Fine expressive means of fiction slide. Presentation "Visual and Expressive Means of Language" in the Russian language - project, report. replay-based
OXYMORON
COMPARISON
PERSONALIZATION
METONYMY
SYNECDOCHE
METAPHOR
HYPERBOLA
LITOTES
EPITHET
a figurative characteristic of a person, phenomenon or object through an expressive metaphorical adjective. As an artistic detail, the epithet should not be confused with attributive adjectives. For example, the adjectives "white snow" or "soft snow" will simply be subject and logical definitions, but in the expressions "sugar snow" or "swan snow" adjectives are an epithet because they provide an additional, artistic characteristic.
OXYMORON
stylistic figure, a combination of contrasting words that create a new concept or representation, for example, "dry wine", "honest thief"
COMPARISON
figurative expression, built on the comparison of two objects, concepts or states that have a common feature, due to which the artistic meaning of the first object is enhanced.
through words - like, exactly, like, like, etc.
through the instrumental case
using the genitive
superlative
METAPHOR
it is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with any other object on the basis of a feature common to both compared members.
If a metaphorical expression as a figurative likeness of some complex life phenomenon is revealed over the course of a large segment or a whole poem, then such a metaphor is called an expanded metaphor.
HYPERBOLA
stylistic figure, figurative expression that exaggerates any action, object, phenomenon; used to enhance the artistic impression.
LITOTES
stylistic figure, the definition of a concept or object by denying the opposite. Such are, for example, household L.: "he is not stupid", instead of "he is smart"
SYNECDOCHE
one of the tropes, a stylistic figure that is a kind of metonymy; the ratios of quantity are mentioned: more instead of less, or, conversely, less instead of more.
The whole is called instead of the part
2) A part is mentioned instead of a whole
3) A certain large number is used, instead of an indefinite set
4) The singular is called instead of the plural
METONYMY
replacement of a word or concept with another word that has a causal relationship with the first.
Mentioning the author's name instead of his works
2) Mention of the work or biographical details by which the given author is guessed
3) Indication of signs of a person or object instead of mentioning the person or object itself
4) Transferring properties or actions of an item to another item
PERSONALIZATION or prosopope? I
stylistic figure, consisting in the fact that when describing animals or inanimate objects, they are endowed with human feelings, thoughts and speech
IVS
IRONY
PERIPHRASE
SYMPHORA
ALLEGORY
IRONY
subtle mockery, covered by external courtesy; this stylistic device is also called antiphrasis
SYMPHORA
the highest form of metaphorical expression, in which the intermediate link of comparison is omitted and features characteristic of the object are given, as a result of which the image of an object not directly named is felt as a pure artistic representation that coincides with the concept of the object
PERIPHRASE
a stylistic device, which consists in replacing a word or phrase with a descriptive turn of speech, which indicates the signs of an unnamed object. P. is built on the principle of expanded metonymy
ALLEGORY
allegory; the image of an abstract idea through a concrete, clearly presented image: scales - justice
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The presentation on the topic "Visual and expressive means of language" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Russian language. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 52 slide (s).
Presentation slides
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Fiction speech (language of fiction).
I. Artistic vocabulary (paths)
II. Stylistic figures
III. Poetic phonetics
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TROP - means "turn, turn of speech." This is a change in the basic meaning of a word, a transfer of a name from a traditionally designated object or phenomenon to another, associated with some semantic relationship with the first. The trail represents a certain form of poetic thinking; it enriches thought with new content, gives a certain artistic "increment" of thought.
FIGURE is a form of speech, not poetic thinking: it does not introduce anything new, expanding our artistic knowledge. Its main purpose is to enhance the impression of something, to make it more vivid, expressive, visual and emphasized.
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In addition to the above syntactic means of expressiveness, the tests also contain the following: exclamation sentences; dialogue, hidden dialogue; question-answer form of presentation; rows of homogeneous members; citation; introductory words and constructions. Rows of homogeneous members of the sentence concretize the concept, or show its versatility, or draw many phenomena, combining them into a single picture. Introductory and plug-in designs add additional shades, highlight additional information.
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In addition to tropes and figures, in a literary text there can be found such a stylistic device as an allusion (from the Latin joke, hint) - the correlation of the text with some well-known historical fact or literary text. Essentially, allusions are catchphrases. For example, the phrase I “wash my hands” is an allusion to the Gospel story of Pontius Pilate. Allusion and periphery help to establish contact between the writer and the reader, between the speaker and the listener: “We understand what is at stake, my hint is accepted by you ...” In artistic speech, aphorisms are used - short, apt and usually figurative sayings close to a proverb : “Man - it sounds proudly” (M. Gorky).
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It's nearly noon. The heat is burning. Like a plowman, the battle is resting. (A.S. Pushkin) comparison
Looking at her, the hostess remembered, perhaps, her golden, irrevocable girlish time, and her first ball. (L.N. Tolstoy) epithet
Wrapped in a substance with drowsiness The half-dressed forest is sad ... Of the summer leaves, perhaps a hundredth, Shining with autumn gilding, Still rustling on the branches. (F.I. Tyutchev)
And a stone word fell on my still living chest ... (A. Akhmatova)
impersonation metaphor
Determine the type of trail.
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All flags will visit us. (A. Pushkin)
synecdoche.
Well, eat another plate, my dear. (I. Krylov)
metonymy
Here the wind embraces the flock of waves with a strong embrace and throws them with a swing in wild malice on the cliffs, breaking the emerald masses into dust and splashes. (M. Gorky)
expanded metaphor
Foggy Albion (instead of England).
periphrase
Below, like a steel mirror, the lakes of streams turn blue. (F. Tyutchev)
comparison
Along the moonlit path in the coastal strip I am floating somewhere where they are not expecting me, Waves are barely audible, even barely gentle The song of the surf is being sung for me.
Goodbye free element! For the last time in front of me You roll blue waves And shine with proud beauty. (A.S. Pushkin)
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And marching importantly, in a calm serenity, The horse is led by the bridle by a peasant In big boots, in a sheepskin coat, In big mittens ... and himself with a fingernail! (N.A. Nekrasov)
And at the same moment, couriers, couriers, couriers ... can imagine thirty-five thousand couriers alone! (N. Gogol "The Inspector General")
Send me ... twisted steel piercing the resinous head of the bottle - i.e. corkscrew. (A.S. Pushkin)
lithote hyperbole
Hey you, tireless worker, come here! (in relation to a lazy person who takes time off from work)
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Determine the appearance of the stylistic figure.
They got along. Wave and stone, Poems and prose, ice and fire Not so different among themselves ... (A.S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin")
Not only have I been condemned to such a terrible fate; not only that before the end I must see how father and mother will die in inexpressible torment, for whose salvation she would have been ready to give her life twenty times, - not enough of all this: it is necessary that before my end I should have the opportunity to see and hear words and love , which I have not seen. (N. Gogol)
antithesis of anaphora
Dear friend, and in this quiet house, Fever beats me. I can't find a place for me in a quiet house Near a peaceful fire! (A. Blok)
I came, I saw, I won. (Julius Caesar)
gradation
Hunting for a bear is dangerous, a wounded animal is terrible, but the soul of a hunter, accustomed to dangers from childhood, has swept away. (A.Koptyaeva)
inversion
The fight is holy and right. Mortal combat is not for the sake of glory, For the sake of life on earth. (A. Tvardovsky)
Endless dead end
oxymoron
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He soon quarreled with the girl. And that's why. (Ch. Uspensky)
parceling
In all the windows - curious, on the roofs - boys. (A.N. Tolstoy)
ellipsis
Sorry, peaceful valleys, and you, the familiar mountains tops, and you, the familiar forests. (A. Pushkin)
rhetorical address
Swede, Russian stabs, chops, cuts. (A. Pushkin)
asyndeton
I will either cry, or scream, or faint. (A. Chekhov)
multiunion
And the day has come. Mazepa gets up from his bed, this frail sufferer, This corpse is alive, yesterday Moaning weakly over the grave. (A.S. Pushkin)
In the blue sea, waves are splashing. Stars shine in the blue sky. (A.S. Pushkin)
syntactic parallelism
... isn't it? You are alone ... But if ... (A. Pushkin)
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One should have guessed: she will not understand, she will not understand folk art. (V. Shukshin)
lexical repetition
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Determine the techniques of poetic phonetics.
