Repnin commander. Repnin Anikita Ivanovich. Curriculum Vitae. The initial stage of the war

Prince Anikita Ivanovich Repnin (1668 - July 3 (July 14) 1726, Riga) - Russian military leader and statesman, Field Marshal General (1724), participant in the Northern War.

The first governor-general of the Riga province (from 1719 until his death), the second (after A.D. Menshikov) President of the Military Collegium (1724-26).

early years

Born into the family of a boyar, Novgorod and Tambov governor, head of the Siberian order Ivan Borisovich Repnin (died 1697) and his wife Evdokia Nikiforovna Pleshcheeva (died 1695). At the age of 16, he began the court service as a sleeping bag and entered the close circle of the young Tsar Peter Alekseevich. In 1685, with the establishment of a funny company, he was granted it as a lieutenant. During the revolt of 1689, he was one of the first to arrive at the Trinity Monastery to protect Tsar Peter from the supporters of Sophia.

In the rank of semi-colonel of the Preobrazhensky regiment, he participated in Kozhukhov's maneuvers (1694), in 1695 he received his baptism of fire near Azov, while in the main apartment as Adjutant General of General A.M. Golovin. The second Azov campaign in 1696 was made in the detachment of General-Admiral F. Lefort as captain of a naval company.

In 1698 he was named Major General and helped to quickly suppress the Streltsy revolt in Moscow, having time to occupy the Resurrection Monastery.

At the head of the "division"

In 1699 Repnin was instructed to form 10 soldiers' regiments in Kazan; the recruitment in the lower towns was made by Repnin personally. The formation was completed the next year, and 8 newly recruited regiments made up the "third generals" of the active army under the command of Repnin (in addition, after the death of General P. Gordon, the Butyr regiment was subordinated to him).

The Grand Tsar and Grand Duke Pyotr Alekseevich ... bestowed the nearest steward, the Preobrazhensky regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Prince Nikita Ivanovich Repnin, for many of his services and zeal, indicated to him to be a general and in charge of the elective regiment of General Pyotr Ivanovich Gordon.

P.O. Bobrovsky. The history of the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment. Volume 1. - SPb. 1900.

In October 1700, Repnin set out with his "division" near Narva, but having learned on the march near the lake. Samro about the defeat of the Russians, turned back and hastily retreated to the river. Luge, where he took over the retreating remnants of the army and returned with them to Novgorod, where, at the behest of Peter, he began to put in order the disorganized Russian regiments. In Novgorod, he remained throughout the winter of 1700/01, and for some time served as acting governor instead of the captured Major General I. Yu. Trubetskoy.

In 1701, at the head of a 20,000th corps, he was sent to Livonia to assist the Saxon Field Marshal Steinau, did not help the allies in the unfortunate battle on the Dvina on July 8/19, 1701, after which he returned to Russia in mid-August. Steinau left the following review about the Russian corps:

Russian troops arrived here, numbering about 20,000. People are generally good, no more than 50 people will have to be rejected; they have good Mastricht and Luttich rifles, some regiments have swords instead of bayonets. They are doing so well that there is not a single complaint about them, they work diligently and quickly, they follow all orders unquestioningly. It is especially commendable that with the whole army there is not a single woman and not a single dog; in the military council, the Moscow general complained strongly that the wives of the Saxon musketeers were forbidden to go to the Russian camp in the morning and in the evening and sell vodka, because through this his people were accustomed to drunkenness and all sorts of brawliness. General Repnin is a man of about forty; he doesn't know much about war, but he really loves to study and is very respectful: the colonels are all Germans, old, incapable people and other officers are inexperienced people ...

Subsequently, A.I. Repnin participated in the conquest of Ingria and the Baltic by the Russians, was the second commanding general in the capture of Noteburg (1702), Nyenskans (1703), Narva (1704) and Mitava (1705). In January 1706, together with Field Marshal-Lieutenant G.B. Ogilvi, he was blocked by the Swedish king Charles XII in Grodno, but managed to break free and join the main forces, making a transition from Grodno through Brest and Volyn to Kiev.

Rank

Biography

The eldest of the grandchildren of Field Marshal Prince Anikita Ivanovich: son of Colonel Ivan Nikitich and Martha Ivanovna, daughter of Prince Ya. I. Lobanov from marriage with the daughter of Princess E.P. Urusova.

This woman, so well-behaved and so in love with her husband, was inflamed with passion for Prince Peter Repnin and received a very noticeable disgust for her husband. She thought that she could not be happy without a confidante, and I seemed to her the most reliable person; she showed me all the letters she received from her lover; I kept her secret very faithfully, with minute precision and care. She saw the prince in a very big secret.

Appointed minister plenipotentiary in Spain on July 4, 1760. Lieutenant General since August 17, 1760. Withdrawn from Spain on January 23, 1763. From January 1, 1765 - chief-equestrian. He retired with the rank of general-in-chief on April 21, 1773. Member of the Masonic Lodge.

His house on the corner of Mokhovaya and Nikitskaya streets was bought for Moscow University. During 1755-1769. was the owner of the Lipsky state-owned iron plants, as well as the Borinsky and Kozminsky plants, which after five years of his management were recognized as unprofitable, and in 1769 were taken back to the treasury. Repnin received compensation of 100 thousand rubles for them. In 1776 he was the owner of a paper mill.

According to the spiritual testament found in the papers of the state councilor Verderevsky in 1780, P.I. Repnin left his own house and up to one and a half thousand peasants in favor of his cousin, Prince Lobanov-Rostovsky. Catherine II, recognizing the will as a fake, transferred the case to the Justitz Collegium, which resolved the dispute in favor of another cousin, Prince N.V. Repnin. The latter refused the inheritance, leaving behind only the family estate.

Pyotr Ivanovich Repnin was married to Countess Martha Ivanovna Golovkina (1707-79), daughter of Count Ivan Gavrilovich. There were no children in the marriage. The illegitimate son of Prince Repnin is the poet Ivan Pnin. It has been suggested that the other illegitimate son was the artist Fyodor Rokotov.

