BAAL - WASHINGTON. 1962.
Works: Navires et marchandises a l "entrée du port de Livourne (1547-1611), R., 1951 (jointly with R. Romano); Les responsabilités de l "histoire, "Cahiers internationaux de sociologie", 1951, v. 10, r. 3-18; Histoire et sciences sociales. La longue durée, "Annales. E.S.S.", 1958, No. 4, p. 725-753.
Fernand Braudel (1902-1985) - French medievalist historian, representative of the Annales school, who headed the editorial board of the Annals: Economics, Society, Civilizations magazine in 1956. Graduated from the Voltaire Lyceum and the Sorbonne. From the early 1920s to the mid-1930s, B. was a teacher at one of the lyceums in Algeria (the first scientific article, “Spaniards in North Africa,” was published in 1928). Since 1949 - head of the department of modern civilization at the College de France, chairman of the jury for the defense of dissertations in history. Chief administrator of the House of Human Sciences created on his initiative (since 1962). Honorary doctorate from the universities of Brussels, Oxford, Madrid, Geneva, Warsaw, Cambridge, London, Chicago. Main works: "Material civilization, economics and capitalism, XV-XVIII centuries." (in 3 volumes, 1979; vol. 1 was published in 1967), “The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II” (1949), “History and Social Sciences. Long Time Continuity” (1958), “Notes on History "(collection of articles, 1969), etc.
The main characteristics of the understanding of history according to B. are a certain “confrontation” between geography and history itself (the main “character” of historical research in B., as a rule, is the geographical area), as well as a very unusual dialectics space - time, which finds its expression in the ideas of the echelon of historical reality and the cyclical nature of the evolution of society. B. believed it was legitimate to consider historical reality in different refractions, placing fleeting event-political phenomena on its upper level, long-term socio-economic trends on the middle, and, finally, timeless natural and geographical constants on the lower.
The theory of the multiplicity of times in history (B.'s predecessor was G. Gurvich) thus postulated the presence of three fundamental types of duration inherent in different levels of historical reality: a) “time of extremely long extent,” flowing in the natural (the time of natural rhythms) and macroeconomic (time of economic structures) levels and “as if motionless”; 6) the time of large “cycles” and economic “conjunctures” (lasting in the social sphere); c) short and “nervous” time of “short breathing” - the time of events. Human freedom turns out, according to B., to be nothing more than “foam” on the surface of an “ocean” of motionless “structures.” Analyzing the course of “global history” in the tradition of the Annals, B. identifies within its boundaries economic, social, political and cultural “systems,” which further include a number of “subsystems.” According to B., “according to this scheme, global history (or, better said, history tending towards globality, striving for totality, but never being able to become such) is the study of at least these four systems in themselves, then in their relationships, their interdependence, their scaliness." Reconstruction of global history is B.'s understanding of the dynamics of interconnected levels of historical reality, which is not carried out in the form of their unidirectional, synchronized and uniformly accelerated evolution, but represents uneven and time-displaced movements, since each historical reality is characterized by its own specific time rhythm. (In relation to the study “The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II,” B. noted: “the only problem I had to solve was to show how different times move at different speeds.”)
Having legitimized the concept of “long time duration” (longue duree) in the scientific circulation of historical science, B. emphasized that the main area of his research interests is “the almost motionless history of people in their close relationship with the land on which they walk and which feeds them; history a continuously repeating dialogue between man and nature... as persistent as if it were beyond the reach of the damage and blows inflicted by time." Carrying out in the now classic study "Material civilization, economics and capitalism, XV-XVIII centuries." a detailed analysis of the three layers of the economic life of mankind (material everyday life, market economy and capitalism) in their evolution, B. tried to answer the question formulated in the first edition of the first volume of the book in 1967: “... how is that system, that complex system of existence , which is associated with the concept of the Old Order... could fall into disrepair, burst; how did it become possible to go beyond its limits... How was the ceiling broken, how could it be broken And why only in favor of a few who were among the privileged on the entire planet? ?" The architectonics of B.'s monumental work turns out to be consonant with his interpretation of the nature and essence of social processes that took place in a given historical period.