The rooster is singing, it's getting light, it's time! There is a mountain of silver in the forest under your feet. (N. Zabolotsky)
assonance
We grow up to a hundred years without old age. Our courage grows from year to year. Praise, hammer and verse, the land of youth. (V. Mayakovsky)
alliteration
A cool bourgeoisie with a brutal temper. The shadows of the great-grandfathers - the Parisian Communards, torn to pieces by the theaters, howling and groaning - are still screaming like a Parisian wall. (V. Mayakovsky)
dissonance
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Independent work.
Expression analysis.
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impersonations + epithets + comparison
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What means of artistic representation does the author use in the text? (Independent work with subsequent analysis.)
This morning is sunny and dewy, like an undiscovered earth, an unexplored layer of heaven, this is the only morning, no one has yet got up, no one has seen anything, and you yourself see for the first time. The nightingales are singing their spring songs, dandelions are still preserved in calm places, and, perhaps, somewhere in the damp black shade, a lily of the valley whitens. The nightingales were helped by brisk summer birds - podvratniks, and the flute of the oriole is especially good. The restless chatter of blackbirds was everywhere, and the woodpecker was very tired of looking for live food for his little ones, he sat down on a branch far from them just to rest. Get up, my friend! Collect the rays of your happiness in a bundle, be brave, start the fight, help the sun! Listen, and the cuckoo started helping you. Look, the harrier is floating above the water: this is not an ordinary harrier, this morning he is the first and only one, and now the magpies, sparkling with dew, went out onto the path - tomorrow they will no longer sparkle like that, and the day will not be the same, - and these magpies will come out somewhere else. This is the only morning, not a single person has ever seen it all over the world: only you and your unknown friend see it. And for tens of thousands of years people lived on the earth, saved up, passing on to each other, joy so that you would come, lift it up, gathered its arrows in bunches and rejoice. Brave, brave. And the soul will expand again: fir trees, birches, and I cannot take my eyes off the green candles on the pines and from the young red cones on the trees. Fir-trees, birches, how good it is!
M. Prishvin "To an unknown friend".
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Homework. Make the same analysis of M. Prishvin's miniature "An Evening of Consecration of the Kidneys". Buds open, chocolate with green tails, and a large transparent light drop hangs on each green beak. You take one bud, rub it between your fingers, and then for a long time everything smells of the aromatic resin of birch, poplar or the special memory smell of bird cherry: you remember how you used to climb up the tree for berries, shiny, black-lacquered, and eat them in handfuls right from bones, and for some reason nothing but good has ever happened from this. The evening is warm, and so quiet that you are waiting for something intensely: something must happen in such silence. And now, it seems, it has come: it seems that the trees are beginning to whisper among themselves: a white birch with another white birch echoes from a distance, a young aspen in the meadow, like a green candle, finds itself the same candle, bird cherry gives a branch with open buds. And so, if you compare with us, we resonate with sounds, and they have a scent: now each breed is surrounded by its own scent. When it began to darken, the buds began to disappear in the darkness, but the drops glowed on them, and even when nothing could be understood in the dark crowded bushes, the drops glowed, only drops and the sky: the drops took their light from the sky and shone on us in the dark forest ... It seemed to me that I was all gathered in one resinous bud and wanted to open up to meet the only unknown friend, so beautiful that, just waiting for him, all the obstacles to my movement crumble into insignificant dust.
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Task В8З Task В8.
In this task, according to the codifier, the following knowledge is tested: 1. Expressive means of Russian phonetics. 2. Expressive means of word formation. 3. Expressive means of vocabulary and phraseology. 4. Expressive means of grammar. 5. Analysis of means of expression.
Expressiveness of Russian speech.
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One of the most difficult tasks of part B is task B8, it is no coincidence that this is the only task among all tests of parts A and B, which is evaluated by 2 points. Task B8 tests the ability to evaluate written statements in terms of language design, in other words, you will need to analyze the means of expression. To do this, you will be asked to read a fragment of a review based on the text you have read. This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms (means of expression) used in the review are missing. You will need to insert the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list in the places of the gaps. For the successful completion of the assignment, it is necessary, firstly, to clearly understand what language means of artistic expression are, to find them in the source text, to name them correctly and to be able to distinguish the most common of them from each other; secondly, remember that only careful reading and analysis of the proposed text in combination with theoretical knowledge can ensure the competent performance of this task. So, lexical and phraseological means of expressiveness, sound writing, tropes and figures of speech make our speech figurative and expressive. After all, a word not only names an object, quality, action or state, but can also convey the speaker's attitude, his emotions, assessment, can be expressive, that is, indicate the degree of manifestation of a sign: large - colossal. The author's neologisms (new formations) give a special expressiveness to speech, since they are transparent in meaning, structure and expressive coloring: foulness. The lexical means of language, sound writing, tropes and figures of speech help to make our speech more expressive. ...
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LEXIC MEANS.
Antonyms are words of the same part of speech, opposite in their lexical meaning (truth is a lie, good is evil, speak is silent). ! Antonyms can be contextual, that is, become antonyms only in this context (So, the words eyes and eyes are synonyms in the language, however, in the phrase "She had not eyes, but eyes," they can be considered as antonyms. Another example: "Mind and the heart - ice and fire - that's the main thing that distinguished this hero "). Synonyms are words of the same part of speech, the same or similar in meaning, but different in sound and spelling (love is love, friend is friend). ! Like antonyms, synonyms can be contextual. (Narrow, philistine views).
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Polysemous words are words that have many meanings: Paw - 1) leg, foot; 2) a branch of a coniferous tree. Homonyms are words that are the same in sound (with a possible different spelling) or spelling (with a possible different sound), but different in meaning: (Key1 - a metal rod of a special shape for unlocking and locking the lock. Lock with a key. Key2 - beating from the ground a spring, a spring Water gushes (in a swift stream) Colloquial vocabulary - reduced, coarse, not recommended for use in communication, permissible only in fiction to achieve the appropriate effect. . Stationery - words, phrases, grammatical forms and syntactic constructions characteristic of the official business style. "Incoming - outgoing", "must", "brought to your attention", etc.
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Obsolete and new words.
Historicisms are outdated words that have gone out of use due to the disappearance of objects and phenomena that they denoted from life, and have passed into limited use vocabulary. Crossbow, gramophone, fist, corvee. Archaisms (from the Greek archaios - ancient) are also outdated words, but they fell out of use not because the objects and phenomena that they denote disappeared, but because other words denoting the same realities were included in the speech. Vyya is a neck, petta is beauty, shame is a sight. Neologisms are new words of limited use, the novelty of which is felt by native speakers. Rebuilding, voucher, file, sponsor, image. Author's neologisms arise as a result of the word-creation of individual people. For example, V.V. Mayakovsky: mandolin, hammer; V. Khlebnikov's: rezmo, swan. Such neologisms are called occasionalisms.
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Dialectisms and borrowed vocabulary. Dialectisms are words used by a relatively limited number of people connected by a territorial community. For example, beetroot, goats - snakes, nyasha - swamp ... Borrowed vocabulary is words borrowed from other languages as a result of linguistic contacts. Metro, coffee, coat, jury. barn, artist, accident.
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Special vocabulary. Term - (from Lat. Terminus limit, border border sign). Words or phrases that accurately name any concept used in science, technology, art. Professionalism - semi-formal and informal words used in speech by people united by a common profession. Jargon. Slangs are words of limited use, created for the purpose of linguistic isolation by people united by certain interests, occupation, habits. Dorm - hostel, freebie - everything that is free, serve - use the Internet environment, bummer - failure
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1. B8 Speech. Expression analysis.