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An excerpt characterizing Repnin, Pyotr Ivanovich

I informed him about it. Please inspire Leppiha to pay close attention to the place where he will descend for the first time, so as not to make a mistake and not fall into the hands of the enemy. It is necessary that he understands his movements with the movements of the commander-in-chief.]
Returning home from Vorontsov and passing through Bolotnaya Square, Pierre saw a crowd at the Execution Ground, stopped and got off the droshky. It was the execution of a French chef accused of espionage. The execution had just ended, and the executioner was untied from the mare a piteously groaning fat man with red sideburns, in blue stockings and a green jacket. Another criminal, thin and pale, was standing there. Both, judging by their faces, were French. With a frightened, sickly look similar to that of a thin Frenchman, Pierre pushed his way through the crowd.
- What is it? Who! For what? He asked. But the attention of the crowd - officials, petty bourgeois, merchants, men, women in cloaks and fur coats - was so eagerly focused on what was happening in the Execution Grounds that no one answered him. The fat man got up, frowning, shrugged his shoulders and, obviously wishing to express firmness, began to put on a jacket without looking around him; but suddenly his lips trembled, and he began to cry, angry with himself, like grown sanguine people cry. The crowd began to speak loudly, as it seemed to Pierre, in order to drown out the feeling of pity in itself.
- Someone's prince's cook ...
- That, musyu, it is obvious that the Frenchman had a sour taste of Russian sauce ... he sore mouth, - said the wrinkled clerk, who was standing next to Pierre, while the Frenchman began to cry. The clerk looked around him, apparently expecting an assessment of his joke. Some laughed, some continued to look fearfully at the executioner, who was undressing the other.
Pierre sniffled, winced, and, turning quickly, went back to the droshky, not ceasing to mutter something to himself as he walked and sat down. During the journey, he shuddered several times and cried out so loudly that the coachman asked him:
- What do you want?
- Where are you going? - Pierre shouted at the coachman who was leaving for the Lubyanka.
"They ordered the commander-in-chief," answered the coachman.
- Fool! beast! - Pierre shouted, which rarely happened to him, scolding his coachman. - I ordered home; and go quickly, you fool. We must leave today, ”Pierre said to himself.
Pierre, seeing the punished Frenchman and the crowd surrounding the Execution Ground, decided so completely that he could not stay in Moscow any longer and was going to the army today, that it seemed to him that he either told the coachman about this, or that the coachman himself should have known this ...
Arriving home, Pierre gave the order to his coachman Evstafievich, who knows everything, who knows everything, knows all about Moscow, that he would go to Mozhaisk to the army at night and that his riding horses should be sent there. All this could not be done on the same day, and therefore, according to Evstafievich's proposal, Pierre had to postpone his departure until another day in order to give time for the frames to go to the road.
On the 24th, it cleared up after the bad weather, and on that day after dinner Pierre left Moscow. At night, changing horses at Perkhushkovo, Pierre learned that that evening there was a big battle. They said that here, in Perkhushkov, the earth shook from the shots. No one could answer Pierre's questions about who won. (It was a battle on the 24th at Shevardin.) At dawn Pierre drove up to Mozhaisk.
All the houses of Mozhaisk were occupied by troops, and at the inn, where Pierre was met by his master and coachman, there was no room in the upper rooms: everything was full of officers.
In Mozhaisk and beyond Mozhaisk, troops stood and marched everywhere. Cossacks, foot, horse soldiers, wagons, boxes, cannons could be seen from all sides. Pierre was in a hurry to drive ahead, and the farther he rode away from Moscow and the deeper he plunged into this sea of \u200b\u200btroops, the more he was seized by anxiety of uneasiness and a new joyful feeling he had not yet experienced. It was a feeling similar to that which he had experienced in the Sloboda Palace when the Emperor arrived - a feeling of the need to undertake something and sacrifice something. He was now experiencing a pleasant feeling of consciousness that everything that constitutes people's happiness, the comforts of life, wealth, even life itself, is nonsense, which is pleasant to dismiss in comparison with something ... With which, Pierre could not give himself an account, and he tried to figure it out for himself for whom and for what he found a special charm to sacrifice everything. He was not interested in what he wanted to sacrifice for, but the sacrifice itself constituted for him a new joyful feeling. Successor Larion Timofeevich Nagel Predecessor Yakov Efimovich Sievers Successor Osip Andreevich Igelstrom Predecessor Evdokim Alekseevich Shcherbinin Successor Osip Andreevich Igelstrom
Governor general
Oryol governorship
1778 - 1781
Predecessor viceroyalty established Successor Alexander Alexandrovich Prozorovsky Birth March 11 / March 22(1734-03-22 )
St. Petersburg Death May 12 / May 24(1801-05-24 ) (67 years old)
Riga Burial place Necropolis of the Donskoy Monastery Genus Repnins Father Vasily Anikitich Repnin Mother Daria Fyodorovna Makarova Spouse Natalya Alexandrovna Kurakina Children married to Natalia Kurakina:
Praskovya, Ivan, Alexandra, Daria
extramarital:
Stepan Ivanovich Lesovsky Awards Military service Years of service 1749 - 1798 Affiliation the Russian Empire the Russian Empire Type of army infantry Rank general-field marshal Battles Rhine campaign (1748)
Seven Years War
Russian-Turkish War (1768-1774)
Russian-Turkish War (1787-1791)
Polish uprising (1794) Nikolai Vasilievich Repnin at Wikimedia Commons

Biography

Origin. Service start

At the age of 11, which was the norm for those times, he was already identified as a soldier in the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment.

At the age of 14, as a sergeant, he participated in his father's campaign on the Rhine.

Seven Years War

As a volunteer in the officer rank, he participated in the Seven Years War, served under the command of Field Marshal SF Apraksin. He distinguished himself in the battles at Groß-Jägersdorf, Königsberg, the siege of Kustrin. In 1758 he was awarded the military rank of captain. From 1759 he served in allied France, in the troops of Marshal Contada, and from 1760, having received the rank of colonel, under the command of Count Zakhar Chernyshev, taking part, in particular, in the capture of Berlin in the same year. In 1762 he was promoted to major general, and on September 22, 1762 he was awarded the Order of St. Anne of Holstein.