The first volume was devoted to the consideration of the structures of people's daily lives, which, according to B., acted as “rules that for too long kept the world in a rather difficult to explain stability.” The content of the second volume demonstrated the processes of coexistence and gradual interpenetration of the structures of the market economy, on the one hand, which opposed, according to B., the “array of infra-economics”, i.e. material everyday life of people (food, clothing, housing, equipment, money), on the other. B. saw signs of capitalism during this period in speculative operations, long-distance trade, and bank loan procedures. The third volume outlined possible approaches to the problem of organizing the history of the world in time and space: the mechanisms of alternation (over five or six centuries) of the dominance of certain economically autonomous regions of the planet (Venice, Genoa, England, etc.) were explicated. B.'s historical research not only (to a certain extent, contrary to the “historical-psychological spirit” of the Annals) demonstrated the possibility of creating an economically centered, but at the same time multifactorial history of society, but also was an example of a combination of classical traditions of systemic philosophy of history and innovative intellectual methods and techniques of the second half of the 20th century. (See also "Annals" school.)
A.A. Gritsanov
The latest philosophical dictionary. Comp. Gritsanov A.A. Minsk, 1998.
Read further:
Philosophers, lovers of wisdom (biographical reference book of CHRONOS).
Historical figures of France (biographical index).
Historians (biographical reference book).
Essays:
La Mediterranee et le monde mediterraneen a l "epoque de Philippe II. P., 1949;
What is France? M., 1997;
Material civilization, economics and capitalism, XV-XVIII centuries. M., 1992.
Braudel Fernand (1902-1985). French historian and organizer of science. Fernand Braudel was born on August 24, 1902 in Lumeville (Mace department), near Verdun. The son of a rural teacher, he spent his childhood in the village, on his grandmother's farm. In 1908 the family moved to Paris. In 1913-1920, Braudel studied at the Voltaire Lycée, then entered the Sorbonne, from which he graduated in 1923. He hoped to get a position as a high school teacher in Bar-le-Duc, a town not far from his home, but these hopes were not justified. In 1923 he went to Algeria, which was then a French colony, and became a history teacher, first in Constantine and then at the Algiers Lyceum. There he worked until 1932 and there he met his future wife, Paula. During the same period (1925-1926), Braudel underwent military service in a group of occupying French forces in Germany.
However, he aspired to a scientific career. Contrary to the recommendations of the Sorbonne professors, who advised him to devote his doctoral dissertation to the history of Germany, he began studying the past of Spain. Already in the summer of 1927, Braudel conducted his research in the archives and libraries of Salamanca (Spain), collecting historical material for his dissertation Philip II, Spain and the Mediterranean. In addition, he visits other places in the Mediterranean, in particular, in 1934 - Dubrovnik (Yugoslavia), where, according to him, he sees the 16th century with his own eyes.
In 1932 Braudel began teaching in Paris. At the same time, his friendship and collaboration with Lucien Febvre (1878-1956), professor of history at the College de France, began. Braudel's further fate is closely connected with Lucien Febvre and his journal "Annals of Economic and Social History" (Annales d'histoire économique et sociale), which Febvre and Marc Bloch organized in 1929. The general orientation of the magazine revised the topics, research methods and the very understanding of the subject historical science, Febvre called for “another history,” which included not only the history of wars and accessions to thrones, but also the study of all aspects of everyday human life in the interwar periods.
In 1935 Braudel went to Brazil, where he was offered a position as a professor at the University of Sao Paulo. In 1937 he returned to France, and the following year began work at the Practical School of Higher Studies (Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes) in Paris. His friendship with Lucien Febvre grows stronger, and Braudel decides to write a book about the medieval Mediterranean under the leadership of Febvre. But the war interfered with these plans.
In 1939 Braudel joined the French army. In 1940 he was captured and spent the next five years in prison camps, first in Mainz, then, from 1943, in a maximum security concentration camp on the Baltic coast (near Lübeck). While in captivity, he wrote the work The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l"époque de Philippe II), which in 1947 was defended as a dissertation, and in 1949 it was published and opened the way for Braudel to the big world. science. They say that for five years he worked on scraps of school notebooks, on the corner of the table, without any documents or books, from memory, from the knowledge that he accumulated while working in the archives and libraries of Spain, Venice, Ragusa ( Dubrovnik). It is no less surprising that he managed to send these records from the concentration camp to France, Febvre. By that time, Febvre remained the only head of the “Annals school” - in 1944, Mark Bloch was shot for participating in the Resistance movement.
After the end of the war and his liberation, Braudel returned to France and worked at the Sorbonne. In November 1947, Febvre and Charles Moraze, with money from the Rockefeller Foundation, founded Section VI (social and economic sciences) of the Practical School of Higher Studies (VI section de l "Ecole pratique des hautes études).
In 1949 Braudel moved from the Sorbonne to the Collège de France, where he became head of the department of modern civilization.
