Academician Vladislav Korsak: “We will give birth in the old fashioned way! Academician Vladislav Pustovoit - about what is happening in the depths of the universe Desired or real
After decoding the human genome, the theoretical possibility of editing it appeared, which means that even before the baby is born, it will be possible to change, for example, the color of his eyes or save the unborn child from genetic diseases.
Our expert - President of the Russian Association for Human Reproduction, Doctor medical sciences, Professor Vladislav Korsak.
Desired or real
Lydia Yudina, AiF Zdorov'e: Vladislav Stanislavovich, one of the main events of the last year was the birth of children with an edited genome in China. Does this mean that in the near future, congenital and genetic diseases will remain in the past?
Vladislav Korsak: To date, there is no independent confirmation of the birth of children with an edited genome. Therefore, it is possible that the Chinese scientist passed off wishful thinking.
Take out and save. Naive questions about surrogacy
In any case, in the foreseeable future, this technique is unlikely to enter into widespread medical practice. So you have to give birth the old fashioned way!
However, already today, couples with a high risk of hereditary diseases have the opportunity to give birth to a healthy child. This allows the technology of preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) - the study of the hereditary material of embryos obtained in the IVF cycle before transfer to the uterine cavity. Such testing makes it possible to exclude the possibility of having a baby with chromosomal abnormalities (Down's syndrome) or certain monogenic diseases. However, even the results of OGT do not give a 100% guarantee of the birth of a healthy child, since this technology still cannot exclude all mutations in all groups of diseases.
- There is still talk that it is impossible to give birth to a healthy baby conceived in a test tube ...
- Serious research has convincingly shown that IVF technology does not have a pathological effect on offspring. But the birth of a healthy child is possible only in healthy and ideally young parents (the older the woman, the higher the risk of having a sick child). IVF is often used by couples aged 37–45 years. And after 40 years, the risk of having a child with genomic disorders increases dramatically.
If you decide on IVF. What you need to know in preparation for this procedure
More details
The optimal age for the birth of the first child is considered to be the period from 18 to 26 years old, and the average age of people getting married today in big cities is 31 years.
- Yes, today at 40 years old, many women look and feel at 25. However, nothing has changed in their reproductive sphere. The decline in fertility in women begins at the age of 35. At this age, a woman's chances of getting pregnant are 2 times lower than at 20 years old. At the age of 40, the probability of spontaneous pregnancy is 10% compared to the age of 20, and after 45, even the in vitro fertilization procedure is carried out with donor eggs, since the woman no longer has her own.
Why did women give birth later?
Look in the box!
Can a woman prolong her reproductive youth with the help of proper nutrition, healthy lifestyle, sports?
- It will have a beneficial effect on her health, but in no way affect the ability to conceive. At birth, each woman receives her own personal "magic box" - a supply of eggs. It is consumed constantly - with each menstrual cycle, and it is impossible to replenish it. However, today a woman can recognize her reproductive frontier. To do this, you need to pass tests for the level of sex hormones and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). The main signs that the "box" is empty are high levels of gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH) and a low value of anti-Müllerian hormone.
- And if a woman dreams of giving birth, but cannot meet a worthy candidate for the role of the child's father?
- In this case, doctors advise the woman to resort to cryopreservation of eggs or ovarian tissue in order to use them in the future.
Genetic testing. How to minimize the risk of having a sick child
Everyone has a familiar lady who could not get pregnant for a long time, and gave birth only when she was desperate. How do doctors explain such cases?
- In 30-40% of cases of infertility, the man is to blame, and pregnancy could occur after he solved his problem. We must not forget that it takes time for pregnancy to occur. Sometimes it is quite long. However, you need to understand that you cannot wait for a miracle. Therefore, young people should consult a doctor if pregnancy has not occurred within a year of regular sexual activity. And people over 35 are not recommended to wait for a miracle longer than 6 months.
by the way
- When a woman is not older than 30 years old, pregnancy with IVF is observed the first time with a frequency of 60%.