Diplomatic work. Poland

Possessing a rather lively, but superficial mind, women like him, but on the other hand, he obeys them completely; pleasure is the only motive for all his actions. Everyone here is dissatisfied with his work in Poland, since he only confused matters to the disadvantage of Russia. He was in love with the wife of Adam Czartoryski, the most terrible enemy of the Russians. Submitting to this woman, he is said to have paid her for the night with the patronage of the Bar Confederation, contrary to the interests of his court. This major mistake made such a bad impression here that the question arose whether Repnin should not be recalled under the pretext that he had gone mad.

Russian-Turkish war 1768-1774

In 1780 he led the forces of the observation corps stationed in Uman, in 1781 he was appointed governor-general of Pskov, while continuing to fulfill the same duties in Smolensk. At that time, he received the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st degree on the day this award was established (September 22, 1782), as well as diamond badges to the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (1784). Then he spent some time abroad "for rest".

Russian-Turkish war 1787-1791

During the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791, he returned to military service, commanded the right wing during the successful assault on Ochakov, then on September 7 (18), 1789 defeated the Turks on the Salcha River in Moldova, captured the camp of Seraskir Hasan Pasha, locked him in Izmail and began to prepare for the assault on this fortress, but after a series of military clashes he retreated, referring in a report to the commander-in-chief GA Potemkin on his own "command ... to save people." After Potemkin left for St. Petersburg in February 1791, the main command over the united army passed to Repnin, who convinced the chief that Suvorov in this post "would lead the army to Constantinople or destroy it." Despite Potemkin's orders, when he learned that the troops of the Turkish vizier were concentrated near Machin, he ordered a surprise offensive and eventually won a major victory over the enemy in a six-hour battle with small losses: 141 people killed and 300 wounded, although the number of enemy troops was more than 80 thousand; on the left flank of the Russian army in this battle Mikhail Kutuzov distinguished himself. For the Battle of Machin, Repnin was awarded (July 15, 1791) with the Order of St. George, 1st degree, No. 9.

In respect of the special zeal with which his long-term service was accompanied, zeal and accuracy in fulfilling the proposals of the chief authorities, art and excellent courage in various cases provided and especially when attacking with troops under his command, the Turkish army under the leadership of the supreme vizier Yusuf Pasha across the Danube at Machin on the 28th day of June, having won a complete victory over her.

This defeat forced the Turks to cease hostilities and begin peace negotiations. On July 31, 1791, Repnin and the vizier Koca Yusuf Pasha signed the preliminary peace terms in Galati, which included an eight-month truce, which was unhappy with Catherine II. Count A.A. Bezborodko also criticized the conditions signed by Repnin, who agreed after five months

Portrait of Prince Anikita Ivanovich Repnin
Repnins coat of arms
1719 - 1726
Predecessor: Golitsyn, Pyotr Alekseevich
Successor: Bon Hermann Johann (Governor)
1710 - 1713
Predecessor: post established
Successor: Golitsyn, Pyotr Alekseevich
1700 - 1701
Birth: 12th of August ( 1668-08-12 )
Kingdom of Russia
Death: 3 July ( 1726-07-03 ) (57 years old)
riga, Russian Empire
Genus: Repnins
Military service
Years of service: 1685-1726
Rank: general-field marshal
Battles: Azov campaigns
North War
Prut campaign
A family
Father: Ivan Borisovich
Mother: Evdokia Nikiforovna (ur.Plescheeva)
Spouse: was married three times
Children: four sons and a daughter
Awards

Prince Anikita (Nikita) Ivanovich Repnin (August 12, 1668 - July 3, 1726, Riga) - Field Marshal (1724), associate of Peter I. Participant in the Northern War. Governor-General of Riga (Riga province) (1710-1713 and 1719-1726). President of the Military Collegium (1724-1725).

Biography

The beginning of the court and military service

Anikita Repnin was born in 1668 in the family of a boyar, Novgorod and Tambov governor, head of the Siberian order Ivan Borisovich Repnin (d. June 5, 1697) and his wife Evdokia Nikiforovna Pleshcheeva (d. April 8, 1695). In 1683, at the age of 16, Anikita Ivanovich was assigned a sleeping bag to Tsarevich Peter Alekseevich (who was then 11 years old). With the establishment by young Peter in 1685 of "amusing" troops in the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow, Prince Repnin received the rank of lieutenant, two years later he was promoted to lieutenant colonel.

In August 1689, during the streltsy conspiracy against Peter I, Prince Repnin was one of the first to arrive at the Trinity Monastery to protect the tsar. The suppression of the rebellion and the removal of the ruler Sophia from power by Peter brought into the arena of vigorous activity the supporters of the young tsar, among whom was Repnin.

In 1695, during the first Azov campaign of Peter, Repnin distinguished himself by capturing two coastal towers with 32 guns from the Turks; in the second campaign near Azov, held in 1696, Anikita Ivanovich, commanding a frigate, participated in the capture of this fortress. In 1698, while in Moscow, Repnin largely contributed to the rapid pacification of the sudden outbreak of the Strelets' revolt, having timely managed to occupy the Kremlin with a strong (700 people) detachment. Since 1699, Repnin, with the rank of major general, was engaged in the formation and training of infantry regiments, recruited to replace the streltsy troops. He was instructed to form 9 infantry regiments in Moscow; Repnin made the recruitment in the lower towns personally. The formation was completed by the spring of 1700, and the new regiments, brought together into a division that made up the "3rd generals" of the active army, came under the command of Anikita Ivanovich. Appreciating the diligence of Repnin in recruiting and training troops, Peter I in June 1700 promoted him to general from the infantry - a rank corresponding to the general-in-chief. The prince at that moment was 32 years old, and he was the first of the noble families at this age to rise so high in his military career.

North War

The initial stage of the war

With the beginning of the Northern War, in October 1700, Repnin marched with his division, reinforced by the Butyr regiment, near Narva, but, having learned on November 17 on the march near Lake Samra, about the defeat of the Russians, he turned back and hastily retreated to the Luga River, where he took over the retreating remnants of the army and together with them returned to Novgorod, where, at the behest of Peter, he recruited and sent a new division to Narva. Appointed governor-general of Novgorod, the prince continued to recruit troops, then put in order the regiments that had returned from Narva after the defeat.