Task B8 in the 2009 demo: B8 "V. Ganichev recalls the legendary Admiral Ushakov and, with the help of such a syntactic means of expression as _____ (sentences 4, 5), invites the reader to think. _____ (“talent, genius, prophet in his entourage” in sentence 12) allows one to judge the scale of the admiral's personality. Many sentences of the text are constructed using such a syntactic means of expressiveness as _____ (“lucky people” in sentence 14, “his eyes” in sentence 17), which gives the author's thoughts a special intonation. _____ (for example, "the palms of the waves"; "the wind came running, trying to wrap, swaddle the admiral") enhances the impression of what you read. " List of terms: comparative turnover; 2) a number of homogeneous members; 3) phraseological units; 4) inversion; 5) impersonation; 6) parceling; 7) epithets; 8) litota; 9) interrogative sentences.
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Text for analysis: (1) An old man in a naval uniform was sitting on the bank of the Moksha River. (2) The last pre-autumn dragonflies fluttered over him, some sat on shabby epaulettes, rested and fluttered when the person occasionally moved. (3) He felt stuffy, he relaxed the collar that had long been unbuttoned with his hand and froze, peering with watery eyes into the palms of small waves patting the river. (4) What did he see now in this shallow water? (5) What was he thinking? (6) Until recently, he still knew that he had won great victories, that he had managed to break free from the captivity of old theories and discovered new laws of naval combat, that he had created more than one invincible squadron, had brought up many glorious commanders and crews of warships. (7) But hardly ten years have passed since his resignation, and they tried to forget about him in the imperial palace, and in the Admiralty, and in the headquarters of the fleets and naval schools. (8) So Fyodor Fedorovich Ushakov, a disgraced Russian naval commander, who was forgotten by the authorities and naval commanders here, in the center of Russia, in the Tambov region, ended his life. (9) He spent forty campaigns, in no battle was he defeated. (10) The brilliant victories of the Russian fleet under his command made the name of Fyodor Ushakov legendary. (11) But few people remembered this then in Russia ... (12) Contemporaries often do not notice the talent, genius, prophet in their environment. (13) They cannot, and if we recall history, they do not want to highlight the outstanding, superior abilities of their neighbors. (14) They speak with irritation of such a person, elevating him, at best, to the category of eccentrics and lucky people ... (15) The sounds of that day mixed in him, swam one over the other, forcing him to shudder and look around. (16) He recalled long campaigns and battles. (17) His eyes were open, but his gaze wandered somewhere out there, along the distant roadsteads, bays and harbors, stumbled upon the fortress walls and coastal reefs. (18) The wind came running, trying to wrap up, swaddle the lonely admiral, and he pushed him aside with his hand, trying to delay the vision of the past. (According to V. Ganichev)
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Algorithm of reasoning: 1. Qualify each term from the list according to the classification of means of expression (lexico-phraseological, syntactic, general special: tropes and rhetorical figures; sound writing). 2. Pay attention to the clue words in the text of the assignment: ... with the help of such a syntactic means of expressiveness, such a trope, etc. 3. If you choose a trope as an answer, remember that it should be based on a figurative meaning.
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Completion of task B8 from the demo version - 2009 Unified State Exam in Russian.
Sample reasoning. In task B8 of the demo version, the phrase "syntactic means" is used twice, therefore, it is clear that the answer cannot contain a term related to lexical and phraseological means of expression. Having made a simple analysis, it is easy to determine that V. Ganichev recalls the legendary Admiral Ushakov, using the following syntactic means of expression: interrogative sentences (sentences 4, 5), and the inversion - “lucky people” in sentence 14, “his eyes” in sentence 17.
Analysis of the remaining examples will help to carry out the following reasoning, if we have a trope, then the word should not have a direct, but a figurative meaning. If the meaning of the words is direct, then it is most likely a syntactic tool. Therefore, “a talent, a genius, a prophet in his environment” is a series of homogeneous members (there is no figurative meaning in the words of this series), but “the palms of the waves”; “The wind came running, trying to wrap up, swaddle the admiral” - trope, from the proposed list we can easily determine that this is a kind of metaphor - personification.
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2. Which of the following means of artistic expression are used in the first three paragraphs? Write the serial numbers of these funds. 1) expressive repetition; 2) rows of homogeneous members; 3) detailed comparisons; 4) newspaper and journalistic phraseology; 5) colloquial syntactic constructions. (1) What is culture, why is it needed? (2) What is culture as a value system? (3) What is the purpose of the broad liberal arts education that has always been our tradition? (4) After all, it is no secret to anyone that our education system, for all its vices, is one of the best, if not the best in the world. (5) I keep repeating that the phenomenon of "Russian brains" is not ethnobiological, that it owes its existence to this broad humanitarian basis of our education, I repeat the famous words of Einstein that Dostoevsky gives him more than mathematics. (6) Recently someone - I do not remember who - said: if we had not taught literature, there would be no rockets, no Queen, or much else. (7) I am convinced that Russian literature, Russian culture supported us in the war: “Wait for me” by Simonov, “In the dugout” by Surkov, the same “Terkin” ... (8) And Shostakovich's Seventh Symphony - it also helped Leningrad to survive ! (V. Nepomniachtchi)
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After rereading the text and remembering what expressive repetition is, rows of homogeneous members, detailed comparisons, newspaper and journalistic phraseology, colloquial syntactic constructions, we see expressive repetition in the 1st and 2nd sentences (What is culture), rows of homogeneous members (in 6 –7 sentences), newspaper and journalistic phraseological units (our education system is the best in the world - (4), the phenomenon of "Russian brains" - (5) and, finally, colloquial syntactic constructions (6, 4, 1). Therefore, the answer : 1, 2, 4, 5.
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3. Which three of the following means of expression are used in the following sentences? Write the numbers of these expressive means. 1) rhetorical appeal; 2) expressive repetition; 3) comparative turnover; 4) syntactic parallelism; 5) antithesis. (13) Excavations and research on the territory of our country show that at all times many different peoples with different languages, religions, cultures, anthropological appearance lived here. (14) The mixing of languages, races, cultures went on for many centuries. (15) And this confusion was everywhere. (17) There is not a single "pure" race on the planet, there is not a single language that has not experienced the influence of another language, related or unrelated. (18) There is not a single “culture in its pure form”; the process of exchanging ideas and inventions began many thousands of years ago. (19) A study of ancient history leads to the conclusion that all people on Earth are equal. (20) There are no higher and lower races, there are no "cultural" and "barbaric" languages, there are no "completely independent" and "completely borrowed" cultures. (21) For primitive man, “people” were only members of his tribe. (22) All others were enemies or evil demons. (23) To the Greeks, all non-Greeks were barbarians. (24) For Christians, all non-Christians were pagans, for Muslims, those who did not follow the commandments of the prophet Muhammad were "unfaithful." (25) For Europeans in the eighteenth and even nineteenth centuries, the rest of humanity was a bunch of savages. (26) For us, people of the XXI century, who know their past, every person on the globe belongs to a single family - humanity. (According to A. Kondratov)
Answer: 2, 4, 5
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4. (1) Earth is a cosmic body, and we are astronauts making a very long flight around the Sun, together with the Sun across the infinite Universe. (2) The life support system on our beautiful ship is so ingenious that it constantly renews itself and thus enables billions of passengers to travel over millions of years. (H) It is difficult to imagine astronauts flying on a ship through outer space, deliberately destroying a complex and delicate life support system designed for a long flight. (4) But gradually, consistently, with amazing irresponsibility, we are putting this life support system out of action, poisoning rivers, cutting down forests, spoiling the World Ocean. (5) If, on a small spacecraft, astronauts fidgetily cut the wires, unscrew the screws, drill holes in the casing, then this will have to be qualified as suicide. (6) But there is no fundamental difference between a small ship and a large one. (7) It's only a matter of size and time. (8) Humanity, in my opinion, is a kind of disease of the planet. 9) They are wound up, multiply, teeming with microscopic, on a planetary, and even more so on a universal scale of being. (10) They accumulate in one place, and deep ulcers and various growths immediately appear on the body of the earth. (11) One has only to bring a drop of harmful (from the point of view of land and nature) culture into the green fur coat of the forest (a team of lumberjacks, one barrack, two tractors) - and now a characteristic, symptomatic, painful spot spreads from this place. (12) They scurry, multiply, do their job, eating up the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning rivers and oceans with their poisonous substances, the very atmosphere of the Earth. (13) Unfortunately, notions such as silence, the possibility of solitude and intimate communication of a person with nature, with the beauty of our land, turn out to be just as vulnerable as the biosphere, just as defenseless against the pressure of the so-called technical progress. (14) On the one hand, a person, twitched by the inhuman rhythm of modern life, crowding, a huge flow of artificial information, weaned himself off spiritual communication with the outside world, on the other hand, this outside world itself is brought into such a state that sometimes does not invite a person to spiritual communication with him. (15) It is not known how this original disease called humanity will end for the planet. (16) Will the Earth have time to develop some kind of antidote? (According to V. Soloukhin)
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AT 8. Read the fragment of the review based on the text that you analyzed for tasks A29 - A31, B1 - B7. This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some of the terms used in the review are missing. Insert the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list in the spaces of the blanks. If you do not know which number from the list should be in the place of the pass, write the number O. from the first cell. “The first two sentences of the text use a trope such as ___________. This image of the "cosmic body" and "cosmonauts" is key to understanding the author's position. Discussing how humanity behaves in relation to its home, V. Soloukhin comes to the conclusion that "humanity is a disease of the planet." ____________ ("scurry, multiply, do their job, eating up the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning rivers and oceans with their poisonous substances, the very atmosphere of the Earth") convey the negative deeds of man. The use of ___________ in the text (sentences 8, 13, 14) emphasizes that the author is far from indifferent to everything said. Used in the 15th sentence ___ "original" gives the reasoning a sad ending, which ends with a question. " List of terms: 1) epithet; 2) litota; 3) introductory words and plug-in constructions; 4) irony; 5) a detailed metaphor; 6) parceling; 7) question-answer form of presentation; 8) dialectism; 9) homogeneous members of the sentence.