- When the age is over 35 years old, the pregnancy rate from the first IVF is from 35 to 40%.
- At an older age, success with the first IVF occurs in 10% of cases.
- Those who do IVF due to genetic diseases are the least likely to get pregnant the first time.
"Cosmonaut Vladislav Volkov" - a research vessel designed to perform space communication tasks; until 1995 was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defense, after - NPO of measuring equipment of the Russian Space Agency.
Named in honor of the cosmonaut Vladislav Nikolaevich Volkov, who died during the flight of the Soyuz-11 spacecraft.
Built in 1977 in Leningrad, as part of a series of four ships, which also included "Cosmonaut Pavel Belyaev", "Cosmonaut Georgy Dobrovolsky" and "Cosmonaut Viktor Patsaev".
The project is based on a typical timber carrier, which, however, was completely redesigned (only the hulls and main power plants remained unchanged). The first flight took place on October 18, 1977. The maximum length is 121.9 m, the maximum width is 16.7 m, the depth to the upper deck is 10.8 m. Displacement with full reserves is 8950 tons, draft is 6.6 m. The main power plant is a diesel engine with a capacity of 5200 hp. With. Speed 14.7 knots. Ship's reserves: fuel - 1440 tons, lubricating oils - 30 tons, drinking and washing water - 600 tons.
The cruising range is 16,000 miles. Provisions are enough for 90 days autonomous work, water reserves - for 30 days. The crew consists of 66 people, the expedition - 77 people. The sailing area is not limited by the seaworthiness of the vessel.
From 1977 to 1991, the ship performed 14 expeditionary voyages in the Central and South Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean.
Its tasks included ensuring control of the Mission Control Center over critical operations carried out at orbital manned stations, controlling the activation of booster stages of rockets when launching geostationary satellites and satellites with high elliptical orbits.
At the moment, there is no measuring equipment on the ship, it is based at the Kanonersky ship-repair plant in St. Petersburg. data, more advanced means of positioning, communication, etc.
Fulfilling the tasks of small vessels in the space fleet, the new vessel represented a significant step forward in the development of ship measuring points. The research vessel "Cosmonaut Vladislav Volkov" is characterized by the following data. Main dimensions: maximum length 121.9 m, maximum width 16.7 m, depth to the upper deck 10.8 m.
Displacement with full reserves is 8950 tons, draft is 6.6 m. The main power plant is a diesel engine with a capacity of 5200 liters. With. The vessel has a speed of 14.7 knots. The ship's reserves: fuel - 1440 tons, lubricating oils - 30 tons, drinking and washing water - 600 tons. The fuel supply provides a cruising range of 16,000 miles. The autonomy of the vessel in terms of provisions is 90 days, in terms of water reserves - 30 days. The crew consists of 66 people, the expedition - 77 people.
The seaworthiness of the vessel meets the requirements that apply to vessels of an unlimited navigation area. According to the design of the R / V "Cosmonaut Vladislav Volkov", it is a double-deck motor ship with two platforms running along the entire length of the hull from bow to stern. Six transverse watertight bulkheads divide the hull into compartments.
The ship's hull and its superstructures have nine tiers - this is a double bottom, the second platform, the first platform, the main deck, the upper deck, the superstructure deck of the 1st tier. Above this deck are the bow and stern superstructures. Subsequent tiers: superstructure deck of the 2nd tier, navigating bridge, upper bridge. On the deck of the superstructure of the 1st tier, between the bow and stern superstructures, the main four-mirror space antenna is installed.
The expedition's laboratories are located mainly on the first platform, on the main and upper decks, as well as on the superstructure deck of the second tier, the navigating bridge and the second platform.
The designers had to find such a variant of the laboratory layout, which would require the minimum length of communications, especially high-frequency communications between laboratories and antennas, in order to avoid excessive attenuation of radio signals. Public areas are located on the upper deck.