In March 1701, on the basis of an agreement concluded with the Polish king August II, Prince Repnin at the head of 19 regiments was sent to Livonia to reinforce the Saxon field marshal Count Steinau. The Saxon-Russian army under the command of Steinau, defeated by Charles XII near Riga, fled. Repnin led his regiments without loss through Druya \u200b\u200band Opochka to Pskov, where on August 15 he joined up with Field Marshal B.P.Sheremetev. Anikita Ivanovich's regiments took part in the siege and capture of Noteburg (1702), in the capture of Nyenskans (1703) and Narva (1704). The prince received the Order of the White Eagle from the Polish king.

At the end of 1704, Prince Repnin settled in winter quarters with the building entrusted to him in Polotsk, where he undertook a number of partisan sorties. Under his command were nine infantry regiments and five dragoons. He participated in the capture of the Mitava Castle in 1705. In 1706 he was sent to Grodno with infantry regiments, where he had clashes with enemy troops.

In 1707, Repnin, at the head of the 10-thousandth corps, was again sent to the Polish borders to help King Augustus II. Anikita Ivanovich acted in accordance with the Tsar's parting words - to beware "Two things: first, so as not to take too far, the second, that if the king wants to give a general battle with the entire army of Sweden, do not do that and say that this is exactly what you are not allowed to do"... Along with successful battles in the actions of the Russian troops there was one critical period when they were blocked in Grodno by the rapidly approaching army of Charles XII. After a 75-day blockade, choosing the moment, Repnin organized a covert crossing of troops to the left bank of the Neman and withdrew to Brest, hiding behind the Polesie swamps. At the same time, all the artillery and the wagon train were taken away, all the sick and wounded were saved.

Repnin did not possess outstanding military leadership talents, however, according to military historians, he acted in battles with due persistence and rationality, was "Brave without fervor, but ready, if necessary for a great cause, and die without backing"... According to experts in the art of war, he remained "Voivode among Peter's generals", did not always act proactively and decisively.

"Golovchinsky shame"

Plan of a fortified position at Golovchin (1708): A - separate redoubt; B - links of fortifications; B - intermediate batteries

In the summer of 1708, a dramatic turn took place in Repnin's military service. The Russian army, against which the main forces of Charles XII moved, during the retreat took a position near the village of Golovchino (not far from Mogilev). The defense of crossings and bridges was entrusted to G. Golts and General Repnin's division, located on the left flank of the army. The choice of a position for the infantry was made by Repnin unsuccessfully, especially in relation to communication with Golts and the routes of retreat behind the right flank of the position (to Vasilki, Mogileev), where forest swamps were located. The natural disadvantages were amplified by the unsuccessful strengthening of the position. Left, in the absence of competent engineers, to himself, Repnin, when designing fortifications, settled on the traditional old Russian type of "convoy" of three faces, adjoined to a "strong place". He proceeded to erect one common continuous fortification from a frontal trench, more than a mile long, and 2 flanks, departing from it at obtuse angles. The burial part (back side) of the trenches adjoined the swampy forest; frontal - consisted of a series of outgoing corners connected by straight curtains. The line of fire was 500-700 steps from the Babich River, that is, further than a rifle shot, there were no advanced buildings.

The work began on June 30, but due to the lack of a trench tool, it was carried out slowly. By July 2, the profile of the rampart was brought to the chest height only on the right flank, for 1-2 battalions; in other areas, the fortifications were barely outlined, and slingshots were temporarily set up to strengthen them. The engineering preparation of the position only worsened the position of the infantry, chaining it to an unsuccessfully broken trench. On July 2, a council of war was held. The defectors who arrived that day from the Swedish camp convinced the generals that the attack of the Swedes would go to the right flank of the Russian disposition, where, because of this, Golitsyn's cavalry infantry was immediately drawn. The meeting ended at night, and Repnin, returning to the troops, late in the day, not only did not "give up the disposition" (since the next day's attack was not expected), but also did not believe the escort, which had already been conducted extremely carelessly. Goltz did the same.

The morning of July 3 found Repnin's infantry deployed in a single line - along the unfinished trenches. In addition to regimental guards and sentries, only 3 dragoons and 1 infantry guard were deployed as external security along the entire 4-verst stretch of the line. Nevertheless, the movement of the Swedes to the crossing, which began at dawn, was timely noticed, and before the first Swedish shots rang out, the alarm was sounded in Repnin's division. Repnin with a grenadier regiment rushed to the bridge on the Babich River, managed to occupy it before the enemy approached and to push part of the regimental guns to the crossing. At the end of 3 hours, an artillery duel ensued, in which the more numerous and heavy artillery of the Swedes prevailed. Under cover of her fire, Swedish infantry attacked the bridge. After an hour and a half of stubborn fighting, the grenadiers, whose actions were personally supervised by Repnin, cleared the bridge, breaking part of the flooring, and began to retreat, delaying the enemy with fire, who had begun laying the pontoon bridge.

Correctly assessing the danger that threatened his communications with the main forces in the event of a breakthrough by the Swedes, Repnin reinforced his right flank with the Narva regiment, transferred from the left flank, and put forward the Koporsky and Tobolsky regiments to provide communications with the northern position, mainly the "rear bridge"; the remaining 4 regiments were left behind the "tranchement" to repel a frontal attack of the enemy. As soon as the offensive of the Swedes was indicated, Repnin sent to ask for reinforcements to Sheremetev, Golts and the closest private commanders - Genskin and Ifland. During the battle for the bridge on Babich, he repeated this request several times, but no help came. Before her arrival, Repnin did not dare to support the grenadier with other parts of his division, fearing to get involved in the matter with all his might at the forefront and lose the path of retreat. This excessive concern for the rear was detrimental. When the grenadiers were broken and five Swedish infantry regiments, having forced the crossing, moved around the flank, Repnin considered further resistance impossible and gave the order to retreat, although the main forces of his division had not yet entered the battle. The peace of mind, which marked his first orders, left him completely: without organizing the retreat of the main forces of the division, without even letting the chief of positional artillery know about him, Repnin galloped to his extreme flank, to the Koporsky regiment, the position of which seems to be the most dangerous. He arrived there at a time when the Kopors were preparing to attack the approaching Swedish column. Repnin, despite the presentation of the commander of the Koporsk regiment, Golovin, who insisted on a blow with which, the battle could still be restored, canceled the attack. He moved Koporsky, and after him the Tobolsk regiments, following the grenadiers, through the forest - the shortest way to the road to Vasilki; the rest of the troops retreated to the same place, across the "rear bridge", in disarray, since the routes of the individual regiments were not indicated. The division lost tactical order, the units were mixed. If the Swedes had shown sufficient energy, the complete defeat of Repnin's division would have been inevitable, but the Swedes' offensive was extremely sluggish, and, after a series of incoherent, random skirmishes, Repnin managed to retreat to Sheremetev without great losses. After the connection, the army continued its retreat along the Shklov road to Gorki.