Answer: 5,9,3,1
Slide 47
Text for analysis. Scream. (1) It was a warm, clear autumn day, everywhere in the air a soft pinkish haze was poured, leaves fell from the poplars, flew, glided along the asphalt of the pavement, flashed past the walls of houses on a narrow Moscow street warmed up in Indian summer. (2) In this quiet corner, up to the hubs, the wheels of cars were buried in the rustling heaps of autumn gold, as if abandoned by the owners and sadly standing in long solitude along the side of the road, dry leaves lay on the wings, on the radiators, gathered in piles on the windshields. (3) I walked, listened to the crunch under my feet and thought: “How good is the feeling of this quiet day and how good the late sunny autumn is - its breeze, its wine smell, its leaves on the sidewalks and cars, its warmth and its mountain freshness .. . ”(4) Where is the answer to this mystery? (5) I have never noticed how good nature is in its renewal and loss. (6) Yes, yes, everything is natural, wonderful! .. (7) And suddenly ... (8) It seemed to me: somewhere a woman was screaming, it was in the house, over these deserted sidewalks, lonely cars covered with leaves. (9) I shuddered, stopped, raised my head, looking at the windows, lit by the sun, pierced by an unexpected terrible cry of pain, suffering, as if there, on the upper floors of an ordinary Moscow house, they were torturing a man, forcing him to writhe, wriggle in torment under a hot iron ... (10) They were all the same, these windows were already tightly closed in the pre-winter way. (11) The woman's scream either died down above, or grew with an inhuman scream, squeal and sobs of the last despair, which happens before the cold of nothingness and the abyss ... (12) What was there? (13) Who tortured her? (14) Why? (15) Why did she cry so terribly? (16) And all the beautiful faded in me: and the blessed Moscow leaf fall, and the light of an autumn day, and the emotion of the natural beautiful time of Indian summer. (17) Happiness suddenly turned into a burning (s) ... (18) It seemed that humanity itself was screaming from unbearable pain, having lost the feeling of the great and only good of all that exists - the joy of its unique existence. (According to Yu. Bondarev)
Slide 48
AT 8. Read the fragment of the review based on the text that you analyzed in assignments A28-A30, B1-B7. This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some of the terms used in the review are missing. Insert the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list in the spaces of the blanks. If you do not know which number from the list should be in place of the gap, write the number 0. “Compositionally, the text is divided into two parts, opposed to each other. In the first, Yu. Bondarev, conveying the hero's “affection” by the “beautiful time of Indian summer,” uses (...) “soft pink haze”, “wine smell” (autumn), “sunny autumn”), (..) (“in the rustling heaps of autumn gold ") and (..) (" leaves ... gathered in heaps "," the nature of good "). At the end of the first part, the feeling of admiration intensifies: the author uses (..) (sentence 4). At the end of the text, the author, on the other hand, shows a hero suffering from the thought of the imperfection of human existence, a hero experiencing a feeling of despair from the impossibility of helping the unfortunate woman, and this is conveyed with the help of a rhetorical figure (..) (sentence 16). " List of terms: 1) parcel; 2) rhetorical exclamation; 3) emotional repetition; 4) metaphor; 5) multi-union; 6) epithets; 7) impersonation; 8) anaphora; a rhetorical question.
Answer: 6,4,7,9,5
Slide 49
Demonstration version of the exam 2010
(1) Private Fedoseyev, a telephone operator, appeared at the battery with good news: he himself saw how the Nazis were driven out of Krasnaya Polyana. (2) Now it was easy to guess that the battery was about to be transferred to another area. (3) The lieutenant decided to take advantage of this. (4) I saw the political officer and asked for permission, while the battery was changing positions, he and the young telephone operator Fedoseev should go to the city: the guy had never seen Moscow. - (5) At the expense of the allotted time I will allow, - said the political officer strictly. - (6) In fact, it is useless for a defender of Moscow not to see Moscow! (7) We got out by alleys and lanes on Dmitrovskoe shosse, then took a tram to the Sokol metro station, entered an almost invisible door enveloped in frosty steam. (8) Fedoseev was disappointed that there were no escalators at the station, but he liked everything in the carriage. (9) Unexpectedly quickly we reached the Revolution Square. (10) The Muscovite lieutenant said that she was in the very center of the city. (11) Time to get out. (12) Fedoseev very hesitantly stepped onto the escalator. (13) Everything was new for him in the underground floor of Moscow. (14) "Stand to the right, walk to the left, do not put walking sticks, umbrellas and suitcases." (15) Those who come down to meet them along the next escalator, just from the cold - are ruddy, especially girls ... (16) But here again a hard floor underfoot.
Slide 50
(17) They crossed the square, walked past Stereokino, past the Central Children's Theater, stood at Sverdlov Square. (18) The facade of the Bolshoi Theater, familiar to Fedoseev from photographs and newsreels, is unrecognizable. (19) The entire top is covered with two decorations: a two-story house on the left, a grove to the right. (20) The lieutenant explained that it was camouflage. (21) We went to Red Square, and Fedoseyev was accompanied by the feeling that he was walking in familiar places. (22) The lieutenant promised to show Minin and Pozharsky, the people's militias of old Russia, but the monument was laid with sandbags. (23) But Pushkin, whom they soon reached, was not covered by anything: he was standing with his head uncovered, his bronze shoulders were covered with snow. (24) The lieutenant was seriously worried. (25) True, an airborne balloon is looming in the ashen sky, but still ... (26) We reached the Arbat along the boulevards and slowly returned to Revolution Square. (27) We went down to the metro for the second time: there is time to ride, inspect the underground palaces. (28) Fedoseev liked the "Mayakovskaya" station with steel columns, liked the "Red Gate" - red and white slabs under his feet. (29) In a huge bomb shelter, which became the Moscow metro, its own way of life took shape. (30) At the Arbatskaya station, on the service door, there is a sign “For women in labor”. (31) A branch of the Public Historical Library worked at the Kurskaya station: it was opened when the trains stopped moving. (32) Fedoseev was imbued with respect for underground readers: they study during the hours of air raid! (33) The joy of recognizing the new big city possessed the telephone operator. (34) This feeling is sharper in a person who has not traveled much and lived somewhere in a bear's corner. (35) And pride grew more and more in Fedoseev's heart: not everyone had a chance to defend the capital of such a country. (36) But every soldier, wherever he fought, defended the capital. (37) He had something to defend! (According to E. Vorobyov)
Slide 51
B8 “In order to transfer the reader to military Moscow, E. Vorobyov uses such a lexical means as _____ (“ camouflage ”,“ transfer ”, etc.). The author is stingy with detailed descriptions. His speech is more like a laconic report; from syntactic means, non-union sentences and _____ (sentence 17) are most often used. The more expressive are the rare tropes that convey the emotional state of the characters: _____ (“in the ashen sky” in sentence 25) and _____ (“pride grew in the heart” in sentence 35). " List of terms: 1) epithet; 2) rows of homogeneous members; 3) irony; 4) metaphor; 5) professional vocabulary; 6) dialecticism; 7) antithesis; 8) comparative turnover; 9) rhetorical appeal.