After the death of Lucien Febvre in 1956, Braudel became president of the IV section of the Practical School of Higher Studies and remained so until 1973. He took Febvre's position at the College de France and became editor-in-chief of the Annales (from 1946 to 1994 the magazine was called Annales. (Economics. Societies. Civilizations.)" (“Annales. Economies. Sociétés. Civilisations”).
In 1958, Braudel's fundamental methodological article, History and Social Sciences: Time of Long Duration, was published.
In 1959, he conceived the creation of an open scientific center and library called the “House of Human Sciences” (“Maison des sciences de l’homme”). In 1970, with the help of the Ford Foundation, the “House of Human Sciences” finally opened, and Braudel became its chief administrator.
In 1967, Braudel published the first version of the 1st volume of the work Material Civilization, Economics and Capitalism (of Civilization and Capitalism), but he was not completely satisfied with it. He works hard until 1979, when he finally publishes the final version of his three-volume work.
F. Braudel trained a galaxy of remarkable French historians: G. Duby, M. Ferro, F. Fouret, J. Le Goff, E. Leroy-Ladurie Leroy-Ladurie), J. Revel (Jacques Revel), etc. Braudel supported and promoted talents in his academic empire, but also closely monitored his potential rivals and competitors. In 1970, due to disagreements with the Annales staff, he resigned as editor-in-chief, remaining only a nominal member of the magazine's new collective leadership. From that moment on, the scientist devoted all his energy to the “House of Human Sciences” and his last multi-volume work, The Identity of France, which he was unable to complete.
Fernand Braudel is one of the most famous historians in France. His idea to take into account geographical and economic facts when understanding historical processes revolutionized science. Braudel was most interested in the emergence of the capitalist system. The scientist was also a member of the Annales historiographical school, which studied historical phenomena in the social sciences.
Biography
Born in 1902, August 24, in the city of Lumeville, near Verdun. He was the son of a village teacher and spent part of his childhood on his grandmother's farm. But their stay in nature was short-lived - in 1908 the Braudels moved to Paris.
In 1913, the future historian entered the Voltaire Lyceum, which he successfully graduated in 1920, and continued his studies at the Sorbonne. This famous young man graduates in 1923. At this time, he had already decided to connect his fate with teaching. Braudel really wanted to get a place at the Bar-le-Duc High School, which was located near his home. However, these hopes were not destined to come true. And Fernand went to teach at an Algerian college. This time turned out to be very fruitful for his scientific research, and in 1928 his first scientific article was published. At this time he meets Paula, his future wife. In addition, the historian managed to undergo military service in Germany, in the French group of occupiers, from 1925 to 1926.
Nevertheless, he strives for a scientific career. The historian decides to write a dissertation on the history of Spain, despite the recommendations of the Sorbonne professors to take on a topic related to Germany. In 1927, Braudel's research began. He consults historical materials stored in the libraries of Salamanca, visiting famous places in the Mediterranean, such as the city of Dubrovnik in Yugoslavia, where there is much evidence of the 16th century.
Return to Paris and fateful acquaintance
In 1932, Fernand Braudel returned to Paris and became a teacher at the Lycee Condorcet, and later at the Lycee Henri IV. At this time, his friendship begins, which will result in many years of cooperation with another history professor, Lucien Febvre. The journal created by the latter in 1929, “Annals of Economic and Social History,” will also play a huge role. This publication was not just scientific, but in some way revolutionary in nature, since it revised research methods, topics and the very view of history as a science. Febvre proposed, when studying history, to pay attention not only to wars and monarchs who found themselves on the throne, but also to the everyday life of ordinary people in peacetime. These views seriously influenced Braudel and largely became the impetus for his own research.
In 1935, Braudel received an offer to become a professor at the University of Sao Paolo and left for Brazil. However, he did not stay there long and already in 1937 he returned to his homeland, and the next year he received a place at the Paris Practical School of Higher Studies. At this time, his friendship with Fevren strengthens, and Braudel decides to write a book, under the guidance of a friend, dedicated to the medieval period of the Mediterranean. However, the outbreak of war prevented these plans.
In 1939, Braudel found himself in the ranks of the French army. And the very next year the historian is captured and spends all the war years in Nazi camps, first in Mainz, and then in a concentration camp on the Baltic coast.
Post-war years
Fernand Braudel, whose books today are popular not only among historians, but also among ordinary readers, received his freedom only after the end of World War II and immediately returned to France. Here, in his homeland, he took up the post of teacher at the Sorbonne. In 1947, Braudel's friend Febvre founded the fourth section of the Practical School of Higher Studies, dedicated to economic and social sciences. He financed the founding of the section. This moment will also play an important role in the biography of Braudel himself.