On the upper and main decks are located greatest number cabins, only a few cabins for the command staff and the expedition are located on the deck of the superstructure of the 1st and 2nd tiers.
In the middle part of the ship, the fifth compartment, along the entire height of the hull, is occupied by the shaft of the engine room; the sixth compartment is reserved for the power plant; closer to the bow, in the fourth compartment, air conditioning refrigerators are installed; in the third compartment there is a sports hall.
In the bow superstructure (on the decks of the 1st and 2nd tiers) there is a medical block and a radio room, and on the navigating bridge - the steering and navigational rooms. Both deckhouses are combined, but the navigator can create the lighting conditions necessary to work with the instruments and the map using the sliding wall panels.
Space and service systems. The research vessel "Cosmonaut Vladislav Volkov" is equipped with a universal telemetry system that receives information from all existing types onboard telemetry equipment. The versatility is manifested primarily in a wide range of frequencies of received radio signals - from the shortest of the decimeter to the longest of the meter, as well as in possible types of modulation. The main space antenna consists of four sectors of parabolic mirrors 6 m in diameter, united into a common structure.
Such a device of the antenna allows, by comparing the signals in the feeds of neighboring mirrors, to determine the direction from which the radio waves came, and to take the direction finding of the satellite.
Until now, we have been talking about direction finding with the help of four feeds installed near the focus of one parabolic mirror, but the principle of determining directions in both cases is obviously the same.
The total radiation pattern of the four mirrors 2 80 has a width of 1 to 10 °, depending on the frequency of the radio signal. The three-axis rotary support device allows tracking the satellite's flight within the entire upper hemisphere.
The antenna stabilization system takes into account the roll and pitch angles and yaw angles along the course. The follower drive along each of the three axes consists of an electric machine amplifier and an executive motor.
The error signal necessary for the automatic tracking of satellites by their radio emission comes from the laboratory of receiving and direction finding equipment, and the signals for stabilizing the antenna come from the devices of the referencing system.
The rotary support of the main space antenna together with the mirror and electric drive elements weighs 95 tons. The base is attached to the ship's barbet.
Parametric high-frequency amplifiers are mounted in the under-the-mirror cabin. Other antennas are located on the bow, bridge, superstructure decks, foremast, mainmast and mizzen mast.
In total, the ship has 50 receiving and transmitting antennas for various purposes. Signals received by the main space antenna, amplified and detected by the receiving and direction finding equipment, go to the laboratory for converting and recording telemetric information.
In this laboratory, the signals are decoded, distributed over channels and recorded on magnetic tape. The machine processing of telemetry data is carried out by a universal electronic computer, but the problem of information coupling of the telemetry station with the machine must first be solved, and after processing, with the satellite communication channel, which receives the information after processing.
Thus, during communication sessions, a continuous stream of telemetric data goes through the NIS. Their path: spacecraft - research vessel - communication satellite - Mission control center.
The telemetry information can be evaluated not only by the Flight Control Center personnel, but also by specialists on the ship itself, calling the telemetry data they need on electronic screens, similar to those in the workplaces in the main hall of the Flight Control Center.
We have already said that simultaneously with transmission through communication channels, all information is recorded on a magnetic tape, after a communication session it can be replayed.
Telegraph and telephone information travels along the same path - via the space communication line - when the Center conducts bilateral negotiations with cosmonauts.
In addition to a universal electronic computer that processes space information and performs the necessary calculations for communication sessions, the ship has several specialized digital and analogue machines.
The exclusion of trajectory measurements from the number of functions performed by small research vessels has sharply reduced the requirements for the accuracy of their positioning in the ocean.
Therefore, the tie-in system on the Cosmonaut Vladislav Volkov ship is much simpler than the systems on the universal ships of the space fleet. It is based on positioning equipment based on signals from navigation satellites and gyroscopic instruments that measure the course, roll, pitching and yaw angles to stabilize the antenna.