INTERACTIVE TABLE
IMPRESSIVE - EXPRESSIVE LANGUAGE
Russian language and literature teacher
MOU "SOSH" No. 73, Saratov
Rodina Zhanna Gennadievna
Slide 3 - the use of triggers in an interactive table illustrating the expressiveness of the language. (CLICK HEADER THEN SUBTITLES) Slide 4 - Using Triggers in an Interactive Table Illustrating the Trail Types. (PRESS THE HEADER 2 TIMES) Slide 5 - Using triggers in an interactive table illustrating the types of trails. (PRESS THE HEADER 2 TIMES) Slide 6-14 - Using Triggers in an Interactive Spreadsheet illustrating some examples of tropes and speech patterns. (PRESS ONE TITLE)
annotation
Visual and expressive means
in Russian speech
Figures of speech
(From Old Greek τρόπος - turnover) -
words and expressions,
used by
figuratively with a purpose
to enhance the imagery of the language,
artistic
expressiveness of speech.
Term rhetoric and stylistics,
denoting turns of speech,
which change
emotional
coloring of the offer.
Figures of speech often
used in poetry.
Metaphors
Comparison
Impersonation
Hyperbola
Metonymy
Synecdoche
Periphrase
Allegory
SPEECH FIGURES
Antithesis
Oxymoron
Syntactic concurrency
Asyndeton
Gradation
Inversion
Multi-Union
A rhetorical question
A figurative characteristic of a person, phenomenon or object through an expressive metaphorical adjective.
... Evening dawn dresses the peaks of the mountains with a pale blush ... Pointed scales glisten on it with a Silver tint ...
M. Lermontov
metaphor
A metaphor is a covert comparison based on similarity. (There are no comparative unions.)
"A fire of red mountain ash is burning in the garden."
"In crimson and gold-clad forests."
"The amber of the maple leaf glistens in the sun."
PERSONALIZATION
A kind of metaphor is the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects, concepts.
Everything around is tired: tired and the color of the heavens, And the wind, and the river, and the month that was born, And the night, and in the greenery of the dull sleeping forest ... A. Fet
metonymy
Metonymy is the transfer of a name from one subject to another according to their similarity.
"The hat disappeared into the crowd"
(instead of the word "man" - "hat")
"You led swords to a plentiful feast ..."
("Swords" are warriors)
"Roses in Crystal"
(This does not mean a piece of crystal, but a crystal vase).
SYNECDOCHE
Synecdoche is a kind of metonymy. Based on value transfer by quantitative sign.
Even the bird does not fly to him.
And the beast will not find ...
A. Pushkin
And it was heard until dawn, How the Frenchman was jubilant.
M. Lermontov
oxymoron
Oxymoron is a combination in the image or phenomenon of incompatible concepts.
He, an exile, experienced sweet torment when he returned to Russia.
Anxious and joyful expectation was replaced in him by calm confidence in the future.
N. Krivtsov
Syntactic concurrency
Parallelism is the same construction of neighboring sentences.
I called you, but you did not look back.
I shed tears, but you did not descend ...
A. Block
parceling
Stylistic method of dismembering a phrase in a poetic work into parts or even into separate words.
When the creator delivers us
From their hats! cheptsov! and studs! and pins! And bookshops and biscuit shops!
(A. Griboyedov).
I am happy with love. Immensely. Irrevocably.
gradation
This is a technique for pumping up synonyms to achieve the effect of the greatest expressiveness. Synonyms are arranged in ascending order.
... How has it not occurred to him that this is an optical illusion, a hallucination, a mirage?
Trails - turns of speech or words in a figurative sense. The tropes are based on comparison.
- Paths help the author to show a phenomenon or an image brightly, uniquely, visually;
- enrich the perception of the world, show phenomena from a new, unexpected side;
- reflect the author's personal view of the world, help to feel the author's position.
synecdoche
impersonation
metonymy
metaphor
comparison
hyperbola
allegory
paraphrase
Comparison: the comparison of objects or phenomena in the presence of a common essential feature.
What ways do you find to create comparisons?
- The river is like a steel mirror.
- The forest stands silently, motionless, as if peering somewhere with its tops or waiting for something. (A. Chekhov).
- The sunset lay with a crimson fire (A. Akhmatova).
- Under it is a stream of lighter blue (M. Lermontov).
- The sky seems to be a stone vault (A. Akhmatova).
What is the function of comparison in text?
- Comparison, bringing together different phenomena, helps to feel their deep, sometimes completely implicit relationship. The image becomes more precise, embossed, capacious, filled with semantic shades and halftones.
Metaphor (from Greek - transfer)
What is a metaphor? Observe examples of comparison, metaphor and epithet and try to define a metaphor, feel its peculiarity:
- river as a mirror (comparison);
- mirror river (epithet);
- mirror of the river (metaphor).
- Metaphor is a hidden comparison ; transfer of meaning from one subject to another by similarity.
What do poets talk about?
- "Slower than the snow hive";
- "Fragments of stars fall to the ground";
- "Frosty breath of winter";
- "To the white stars in the blizzard
Geranium flowers stretch
For the sash. "
- "And in a patched cloak
The firmament descends to the ground. "
Metaphor allows us to make the artistic image the most expressive, sharply individual, helps us to "see", to present it
What do you see as you read these lines?
- A fire of red mountain ash is burning in the garden,
But he cannot warm anyone.
(S. Yesenin);
- Empty heavens transparent glass.
(A. Akhmatova);
The metaphor helps to feel the state of the hero, his mental attitude
What state of mind is the lyrical hero in?
I'm on the first snow raving,
In the heart there are lilies of the valley of bursting forces,
Evening with a blue candle star
I lit it over my dear.
(S. Yesenin)
Allegory: allegory, reflection of an abstract concept through a concrete image.
- Look at the allegorical sculptural images and think - why is it necessary to reflect an abstract concept through a specific image?
At the heart of the largest Peterhof fountain - "Samson tearing the mouth of a lion" - is the myth about the hero of Old Testament legends, the strong man Samson. The sculpture was created in the year of the 25th anniversary of the Battle of Poltava. The image of Samson personified Peter the Great and the Russian army, and the lion - the defeated Swedes, whose state emblem depicts a lion.
Check yourself:
- An abstract, abstract concept, being expressed in a concrete figurative form, becomes visible, understandable, its inner essence is revealed.
symbol
- A polysemantic image that connects different plans of the reproduced reality on the basis of their essential commonality.
Symbol assumes a plurality of interpretations, expands the associative plan of the statement, thereby enriching its content.
What can symbolize the image of the sea, created
Ivan Aivazovsky?
Metonymy (from Greek - renaming) - transferring values by contiguity of phenomena
- drink a glass of wine(from content to containing) ;
- hey hat stop(from a person to his clothes );
- all Alsace gathered(from residents to settlement );
- read all of Shakespeare; late Block; early Yesenin(from the work addressed to the author ).
For what purpose is metonymy used?
- The purpose of metonymy is to highlight the main, the most important in this case and to present the highlighted in a vivid, tangible form.
Synecdoche (from Greek "correlation")
What is related to what and by what principle?
- And it was heard before dawn how the Frenchman was jubilant (M. Lermontov); Swede, Russian stabs, chops, cuts (M. Lermontov).
- The whole army is associated with one soldier, its representative; the plural is denoted by the singular;
- All flags will visit us (A. Pushkin)
- the country as a whole is designated through its state flag;
- Strengthen the fight of fearless hearts (A. Fet)
- a person is related to his heart, which in this case is for the poet the main, most essential feature of a person.