Repnin's losses in the Golovchinsky battle reached 16% of the composition (officers: 3 killed, 14 wounded, 2 taken prisoner; 113 lower ranks killed, 272 wounded). Material losses were much more significant: in the hands of the Swedes, all the slingshots and half-pikes that were in retrenchment, 10 guns and most of the shell and cartridge boxes remained.

The loss of the fight was due solely to Repnin's mistakes. However, he kept them quiet in a very skillfully composed report sent to Peter. The report spoke of the "accidental attack" of Repnin's flank, the fierce rebuff that the Swedes met, the enemy's heavy losses; the retreat, made, according to the report, "in good order" was justified by the fact that "the tightness of the place prevented the sicurting", and Repnin considered it unnecessary to fight on his own, since "there was no importance, why would this pass to the extreme measures to keep ”and sacrifice people for this; all the more so that "in this battle it was seen that the enemy with poison and horse hair composed of bullets, contrary to all Christian peoples' custom, fired so that the wounds from them would be incurable"; the guns were lost because, "having thrown them in the swamps, they themselves did not want to pick them up later."

To investigate the "Golovchin shame" Peter I considered it necessary to appoint a special Commission of 13 members, chaired by Prince A. D. Menshikov, ordering him "Find the culprit, from first to last"... The commission found Repnin guilty of the fact that, "having a certainty" about the forthcoming attack, he did not take security measures and did not give up the disposition; in the fact that he did not show sufficient stamina and prematurely retreated "into a cramped uncomfortable swamp, where he perpetrated a very dishonorable battle, and retreated without specifying the exact place", finally, did not let the chief of artillery know about his retreat, nor Golts, who as a result , moving to the rescue of the already departed Repnin, got involved in a completely aimless and unnecessary battle. The salvation of Repnin's division was attributed by the commission exclusively to the oversight of the Swedes, "who did not seek further their own benefit." The commission's verdict read: “For that evil act and a notable mistake, Mr. General Repnin, according to the military articles of many Potentates, deserves to be deprived of life. But, it appears from the case that he ... did not accept the concession out of timidity ... then his sin was not out of anger, but out of ignorance, he was in this case, in the first, like a general, when needed, he was acquired from death penalty freed up; however, according to the content of the Roman State of Law, depicted in the 89th article, may he be from his rank and the team, which he ruled by such bad behavior, publicly, to him in a fine, to the other on the butt, he was dismissed "... In addition, it was ordered to recover from Repnin the cost of guns, slingshots and other items lost during Golovchiv, totaling up to 3,000 rubles.

On August 1, Repnin submitted to Peter the most resigned petition. Refuting the accusation of negligence by referring to the fact that "we have never had such behavior about disposition", pointing out the persistence of the battle for the bridge on Babich, the absence of assistants, Repnin asked for pardon. But the verdict handed down by the Commission was confirmed by Peter, and on August 5, at 10 pm, was announced in its final form. Repnin's regiments were immediately assigned to other divisions, and he himself was demoted to the ranks. The severity of the sentence was explained by Peter's desire to use this example to give a cruel lesson to the numerous still supporters of the old, pre-reform military system, who made it difficult to reorganize the army on a new basis. The severity of punishment and resentment against Menshikov oppressed Anikita Ivanovich, but he did not ask for leave from the army, considering it desertion.

The final stage of the Northern War

In September 1708, in a battle near the village of Lesnoy, Prince Repnin acted as an ordinary soldier, in one of the episodes he asked the tsar to give the order to the Cossacks and Bashkirs who stood behind the infantry to stab everyone who was being pulled back. After the battle was won, Peter, at the request of Prince M. Golitsyn, who distinguished himself in this battle, restored Repnin to the rank of general. In October of the same year, command of the division was returned to him. Arriving in December from Smolensk to the army, Repnin's division spent the winter in apartments in Bohodukhiv (Little Russia) and the surrounding areas; during the campaign for the Vorskla River at the beginning of 1709, she formed the rearguard of the army. At the head of twelve infantry regiments located in the center of the position, Repnin took part in the Battle of Poltava. For his actions and victory on August 7, 1709, he was awarded the highest award - the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called and awarded by the villages. In particular, A.I. Repnin was granted personal ownership of the village of Velikoye, where, on his instructions, in 1712, in honor of the victory over the Swedes near Poltava, the summer church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary was built.

Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the village of Velikoe (Gavrilov-Yamskiy district, Yaroslavl region)

Anikita Ivanovich Repnin is mentioned in the poem by Alexander Pushkin "Poltava". Peter I is circling his troops, prepared for battle:

And he raced before the shelves,
Mighty and joyous as a fight.
He devoured the field with his eyes.
The crowd followed him
These chicks of Petrov's nest -
In the face of the earthly lot,
In the labors of power and war
His comrades, sons:
And noble Sheremetev,
And Bruce, and Boer, and Repnin ...