In 1949, the historian left the Sorbonne and became head of the department at the College de France. He has been working here for quite a long time.
In 1956, Lucien Febvre dies, and Braudel becomes president of the fourth section of the Practical School, founded by his friend. The historian will hold this post until 1973. In addition, Braudel also became the editor-in-chief of the magazine founded by Febvre, which by that time was called “Annals. Economy. Society. Civilizations."
First publications and “House of Sciences”
In 1958, Braudel published a methodological article that would become fundamental to his theory. The publication was called “History and Social Sciences.”
In 1959, the historian came up with the idea of opening a research center and library. He even came up with a name for this place - “House of Human Sciences.” Braudel literally caught fire with this idea, but to implement it it was necessary to find a considerable sum of money. He succeeded only in 1970 - the Ford Foundation became a sponsor. After the opening of the “House”, Braudel becomes the chief administrator of this institution.
Fernand Braudel does not give up his research activities either. Capitalism has been his main passion for several years. The historian was seriously interested in the reasons for the occurrence of this phenomenon. And the most valuable thing in this aspect is that Braudel looked at this phenomenon from an unusual angle. As always, he paid great attention to details that were “insignificant” for traditional science - the lives of ordinary citizens.
In 1967, the first part of one of the main works written by Fernand Braudel appeared on bookstore shelves. “Material Civilization” was a success among historians, but the author himself was not entirely satisfied with the published version. So he sets about revising the book. The intense work ends in 1979 with the publication of the final version of the entire three-volume work.
Last years
In 1970, Braudel left his post as editor-in-chief of the Annals due to disagreements with new employees. He remains only a nominal member of the publication's leadership group. However, Fernand Braudel immediately finds himself an equally worthy occupation. Books, scientific articles, management of the “House of Science” - this is what the historian devotes all his time. At the same time, he began working on the multi-volume work “The Identity of France.” However, unfortunately, he will never be able to complete this work.
The famous historian ended his journey in the south of France, in a small town called Cote d'Azur, on November 28, 1985.
While in German captivity, Fernand Braudel managed to complete his dissertation work on the Mediterranean during the reign of Philip II. This work was defended by a historian in 1947 and opened the way for him to big science. For five years spent in captivity, he worked without any book sources, making notes on scraps of paper.
Braudel had a gift for finding talented scientists. Thus, he managed, one might say, to educate such celebrities in the world of science as M. Ferro, G. Duby, F. Fourier, J. Rivel and others.
Fernand Braudel: “What is France?”
This work is the last work of the historian. At the same time, it was conceived as the beginning of a large series of books dedicated to his native France. This part of the series consists of two volumes. The first is called “Space and History”, the second is “People and Things”.
This work by Braudel can be called a unique encyclopedia of France. Here you can find detailed information about the history, culture, nature of the country, the national character and originality of its inhabitants. Reading this book, one can only admire how thoroughly Braudel studied his homeland.
"Material civilization, economics and capitalism"
This is Braudel's main work, covering the time period from the 15th to the 18th centuries and describing the economic history of the whole world. It was this work that made the historian famous. In addition, the work is called the highest achievement of the French historical school “Annals”, since it embodies the main principle of the school - to study history it is necessary to synthesize all aspects of the life of society.
First part: “Structures of everyday life”
Of course, such a huge work could not be published in a single book, so Fernand Braudel divided it into three large parts. “Structures of Everyday Life” is the title of the first volume. Here is a detailed study of the economic aspect of human life in the era of fateful changes and the emergence of capitalism. The book is devoted exclusively to material life. After reading it, you can understand how people lived during the Middle Ages and the birth of the New Age, not only in Europe, but also beyond its borders. Fernand Braudel also took care of the examples. “Structures of Everyday Life” is replete with various confirmations and excerpts from treatises of those times, which facilitates reading and makes the book accessible to a wide range of readers.
Part two: “Exchange Games”
This part is devoted to the commercial activities of the Middle Ages. Braudel describes almost all aspects of this direction: the work of peddlers, the specifics of long-distance trade, international exchanges, credit offices. The historian focuses on how the work of these organizations influenced the life of society as a whole. Market economics is the main theme of this book.