Synecdoche is ...
- A special case of metonymy: transferring a meaning from an integer to its part, from a plural to a singular.
- Just like metonymy, it highlights the essential, meaningful for the author, creates a vivid image
Let's repeat:
- How are they related:
- What's the Difference:
metaphor
metonymy
synecdoche
allegory
impersonation
- Transfer of human properties to inanimate objects or phenomena.
We know how amazing personifications are in Russian literature. They reflect not only the brightness of the artistic image, but also a certain worldview of the poet, his view of the world.
Feel this perception of the world in the poetic texts of Sergei Yesenin: how does the poet comprehend the relationship between man and nature?
The road thought about the red evening,
Rowan bushes are foggy in depth.
Hut-old woman with the jaw of the threshold
Chews the fragrant crumb of silence.
Autumn cold, tenderly and meekly
The haze creeps to the oatmeal;
Through the blue glass, a yellow-haired lad
Shines eyes on the tick game.
Impersonation helps to feel the spirituality of the surrounding world, the relationship between man and nature, the fine line between the living and the inanimate, revealing the conventionality of the very concept of "inanimate".
Take a look at the life of nature in these pictures and formulate one phrase that would reveal the functionality of impersonation:
hyperbola
- Exaggeration:
- Strengthens essential, significant properties, signs of a phenomenon, object or action.
For what purposes is the hyperbola used in the following examples?
- Sits cute on the porch
With an expression on my face
And the darling has a face
Takes up the entire porch.
- in one hundred and forty suns the sunset blazed (V. Mayakovsky ).
- Strong exaggeration, leading to the depicted in the realm of fantasy, conventions.
- A fantastic exaggeration of a sign or phenomenon that is significant for the author helps to show its essence, sometimes hidden from a superficial glance.
litotes
- Diminution:
the waist is in no way thicker than a bottle neck (Gogol).
- Litota helps to create a visible, memorable image, to convey an author's attitude or feeling.
Why do you think we have designed the interconnection of these paths in this way in our diagram:
hyperbola
comparison
periphrase (periphrase)
- Descriptive expression; replacing a one-word name with a descriptive turnover:
- It was not just an eagle - this proud and slightly haughty creature could not be better described as "king of birds";
- I love you, my damask dagger,
The comrade is light and cold.
A pensive Georgian forged you for revenge,
A free Circassian sharpened for a formidable battle.
(M.Lermontov)
What image of autumn in the paintings of I. Levitan corresponds to the periphery: sad time, charm of the eyes (A. Pushkin)?
What is periphrase used for?
- What is the function of the periphery in this text?
- A cute creature jumped out onto the porch - a small lapdog puppy with black eyes and a funny tail, who never knew rest. As it turned out right away, this “cutest creature” gnawed the owner's favorite shoes in a week and grabbed the guest slippers.
- The periphery reveals the author's attitude to the depicted; creates a bright, unique image; indicates the essential in this case, important for the author properties, qualities, signs.
Irony(from Greek "pretense")
Read these examples and tell me why irony is "pretense"?
- split off, clever, you are wandering, head ("clever head" is an appeal to a donkey in Krylov's fable).
- “The peace was of a certain kind, for the hotel was also of a certain kind, that is, exactly the same as there are hotels in provincial cities, where for two rubles a day those passing through get a quiet room with cockroaches looking out like prunes from all corners, and a door to the neighboring room, where the neighbor settles, is a silent and calm person, but extremely curious, interested in knowing about all the details of the person passing by ”(N. Gogol).
What is irony and what does it serve?
- The use of a word or expression in the opposite sense of the literal one.
- Irony emphasizes the author's ridicule, reveals hidden disharmony, illogicality of the phenomenon. The highest degree of irony - sarcasm - caustic, bitter mockery, revealing the author's rejection.
epithet - an artistic definition that creates a memorable, vivid image that reveals the uniqueness of the author's view of the world.
Choose epithets for the word "river", reflecting the uniqueness of the pictorial image in each picture:
The epithet gives imagery and emotionality to the expression
Find epithets in the text and justify your choice:
I remember an early, fresh, quiet morning. I remember a large, all golden, dried up and thinned garden, I remember maple alleys, the delicate scent of fallen leaves and - the smell of Antonov apples, the smell of honey and autumn freshness. The air is so clean, as if it is not there at all. Voices and carts creak throughout the garden.
(I. Bunin)
To repeat: comment on the generalizing scheme of the tropes, but first try to remember it.
Shapes are special forms of syntactic constructions built on special combinations of words
- Shapes enhance the impact of speech on the reader;
- emphasize the logic of presentation, act as a means of communication between sentences;
- give the text clarity, emotionality;
- highlight the most important in the content.
Combinations of words
replay-based
Combinations of words
ratio-based
values
repeat
antithesis
increased emotional
nality, priv-
attention treatment
oxymoron
epiphora
anaphora
rhetorical
question
gradation
parallelism
default
rhetorical
exclamation
rows of homogeneous
members
inversion
rhetorical
appeal
ellipsis
multiunion
asyndeton
parceling
repeat (lexical repetition)
- Significant repetition of one word or phrase throughout a line or adjacent lines:
Shine, shine, farewell light
Last love, evening dawn.
(F. Tyutchev)
- The repetition emphasizes a word that is significant for the author, forcing the reader to ponder over its semantic content; creates a rhythm, "pulsation" of the line.
Are the functions of repetition the same in fiction and nonfiction texts?
Melo, swept all over the earth,
To all limits.
A candle burned on the table
The candle was on fire.
(B. Pasternak)
For each person, his time is a mystery, a nebula, a chaotic concatenation of random events, in which a pattern is only guessed, and history gives us the opportunity, having discovered something in the past, arranging events in a logical chain, to see the regular in the random, in the particular - the manifestation of the general , in the separate - its connection with the whole.
Historical process appears exactly process, having a beginning in the past and continuing in the present.
anaphora
- Monotony; repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of sentences (lines):
August - asters
August - the stars
August - bunches
Grapes and rowan
Rusty - August.
(M. Tsvetaeva).
What does anaphora help us to understand in the feeling of the lyric hero A. Fet?
Only in the world is there that shady
Dormant Maple Tents.
Only in the world is there that radiant
Childish pensive gaze.
Only in the world is there that fragrant
Cute head piece.
Only in the world is this pure
Running parting to the left.
What is anaphora for?
- Anaphora creates a special melody of the line, emphasizes, over and over again naming at the beginning of sentences, something meaningful to the author.
epiphora
- Repetition of words or phrases at the end of sentences (lines):
I would like to know why I titular counselor ? Why exactly titular counselor ?
(N. Gogol)
- The epiphora, just like the anaphora, creates the melody of the line, reveals the special semantic content of repeated words.
parallelism (syntactic parallelism)
- What is the originality of the construction of the following lines?
In cherished amulets we do not wear on the chest,
We don't compose poems about her,
She does not disturb our bitter sleep,
Doesn't seem like a promised paradise
We do not make it in our soul
The subject of purchase and sale,
Sick, in distress, dumb on her,
We don't even remember her.
(A. Akhmatova "Native Land")
Concurrency is ... Continue the phrase.
- The same syntactic structure of adjacent phrases, the parallel arrangement of similar members of the sentence in them.
- Parallelism serves the rhythmic-intonational organization of the line, reveals the interconnection of phenomena.
multiunion
- Meaningful, intentional repetition of conjunctions in one sentence:
And deity and inspiration,
And life, and tears, and love.
(A. Pushkin)
- Repetitive alliances either connect phenomena, revealing their kinship, equal size, or divide, split, emphasizing selectivity, uniqueness.
asyndeton
- Non-union emphasizes the isolation of individual words, phrases, and therefore of phenomena, however, this isolation still means their internal connection, interdependence. All these are the facets of something single.
About valor, about exploits, about glory
I was forgetting on a woeful land
When your face is plainly framed
Before me shone on the table.
(A. Blok)
ranks of homogeneous members
- Use of homogeneous members meaningful for creating an image or expression of the author's thought.
- Rows of homogeneous members help to convey the completeness, detail of the depicted world (if subjects or additions turn out to be homogeneous); its dynamics (with homogeneous predicates), versatility (with homogeneous definitions).