In addition, the vessel is equipped with the entire usual set of navigational equipment. Information exchange with the Flight Control Center is carried out via satellite and conventional KB and SV communication channels.
The equipment of the uniform time ensures the binding of the local time scale to the reference scale with an error of no more than a few microseconds. This is a short list of space and service equipment installed on the R / V "Cosmonaut Vladislav Volkov", it is located in 25 laboratories.
Power equipment and ship systems. The main power plant of the research vessel is located in the engine room, in the middle of the hull. There is also a power plant that supplies electricity to general ship current consumers.
It consists of three 200 kW diesel generators. Another power plant, designed to power the scientific and technical equipment of the expedition, occupies an adjacent compartment, closer to the stern.
There are three 630 kW diesel generators installed there. The emergency power plant has one 100 kW diesel generator. Air conditioning and cooling systems in ventilation of radio engineering and electronic systems have approximately the same characteristics as these systems have on other ships of the space fleet.
Habitability. The installation of a complex set of equipment on a ship with relatively small dimensions led to the need for maximum space savings when planning all the premises.
This could not but affect the living conditions, if we compare them, for example, with the conditions on the research vessel "Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin".
The crew and the expedition have two lounges. The spacious sports hall, which occupies two tiers between the double bottom and the first platform, can be adapted for meetings and movie screenings.
A canteen room is also used for movie demonstration; a movie room adjoins this room. The outdoor swimming pool is located on the 1st deck superstructure. Crew and expedition members are accommodated in single and double cabins. The cabins are conveniently planned, which compensates somewhat for their small size.
The senior command staff of the crew and the expedition are accommodated in block cabins, consisting of an office and a bedroom. In cabins, laboratories and public areas, the ship's telephone sets and broadcast speakers are installed.
The pantry, galley, and bakery are located on the upper holly, closer to the stern, immediately behind the crew and expedition canteens. Building. Vessels of this series were designed and built in Leningrad.
In addition to "Cosmonaut Vladislav Volkov", the series includes three more ships: "Cosmonaut Pavel Belyaev", "Cosmonaut Georgy Dobrovolsky" and "Cosmonaut Viktor Patsaev".
The project is based on typical timber carriers that have already sailed in the oceans for several years. A complete restructuring of the ships was envisaged - in fact, only the hulls and the main power plants remained from them. Construction was carried out in 1975-1979.
All four NIS are included in the Baltic Sea Shipping Company and are assigned to the Leningrad Commercial Sea Port. The lead ship embarked on its maiden voyage to the Atlantic Ocean on October 18, 1977.
Then went on a flight "Cosmonaut Pavel Belyaev" (March 15, 1978), "Cosmonaut Georgy Dobrovolsky" (October 14, 1978) and the last "Cosmonaut Viktor Patsaev" (June 19, 1979).
The commissioning of these research vessels was a significant milestone in the history of the space fleet. Expeditions. Since the beginning of operation, each research vessel of this series has performed (as of 01.01.1991) from 11 ("Cosmonaut Viktor Patsaev") to 14 ("Cosmonaut Vladislav Volkov") expedition flights. The most characteristic areas in which they solve expeditionary tasks are the Central and South Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea.
During the flight of the Salyut and Mir manned orbital complexes, the RVs of this series carried out (and are still carrying out) in the oceans control over the most important operations, which include docking and re-docking of the spacecraft with the station, the work of cosmonauts in open space, and descent from orbit.
For this purpose, the ships are located at the calculated points of the ocean along the flight path and through them the telemetric and telegraph-telephone information of the orbital complex is exchanged with the Mission Control Center.