Third part: “Time of the world”
This volume is the third part of the famous trilogy written by Fernand Braudel. "The Time of the World" is a description of the entire world economic history. The author presents it as a series of domination of different world-economies, which are united by a single rhythm of time. He examines the reasons for the rise and fall of these economies, and also sets out the main hypotheses that were proposed in previous parts.
| Fernand Braudel | |
|---|---|
| Fernand Braudel | |
| Date of Birth | 24 August(1902-08-24 ) |
| Place of Birth | Lumeville-en-Ornois en (Meuse department, France) |
| Date of death | November 27(1985-11-27 ) (83 years old) |
| A place of death | Cluses fr (Haute-Savoie, France) |
| A country | France France |
| Scientific field | story |
| Place of work | Practical School of Higher Studies |
| Alma mater |
|
| Academic title | Professor |
| Awards and prizes | |
| Quotes on Wikiquote | |
| Fernand Braudel at Wikimedia Commons | |
Biography
Born into the family of a mathematics teacher in a small village Lumeville-en-Ornois en near the German border in Lorraine. Peasant childhood played a role in shaping his worldview. In 1909, he entered primary school in the Parisian suburb of Meriel, where he studied with the future actor Jean Gabin, and then at the Voltaire Lyceum in Paris.
He received his higher education at the Sorbonne at the Faculty of Humanities. “Like all left-wing students of that time,” he was attracted by the French Revolution, and as the topic of his thesis he chose the revolutionary events in the town closest to his home village, Bar-le-Duc. He spent the next decade teaching history at a college in Algiers, interrupted by military service in 1925-1926. The years in Algeria were of great importance in defining his work. In 1928 he published his first article.
In 1932 he returned to Paris to teach at the Lycée Condorcet and then at the Lycée Henri IV. During this time he met his colleague Lucien Febvre. Already in 1935, he and the anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss were invited to teach at the newly created University of São Paulo in Brazil, and Braudel spent three years there.
In 1947 he defended his dissertation. Since 1948 Braudel directed [ ] . In 1949, he became a professor at the College de France, occupying the department of modern civilization, and also headed the jury for the defense of historical dissertations. In 1956-1972, he headed the VI section (“Economic and Social Sciences”) at the Practical School of Higher Studies. After the death of L. Febvre in 1956, he also served as editor of the magazine “Annales, Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations” (in fact, until 1970). Corresponding Member of the British Academy (1962). Honorary doctorate from the universities of Brussels, Oxford, Geneva, Cambridge, London, Chicago, etc.
In 1949, his book “The Mediterranean Sea and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II” was published, which evoked mixed responses among fellow historians. This serious work demonstrates the author's attitude to the geography, social and economic history of the region as important components in historical analysis, thus downplaying the role of events and personalities. The historian was greatly influenced by Lucien Febvre, one of the immediate founders of the Annales school.
Braudel’s most famous work is considered his three-volume work “Material Civilization, Economy and Capitalism, XV-XVIII Centuries,” published in 1979, dedicated to the transition from feudalism to capitalism. This is a large-scale study of the pre-industrial world, showing in great detail how the economies of European (and other) countries functioned in a given historical period. It characterizes in particular detail the development of trade and money circulation; much attention is also paid to the influence of the geographical environment on social processes.
Braudel is a well-known proponent and promoter of interdisciplinary approaches.
Theory of history
As Yu. N. Afanasyev writes, “Braudel’s vision of history was determined primarily by the desire to understand human achievements and make them understandable to others.” Braudel conceptualized the category historical time, which he considered as internally heterogeneous, dividing “historical time” into the following levels:
- Firstly, a short time changes in events, mainly political;
- Secondly, average duration or cyclic time, describing the cycles of ups and downs of significant social and cultural processes: economic, migration, demographic, etc.
- Thirdly, long duration(French longue durée), characterizing large structures of coexistence of people that support the integrity of large socio-cultural formations (civilizations).
Short time refers to events in people's daily lives. Vivid examples are, for example, newspaper chronicles describing fires, disasters, crimes, grain prices, etc. Although such phenomena are significant for a historian, the study of history is not limited to them. History is not just a collection of events; a wave-like (conjunctural) technique is used for analysis, which allows one to study time longue durée. The very concept of longue durée distinguishes history from other humanities, since it describes the unity, continuity, and integrity of human history, taking into account different directions of change. The dynamics of human life can be seen in full when viewed through aspects within “slow” history.
Works
- - La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen a l"époque de Philippe II(3 volumes, 1st ed.; 2nd ed.; The Mediterranean Sea and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II):
- - Russian translation(Part 3. Events. Politics. People). - ISBN 2-253-06170-0.