Why did Isaac Levitan need rows of homogeneous members to express his thoughts?
Look at the best pictures of Savrasov, for example, "The Rooks Have Arrived." What is its plot? The outskirts of a provincial town, an old church, a rickety fence, a field, melting snow and in the foreground a few birches on which rooks have flown in — and that's all! What simplicity! But behind this simplicity, you feel the soft, good soul of the artist, to whom all this is dear and close to his heart.
Antithesis - contrast, contrast
Two poets - two poetic passages - two different uses of the antithesis. What are the similarities and differences in the function of this figure?
- Who is made of stone, who is made of clay
– And I am silver and sparkle.
(M. Tsvetaeva)
- You and wretched
You are abundant
You and mighty
You are powerless
Mother Russia!
(A. Nekrasov)
Let's conclude about the functionality of the antithesis:
- The antithesis gives the statement a special inner energy, emphasizes the non-fusion, inconsistency of objects or phenomena, thereby revealing in this opposition their uniqueness, originality. However, it can also be used to reveal the internal inconsistency of a holistic phenomenon.
Oxymoron - connection in one phrase of incompatible
- Why is it necessary to connect the incompatible? What kind of image is created by oxymoron?
- snow fire (A. Blok)
- sad joy (S. Yesenin )
- The oxymoron emphasizes the unusualness of the author's vision, reveals the internal plasticity of a phenomenon capable of combining mutually exclusive features.
gradation
- Arrangement of words in ascending (or decreasing) significance:
I do not regret, do not call, do not cry…
(S. Yesenin)
- Strengthens the various shades of one feeling, more and more increases the emotionality and internal expression of the statement.
default (default shape) - suddenly cut off statement
- Observe the texts and suppose what can be hidden behind this "eloquent" ellipsis?
Shagane you are mine, Shagane! There, in the north, the girl too.
Every house is alien to me, every temple is empty to me,
And everything is the same, and everything is one.
But if there is a bush on the way
Rises, especially - rowan ...
(M. Tsvetaeva)
She looks terribly like you.
Maybe he is thinking about me ...
(S. Yesenin)
What is the default shape used for?
- Silence provides the reader with an opportunity to guess what could have been discussed in a suddenly cut off statement, to feel the author's attitude to the depicted, author's feelings.
parceling
- Observe the text and tell me what parceling is and what is its function?
In everything I want to reach
to the very essence.
At work, in search of a way,
in a heartfelt turmoil.
Until the essence of the days passed,
to their cause.
To the foundations, to the roots,
to the core.
(B. Pasternak)
Check yourself:
- Parceling is the separation of a member from the proposal and its registration in the form of an independent incomplete proposal. Setting a point where it should not be. Breaking a sentence with a point that brings certain members of the sentence into a new sentence.
- Parcelling, dividing what is not subject to division in ordinary speech, knocks down the inertia of the reader's perception, makes one think about each link separately, realize its deep meaning and "self".
ellipsis
- Omitting any implied term in a sentence:
I will look into the sky with eyes - stars,
I'll look into your eyes - the stars.
(V. Kurdyumov)
In the middle of the room is a huge tiled stove,
Each tile has a picture
And in the only window - snow, snow, snow.
(M. Tsvetaeva)
- Ellipsis brings special expression, internal energy, dynamism; the torn, shortened line creates a sense of the ripple of the author's feeling.
inversion
- Reverse word order:
And it was heard until dawn, how jubilant Frenchman (predicate + subject);
on the sunset you pink similar (defined word + definition).
- Inversion always carries intonation and semantic stress, emphasizing the word that is most important for the author.
a rhetorical question
- A question that is asked in order to attract the attention of the listener and often does not imply an answer.
- What does a rhetorical question serve in a literary text?
Do you know, for example, what a pleasure it is to leave in the spring before dawn? You go out onto the porch. Stars blink here and there in the dark gray sky; a damp breeze occasionally comes in a light wave; the restrained, indistinct whisper of the night is heard ...
(I. Turgenev)
What is a rhetorical question used in a publicistic text?
Observe the text:
What are the functions of a rhetorical question?
- The rhetorical question serves to reveal the logic of the statement,
- is a means of connecting different thoughts,
- reveals the logic of the author's thinking,
- attracts the attention of the reader, as if inviting him to think about a very important problem for the author.
rhetorical exclamation
- A figure that increases the emotional level of speech:
Long live the sun
Let the darkness hide!
(A. Pushkin)
And meanwhile the dawn flares up; now golden stripes have stretched across the sky, vapors swirl in the ravines; the larks are singing loudly, the pre-dawn wind has blown - and the crimson sun is quietly rising. The light will pour out like a stream; your heart will flutter in you like a bird. Fresh, fun, love!
(I. Turgenev)
- Rhetorical exclamation gives great energy to the author's statement, enhances the expression of his feelings, their impact on the reader.
rhetorical address
- An underlined reference to someone or something.
Oh first lily of the valley! From under the snow
You ask for the sun's rays;
What a virgin bliss
In your fragrant purity!
(A. Fet)
- Expresses the author's attitude, attracts attention. The possibility of recalling the one who is being contacted is not assumed.
Remember the system of figures, explain their relationship
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Unified State Exam Task B8: Read the text-based fragment of the review. Consider the language features of this text. Insert the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list in the spaces of the blanks. To complete this task in the examination paper, you must: know the definition of language means; be able to find these paths in the text; understand their role in the text. Figurative and expressive means of language (different terms are used) paths of the figure of speech means of artistic expression Next Previous
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The purpose of the presentation: to summarize the knowledge of students; check the formation of the ability to detect in the source text the most common means of expressiveness that were encountered when analyzing the text in the lessons of the Russian language and literature; help school teachers explain this complex topic at different levels of education. Next Back
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Scope of the material In grades 5-8 at the lessons of the Russian language and literature (at the stage of acquaintance with the paths) In grades 9-11 at the lessons of the Russian language and literature when analyzing texts of different styles (at the stage of repetition) at the lessons of the Russian language and literature ( the stage of systematization of knowledge about the language means of the Russian language, preparation for the exam, mini exam)
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Preparation for the exam. Task B8. Paths Test Yourself Means of Speech Home
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Means of speech Paths personification of the epithet of comparison antithesis of sound writing a) alliteration b) assonance metaphor inversion anaphora of epiphora hyperbole lithota metonymy oxymoron periphrasis (a) synecdoche parcellation period gradation Lexical antonym synonym dialectism colloquial words outdated words colloquial vocabulary synthesized vocabulary emotionally-colloquial words rows of homogeneous members plug-in constructions clarifying the main sentences incomplete sentences rhetorical appeal rhetorical question
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Impersonation is the transfer of the image of human traits to inanimate objects and phenomena. Autumn waved her magic brush, Light crimson veil. (S. Petrosyan) The wind is crying outside the window, The wind rushes and groans And drives the Golden leaves with an invisible wing. (K. Feofanov) Find the personification. Autumn waved its magic brush, Covered the foliage with a light crimson. (S. Petrosyan) The wind is crying outside the window, The wind rushes and groans And drives the Golden leaves with an invisible wing. (K. Feofanov)
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An epithet is a figurative definition that gives an object an additional artistic characteristic. What are the epithets? The forest, like a painted tower, Lilac, gold, crimson. Stands above the sunny glade, spellbound by the silence. (I. Bunin) The forest is like a painted one, Purple, gold, crimson. Stands above the sunny glade, spellbound by the silence. (I. Bunin)
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Comparison is a direct comparison of one object or phenomenon with another for some reason. A dark spruce forest with snow, like fur, Was covered with gray frosts, In sparkles of frost, as if in diamonds, Birch trees dozed, bending over. Did the poet find good comparisons? A dark spruce forest with snow, like fur, Was covered with gray frosts, In sparkles of frost, as if in diamonds, Birch trees dozed, bending over.
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Antithesis is opposition. Still the sight of the earth is sad, And the air is already breathing in the spring. What is the role of the antithesis? Still the sight of the earth is sad, And the air is already breathing in the spring.