Soon after the Battle of Poltava, Peter ordered the prince with his division to move to the southern borders to monitor the movement of the Crimean Tatars and Turks, as well as order in the Cossack troops. Then Repnin's division became part of the army of Sheremetev, sent by Peter to Riga. Having set out on July 15, 1709 from Little Russia, Repnin arrived at Disna on September 27, where his regiments were put on ships and continued on their way to Druya-Dinaburg by water. On October 28, Repnin approached Riga and, having become in Jungferhof, Kobor and Kirchholm, immediately began to strengthen these points. Anikita Ivanovich took part in the siege of Riga, and during the departure of the commander Sheremetev, he acted as chief of the army. On July 4, 1710, after the surrender of the Riga garrison, Prince Repnin was the first to enter the city with several regiments. After that, he was appointed Governor-General of Riga and the head of the troops located in its vicinity.

Further military and civilian service

Prince Anikita Ivanovich Repnin
Engraving by G. A. Afonasyev

On February 2, 1711, during the Russian-Turkish war of 1710-1713, Prince Repnin received an order to set out from Riga for the Prut campaign. He himself left on February 6 and, catching up with the regiments on the march, brought them to Minsk, where he stood until March 8. Following further, through Polonnoe, Repnin joined the main forces in Soroca and made a further campaign in the rearguard. As a result, he did not have to take part in hostilities. On July 23, his troops crossed the Prut back and through Selishche - Shugol on August 13, arrived in Mezhibuzhie, from where they were sent to Ostrog to rest. In September, Repnin was entrusted with the acceptance of a recruit in Smolensk; On September 12, by decree, he set out with troops in Kiev, where he arrived, through Polonnoye, on September 27.

In 1712, being in Menshikov's detachment, Repnin took part in the siege of Stetin; captured several fortifications near Friedrichstadt; assisted Prince Izhersky in the capture of Teningen; received the Order of the Elephant from the Danish king. In 1712-1713 and 1715-1716, Anikita Ivanovich commanded troops in Pomerania; participated in the capture of Stetin (1713). In 1714, Repnin lodged with a division in the Smolensk province. On May 30 of the same year, he returned to Riga, and placed the division, which constituted the strategic reserve of the army, in a camp in the vicinity of the city. In May 1715 he was entrusted with the protection of the seashore in Courland; in 1716 Repnin settled with his regiments in Mecklenburg. At the beginning of 1717, he occupied the Polish provinces: Helminskoe, Plock, Mazovia and Lubelsk, and in 1718 he forced the Danzig Magistrate to pay 140 thousand Efimks of military indemnity.

Returning to Riga in March 1719, Repnin replaced Prince P.A.Golitsyn as governor-general, who was transferred to Kiev. In this post, Anikita Ivanovich normalized relations between troops and residents and managed to smooth out the friction that had existed before him. Assessing his activities, Peter began to gradually expand the powers of the Livonian Governor-General. By a decree of February 24, 1720, Repnin was given responsibility for all cases “which belong to the protection of the city of Riga, that is, in the construction and repair of the fortification, in the maintenance of the garrison, artillery, armory, ammunition and shops, servants and fortifications, as well as the city infantry ". Somewhat later, he was given control over city revenues and expenditures and overseeing the election of elected officials. Repnin put a lot of work on the development of the Riga trade. In order to equip a large merchant fleet, he founded a shipyard in Riga and worked hard to connect Peipus with the Aa River.

last years of life

On January 20, 1724, Repnin was appointed instead of Menshikov as president of the Military Collegium, while retaining the Riga governorship general. In February of the same year, Repnin arrived in St. Petersburg. On March 10, he was awarded a gold medal of 50 ducats. On May 7, 1724, on the day of Catherine's coronation by Peter I, Anikita Ivanovich Repnin was awarded the rank of Field Marshal.

In St. Petersburg, Repnin took a direct part in the struggle of the court parties, which was especially aggravated due to the sharp deterioration in the health of Peter I, who raised the question of succession to the throne. Together with Golitsyn, Dolgoruky and one of the Apraksins, Repnin stood for the announcement of the heir to the grandson of Peter the Great, Prince Peter Alekseevich, with the appointment of Catherine as ruler, subject to the involvement of the Senate to participate in governing the country during the regency; Menshikov, Tolstoy and Admiral Apraksin insisted on the proclamation of Catherine. After the death of Peter I, Repnin, considering it beneficial for himself to weaken the strong influence at the Golitsyn court, went over to Menshikov's side. His example captivated the rest. On May 21, 1725, together with other Andreevskie knights, he was awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky.

After the accession to the throne of Catherine I, Prince Menshikov concentrated all the highest power in the state in his hands. This circumstance displeased Repnin, in turn, the rise of Repnin was not included in Menshikov's calculations. On March 18, 1725, he succeeded in obtaining a decree from the Empress instructing Repnin to temporarily surrender the post of president of the Military Collegium to Menshikov and leave for Riga to inspect stores, artillery and ammunition, replenish supplies and build a new tranche on the banks of the Dvina.

In Riga, the illness that Repnin had suffered for 3 years has worsened. On July 3, 1726, Anikita Ivanovich Repnin died. The prince was buried in the church of Alexy the Divine Man, located in the Riga castle. By order of Prince A. I. Repnin, this church was converted from Lutheran to Orthodox for the needs of the garrison immediately after the conquest of Riga. During the rebuilding of the temple, the tombstone was dismantled, so the exact location of the burial is now difficult to determine. The family coat of arms of Prince Anikita Ivanovich Repnin was placed on the walls of this temple. A little later, the coat of arms was transferred to the Orthodox castle church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, but when the church was moved during reconstruction, it was lost.

A family

Anikita Ivanovich Repnin was married three times. His first wife was Princess Praskovya Mikhailovna Lykova (died on October 7, 1685); the second - Praskovya Dmitrievna Naryshkina (ur. Golitsyn) (d. January 4, 1703); the name of the third wife of the prince is unknown. In the second marriage, three sons were born: Vasily Anikitich (d. July 21, 1748) - General Feldseikhmeister, Ivan Anikitich (January 20, 1686 - November 17, 1727) - Colonel and Yuri Anikitich (April 17, 1701 - October 14, 1744) - Lieutenant General ... Another son - Sergei Anikitich and daughter Anna Anikitichna were born, probably in their third marriage.