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Sound writing is a special selection of sounds that helps to sound a picture. ... You can barely hear the reeds rustling noiselessly. (K. D. Balmont). What associations does sound selection in a line cause? Hush, mice, the cat is on the roof, And the kittens are even higher. I love the thunderstorm in early May, When the first spring thunder, As if frolicking and playing, Rumbles in the blue sky. ... Slightly audible, noiselessly rustling mice. (K. D. Balmont). Hush, mice, the cat is on the roof, And the kittens are even higher. I love the thunderstorm in early May, When the first spring thunder, As if frolicking and playing, Rumbles in the blue sky.
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Alliteration Assonance is a repetition of the same consonants. - repetition of the same vowel sounds. Under the ice, the brook gurgled, Ranged everything around, Thinly tinkled the icicle, Crashing under the window. (A. Tvardovsky) What sounds are repeated? What is the purpose of this? Quiet Ukrainian night, Transparent sky. The stars are shining. Describe the state of the lyric hero. What does the author use to enhance the mood? Under the ice, the brook gurgled, Ranged everything around, Thinly tinkled the icicle, Crashing under the window. (A. Tvardovsky) Quiet Ukrainian night, Transparent sky. The stars are shining.
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Grass hums behind a pink wattle fence, Under the wind steppe, as the sea moves unsteadily, And in the sky, exhausted by the day, A bloody smile dawned. Grass hums behind a pink wattle fence, Under the wind steppe, as the sea moves unsteadily, And in the sky, exhausted by the day, A bloody smile dawned. Metaphor Find a metaphor. What other trails are used here? - hidden comparison, transferring the name of one object to another based on their similarity.
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Inversion is a violation of the usual word order. By the road, a green oak rustled with red-hot foliage. Long-awaited rain gathered over the weary land. (A. Tvardovsky) How unexpectedly and brightly An arch erected on the damp blue sky of the Air In its momentary triumph! (F. Tyutchev) What will change if the usual word order is restored? By the road, a green oak rustled with red-hot foliage. Long-awaited rain gathered over the weary land. (A. Tvardovsky) How unexpectedly and brightly An arch erected on the damp blue sky of the Air In its momentary triumph! (F. Tyutchev)
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Anaphora is a repetition of the same sounds, words at the beginning of several lines. Light clouds melted away, Light rose a star, Light boats set sail Into the blue distance forever. (G. Ivanov) And the evening waves rustle with a quiet noise, And they lull with their song. Lonely heart And sad thoughts In the endless expanse of the seas. Is the repetition justified, do you think? Light clouds melted away, Light rose a star, Light boats set sail Into the blue distance forever. (G. Ivanov) And the evening waves rustle with a quiet noise, And they lull with their song. Lonely heart And sad thoughts In the endless expanse of the seas.
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Epiphora - repetition of the same sounds at the end of several lines. There is a place on earth: Around - Wherever you look - Everywhere south, And south to the right, And south to the left, And in front, And behind ... Wherever you look - Everywhere south And ice on the water surface. For what purpose is the epiphora used in the riddle? Does it help you find a clue? SOUTH SOUTH There is a place on earth: Around - Wherever you look - South is everywhere, South is on the right, South is on the left, And in front, And behind ... Wherever you look - South is everywhere And ice on the water surface.
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Lithot's hyperbole is an exaggeration of the properties of objects in order to enhance the imagery and expressiveness of speech. - artistic understatement of the subject in order to enhance the emotional impact. I know - a Nail in my boot More nightmarish than Goethe's fantasy! (V. Mayakovsky) Below a thin blade of grass We must bow our heads. (from a folk song) I know - A nail in my boot More nightmarish than Goethe's fantasy! (V. Mayakovsky) Below a thin blade of grass We must bow our heads. (from a folk song)
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Metonymy is an artistic identification of objects, concepts, phenomena according to the principle of contiguity (proximity). The theater is already full; the lodges shine; The stalls and armchairs, everything is boiling ... (A. Pushkin) The theater is already full; the lodges shine; Parterre and chairs, everything is boiling ... (A.S. Pushkin)
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Oxymoron (or oxymoron) is a combination of incongruous, opposite words in meaning. My faithful friend! my enemy is insidious! My king! my slave! native language! (V. Bryusov) Native Language My faithful friend! my enemy is insidious! My king! my slave! native language! (V. Bryusov)
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Periphrase (a) - replacing the name of an object with a description of its features. I want by the mirror, where the dregs And the foggy sleep, I’m trying out, where is the way for you? Tsvetaeva)
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Synecdoche is the replacement of a whole word or concept with a part of it. Farewell, unwashed Russia, Country of slaves, country of masters, And you are blue uniforms, ... Farewell, unwashed Russia, Country of slaves, country of masters, And you are blue uniforms, ...
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Parcellation is an expressive syntactic technique of a written literary language: a sentence is intonationally divided into independent segments, graphically highlighted as independent sentences. And again. Gulliver. Costs. Slouching. (P. G. Antokolsky) And again. Gulliver: Standing, stooping. (P.G. Antokolsky)
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Period - An extended complex sentence with clear intonation and division into columns. When the yellowing cornfield is worried. And the fresh forest rustles at the sound of the breeze, And a crimson plum hides in the garden Under the shade of a sweet green leaf; When sprinkled with fragrant dew, On a rosy evening or in the morning at golden hour, From under the bush, a silvery lily of the valley shakes its head affably; When a chilly ray plays along the ravine And, plunging the thought into some vague dream, He whispers to me a mysterious saga About the peaceful land from which he rushes, - Then my soul humbles anxiety, Then the wrinkles on my brow disperse, - And I can comprehend happiness on earth And in heaven I see God ... (M. Lermontov)
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I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry, Everything will pass, like smoke from white apple trees ... (S. Yesenin) Gradation is a consistent forcing or, conversely, weakening of the power of homogeneous expressive means of artistic speech. I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry, Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees ... (S. Yesenin)
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1. What path was used by the poet? The golden foliage swirled In the pinkish water on the pond, Like a light flock of butterflies With a daze flies to the star. S. Yesenin 1) comparison 2) parceling 3) alliteration 4) oxymoron Test your knowledge 2. Which path is illustrated by the lines of A. S. Pushkin? The last cloud of the scattered storm! Alone you rush along the clear azure, Alone you bring a dull shadow, Alone you sadden a jubilant day. synecdoche metonymy anaphora litota
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3. Which trope is not used in N. Zabolotsky's quatrain? Big peas are pouring rain, The wind is torn, and the distance is unclean. The tousled poplar is closed with the Silver underside of the leaf. metaphor antithesis personification epithet 4. Find a metaphor. By a sudden storm the mountain ash was disheveled And with the rustle of the alleys, Yesterday's rain fell rubies On the frost of the fields. sudden disheveled rowan rubies
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5. Find an epithet. The night before dawn is getting cold, Vaguely dry herbs whisper, The wind blows them sweet dream. I. Bunin. 1) getting colder 2) dry 3) wind 4) sweet 6. Indicate the path used in line B. Poplavsky. Autumn. In the white radiance of the sky Everything is silent, everything is tired, everything is waiting. 1) gradation 2) parceling 3) periphrase 4) oxymoron
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7. List the paths used in the poem by V. Karpeko Cast copper of pine trunks Cast iron became at night. The forest, drowning in downy snows, Frosty is full of silence. Only white birches, Such fragile in appearance, Sometimes they grump in cold weather Yes, the spruce will gnash with its teeth. In response, the echo will boom loudly. And again silence ... But all of it, Like a music box, is stuffed with a melody. period epithet inversion of epiphora comparison hyperbole metaphor personification Answers and results
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Assess your knowledge. 1. 1) 2. 3) 3. 2) 4. 4) 5. 4) 6. 1) 7. 2), 3), 5), 7), 8) For the correct answer in tasks No. 1-6 you get 1 point, task number 7 gives you 3 points. If you scored 9 points, you showed excellent knowledge of the material and received a grade of "5". If the sum of the points is 7-8, they demonstrated a good level and got the mark “4”. If the result is 5-7 points, we advise you to work on the topic still, your mark is "3". Work with less than 5 points is not evaluated. We'll have to study the theory again.
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