Estate

Apparently, Anikita Ivanovich Repnin was the first owner of an estate in the village of Arkhangelskoye (now the village of Repyovka, Rtischevsky district). In 1714, he divided all the estates he received between his sons. Arkhangelskoye went to Colonel Ivan Anikitich Repnin (1686 - November 17, 1727). After his death, according to the census books of the second revision (1744-1747), the estate was inherited by his grandchildren Pyotr Ivanovich (died 1778) and Sergei Ivanovich Repnins (1718-1761).

Awards

  • Order of Saint Andrew the First-Called (1709)
  • Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (May 21, 1725)
  • Order of the White Eagle (Rzeczpospolita, 1703)

Notes

Literature

  • Bantysh-Kamensky D.N. 5th General-Field Marshal Prince Nikita Ivanovich Repnin // Biographies of Russian generalissimos and general-field marshals. In 4 parts. Reprint reproduction of the 1840 edition. Part 1-2. - M .: Culture, 1991 .-- 620 p. ().
  • Military encyclopedic lexicon / Ed. 2nd. - T. XI. - SPb, 1856 .-- S. 199-200 (Art. Repnins)
  • A. A. Golombievsky Materials for the history of the colonization of the Saratov province // Proceedings of the Saratov Scientific Archive Commission. T. III, issue I. - Saratov: Printing house of the provincial zemstvo, 1890. - pp. 13-26
  • Dolgorukov P.V. Russian genealogy book. - SPb .: Type-I Karl Wingeber, 1854 .-- T. 1. - S. 271-272
  • Kovalevsky N.F. History of Russian Goverment . Biographies of famous military leaders of the 18th - early 20th centuries. - M .: Book Chamber, 1997 ().
  • Russian Biographical Dictionary: Pritwitz - Reis. - Ed. under the supervision of the chairman of the Imperial Russian Historical Society A.A. Polovtsov. - St. Petersburg: type. Imperial Acad. Sciences, 1910. - T. 15. - 560 p. (Art. Repnin, Prince Anikita Ivanovich)

Links

  • Repnins in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
  • Riga. Church of Alexy, the Man of God on the site "People's catalog of Orthodox architecture" ()
  • The Riga Castle is the residence of the Russian Governor Generals on the website “Riga CV” ().
  • prince Repnin Anikita Ivanovich on the site "History of the Russian Imperial Army" ().
  • Heroes of Pushkin's works associated with the Yaroslavl land ().

(1668-1726), prince, field marshal general (1724), associate of Peter I. Participant of the Northern War, commanded a division. In 1724-1725. President of the Military Collegium.

Prince, Russian military leader, Field Marshal General (1725). From his youth he was under Peter I, in 1685 he was a lieutenant of a "amusing" company. Participated in the Azov campaigns in 1695-1696. Major General since 1699. At the beginning of the Northern War of 1700-1721. commanded a division, participated in the capture of Noteburg and Narva. In 1708 he was demoted for defeat at Golovchin, but after successful actions at Lesnaya he was restored to the rank of general. In the Battle of Poltava in 1709 he commanded the center of the Russian army. In 1709-1710. led the siege and capture of Riga, in 1712-1713 and 1715-1716. commanded troops in Pomerania. Since 1719 he was the governor-general of Livonia and at the same time in 1724-1725. President of the Military Collegium. After the death of Peter I, he advocated the proclamation of Empress Catherine I, but was soon removed by A. D. Menshikov to Riga.

(1668-1726), the steward of Tsar Peter (from 1683) and his inseparable associate, during the establishment of a funny company he was made its lieutenant. During the Azov campaign, he distinguished himself by taking away the coastal towers from the Turks. Was during the capture of Shlisselburg and Nyenskans and in the battle of Narva in 1704; in 1707 he was defeated at Golovchin by Charles XII, for which he was demoted to the soldiers by the tsar; for the difference in the Battle of Lesnoy, he was restored to his previous rank. In the Battle of Poltava, he commanded the center of the army. During the capture of Riga, he was the first to enter the city and for this he was made the governor-general of Riga. In 1711, during the Prut campaign, he commanded the vanguard and was one of the first to voice: "die, but not surrender." In 1712 he took part in the siege of Stetin and the occupation of the Friedrichstadt fortifications. In 1715 he was entrusted with the protection of the shores of Courland. In 1724 he was appointed president of the military collegium. At the coronation of Catherine I, he was granted a field marshal, but after her accession, being an adherent of Grand Duke Peter Alekseevich, he retired to Riga and soon died there.

(1668-1726). General Field Marshal. A.I. Repnin was a representative of an ancient princely family, originating from the prince of Chernigov Mikhail. The founder of the surname was the voivode under Ivan IV the Terrible, Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Repnin-Obolensky. Anikita Ivanovich's uncle enjoyed the favor of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, and his father, the Novgorod and Tambov governors, the head of the Siberian order, earned great respect from Peter I.

At the age of 16, Anikita Ivanovich was appointed steward to Peter (who was then 12 years old) and, when the young tsar established in 1685, "amusing" troops in the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow, he received the rank of lieutenant, two years later he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Protected the tsar in the Trinity Monastery during the rebellion of the archers in 1689. The suppression of the rebellion and the removal of the ruler Sophia by Peter from power brought into the arena of vigorous activity a galaxy of convinced supporters of the young tsar, among whom was Repnin.

During the first Azov campaign of Peter (1695), Repnin distinguished himself by capturing two coastal towers with 32 guns from the Turks, in the second campaign near Azov (1696), commanding a frigate, he participated in the capture of this fortress, which gave Russia access to the southern seas ... Since 1698, Anikita Ivanovich with the rank of major general was engaged in the formation and training of infantry regiments, recruited to replace the outdated streltsy army. At this time, Peter began to prepare for a war with Sweden, and, acting on his instructions, A. Repnin and F. Golovin by the spring of 1700 formed 27 infantry and 2 dragoon regiments in the village of Preobrazhensky near Moscow. They were armed with fusées and muskets purchased abroad. Anikita Ivanovich was appointed commander of a division consisting of 9 infantry regiments. Seeing Repnin's diligence in recruiting and training troops, the tsar in June 1700 promoted him to general from the infantry - a rank corresponding to the general-in-chief. The prince at that moment was 32 years old, and he was the first of the noble families at this age to rise so high in his military career.

With the outbreak of the Northern War, the troops under the command of Golovin moved to Narva, and Repnin was sent by the tsar to Novgorod, where he recruited and sent a new division to Narva. Appointed governor-general of Novgorod, he continued to recruit troops, then put in order the regiments that had returned from Narva after a severe defeat. Soon his turn came to go to the battlefields: in August 1701, at the head of 19 regiments, he moved to Livonia, where he came under the command of Field Marshal B. Sheremetev. Under his leadership, Repnin gained combat experience, learned to beat the Swedes not only by number, but also by skill. Anikita Ivanovich's regiments took part in the siege and capture of Noteburg, in the capture of Nyenskans and Narva.

Not possessing outstanding leadership talents, Repnin, according to military historians, acted in battles with due persistence and rationality, was "courageous without fervor, but ready, if necessary for a great cause, and die without backing away." According to experts in the art of war, he nevertheless remained a "voivode among Peter's generals," and did not always act with initiative and decisiveness.

From near Narva, Peter sent Repnin at the head of a 10-thousandth corps to the Polish borders to help his ally, the Polish king Augustus II. Anikita Ivanovich acted in accordance with the Tsar's parting words - to beware of “two things: first, so as not to take too far, the second, if the king wants to give a general battle with the entire Swedish army, then do not act and say that this is exactly what you are not allowed to do. ". Along with the successful battles in the actions of the Russian troops there was one critical period when they were blocked in Grodno by the rapidly approaching army of Charles XII. After a 75-day blockade, choosing the moment, Repnin organized a covert crossing of troops to the left bank of the Neman and withdrew to Brest, hiding behind the Polesie swamps. At the same time, all the artillery and baggage were taken away, all the sick and wounded were saved. “Truly, now it is already fun to live by this notification,” Peter rejoiced at this success.

In the summer of 1708, a dramatic turn took place in Repnin's military service. The Russian army, against which the main forces of Charles XII moved, during the retreat took a position near the village of Golovchino (not far from Mogilev). On the night of July 3, the Swedish regiments, forcing the river ford, attacked General Repnin's division, located in the center of the position of the Russian troops, and after a two-hour stubborn battle overturned it. This entailed a general retreat of the Russian army. The angry Peter ordered A. Menshikov "to find out about this evil behavior, from the first to the last." During the investigation, Menshikov did not take into account that Repnin's division was unexpectedly attacked by superior enemy forces, did not receive timely help from neighboring troops, and nevertheless was able to inflict significant damage on the Swedes. In an ostrash to other military leaders, the tsar, although he loved Prince Repnin, demoted him to a soldier. The severity of punishment and resentment against Menshikov oppressed Anikita Ivanovich, but he did not ask for leave from the army, considering it desertion. Hot on the heels of Golovchin, Peter compiled the famous "Rules of battle", which determined the order of actions of troops at all stages of the battle, and especially the interaction of infantry, cavalry and artillery.

When analyzing the "Golovchin shame", Anikita Ivanovich showed amazing nobility, taking all the blame for what happened on himself, without making any attempt to shift the responsibility onto other military leaders and his subordinates. To the question: "How did the officers of the upper and lower divisions behave during the battle?" - he replied: "Lieutenant General Chambers and all the colonels carried out their posts as they should."

In the battle near Lesnaya (September 1708), Prince Repnin acted as an ordinary soldier, in one of the episodes he asked the tsar to give the order to the Cossacks and Bashkirs, who were behind the infantry, to stab everyone who was fed back. After the battle was won, Peter, at the request of Prince M. Golitsyn, who distinguished himself in this battle, reinstated Repnin in the rank of general and the position of division chief. In subsequent battles, Anikita Ivanovich fully justified the trust of the tsar. In the Battle of Poltava on June 27, 1709, which largely predetermined the outcome of the war with the Swedes, Repnin commanded twelve infantry regiments in the center of the position, for his actions and victory he was awarded the highest award from the tsar - the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

Soon after Poltava, Peter ordered the prince with his division to move to the southern borders to monitor the movement of the Crimean Tatars and Turks, as well as order in the Cossack troops. In 1709-1710. Anikita Ivanovich took part in the siege of Riga, during the departure of the commander Sheremetev he served as the chief of the army, on July 4, 1710, after the surrender of the garrison of Riga, he was the first to enter the city with several regiments, on the 12th Sheremetev had a solemn entry. After that, Repnin was appointed governor-general of Riga and chief of the troops stationed in its vicinity.

When the war with Turkey began, Repnin's division became part of the troops led by Sheremetev, and under the general leadership of Peter participated in the Prut campaign. Despite the encirclement of the Russian troops by the enemy, Anikita Ivanovich, like Golitsyn, expressed a desire “it is better to die than to surrender,” but the tsar was still forced to agree to peace negotiations.

In 1712-1718. Repnin acted in Pomerania, Courland and Poland, then, returning to Riga, he acted as governor-general of Livonia. In 1724 he was appointed instead of the favorite of Tsar Menshikov, who was guilty of embezzlement of state funds, by the president of the Military Collegium, while preserving the Riga governorship. On May 7, the day Peter proclaimed his wife Catherine Empress, the honored general was awarded the rank of field marshal.

When, after the death of Peter, through the efforts of Menshikov, Catherine ascended the throne, Anikita Ivanovich, along with other Andrew's knights, was awarded the newly established Order of St. Alexander Nevsky. This award did not diminish his dissatisfaction with the fact that under Catherine all the supreme power was concentrated in his hands by His Grace Menshikov. Not wishing to participate in intrigues, Anikita Ivanovich returned to the governorship in Riga, where he died on July 3, 1726 at the 58th year of his life.

The son of a field marshal, Vasily Anikitovich Repnin, General Field Marshal, in 1747-1748. was the commander of the Russian troops sent to help the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, contributed to the conclusion of the Peace of Aachen. The grandson, Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin, was a famous military leader and diplomat of the time of Catherine II, field marshal general.

Kovalevsky N.F. History of the Russian State. Biographies of famous military leaders of the 18th - early 20th centuries. M., 1997



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