When launching stationary satellites and satellites with high elliptical orbits, the R / Vs of this series control the activation of the booster stages of the carrier rockets. For example, when one of the Molniya-1 satellites was launched on April 26, 1990, the ship measuring station on the R / V Cosmonaut Pavel Belyaev received, processed and transmitted telemetric information to the Center, being at the point of the Atlantic Ocean with coordinates 30 ° S. w., 40 ° W etc.
During the first flight of the Buran orbiter on November 15, 1988, telemetry control was carried out by three research vessels of this series: Cosmonaut Vladislav Volkov (5 ° N, 30 ° W), Cosmonaut Pavel Belyaev (16 ° n. sh., 21 W) - in the Atlantic Ocean and "Cosmonaut Georgy Dobrovolsky" (45 ° S, 133 ° W) - in the Pacific Ocean.
"Tea drinking at the Academy" is a regular section of Pravda.Ru. In it we publish an interview of the writer Vladimir Gubarev with academicians. Today, his interlocutor is Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Director of the Scientific and Technological Center for Unique Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, head of the Department of Optoelectronic Devices for Scientific Research, Moscow State Technical University. N.E. Bauman, scientist-physicist Vladislav Pustovoit.
What is happening in the depths of the universe?
This question has tormented astrophysicists from the very day when Albert Einstein created his theory of relativity, showing that the world around us is completely different than humanity had previously imagined.
What is he like?
The physicist connected space, time, the speed of light, past and present, and in this chaos he offered to understand the descendants, hinting that there are "clues" that come from the depths of the Universe. The name of these "clues" is gravitational waves, they say, only they are able to reveal the eternal secrets of the universe, explaining where we come from and why we live in this world.
Searching for these waves of physics different countries spent a hundred years!
However, one of them - Vladislav Pustovoit - is half as much. More than fifty years ago, he, together with M. E. Gertsenstein, predicted exactly how to detect and record gravitational waves. The theoretical physicist was then working at the famous FIAN, where there were quite enough scientists who could appreciate the proposals of their young colleague at their true worth. They appreciated, but immediately cooled his ardor, explaining that it was not yet possible to create such unique instruments as a giant interferometer.
Only after 50 years did the prediction become a reality!
As it should be in classical science, academician Vladislav Ivanovich Pustovoit begins from the beginning:
In the history of physics and science as a whole, today we are experiencing an exciting moment: gravitational waves have been discovered experimentally. First of all, I want to say that Russian scientists have done a lot to make this happen. The birth of an idea, its theoretical and experimental confirmation is a very interesting and fascinating story, to which many outstanding physicists are involved. It all started with Albert Einstein. General issues theory of relativity and led to the idea that there are gravitational waves. It happened in 1916. For two years he worked actively, trying to substantiate his theory. Failed. And then Einstein declared that he was wrong. However, he soon returned to his ideas, realizing that he was mistaken when he declared his mistake.
In my opinion, after these words of Academician V.I. Pustovoit, one should turn to Einstein himself in order to understand how difficult it was for him to understand all the features of his own theory. He wrote: “Science as something existing and complete is the most objective and impersonal of all that is known to man. However, science, as something still incipient, or as a goal is just as subjective and psychologically conditioned as all other people's aspirations. this explains the fact that to the question of the purpose and essence of science at different times, different people gave the most different answers. "
Einstein doubted his discoveries all his life. However, he constantly returned, until his exodus, to gravity and gravitational waves. However, like all major physicists of the twentieth century - this idea seemed too tempting and beautiful to them!
So what are gravitational waves? - continues academician V. I. Pustovoit. - Let's say space and time are a grid spread across the Universe. If a massive body appears on it, then the mesh bends. And at this moment, the radiation of gravitational waves occurs. These are very weak waves. Of course, at a great distance from the place of the event, and at its epicenter the radiation is enormous.
And how do physicists represent this phenomenon?
Differently. Complicated calculations were carried out, various hypotheses were put forward. Academicians Landau, Lifshits, Fock, Zeldovich were very interested in these phenomena. They are classics, and they laid the foundation for understanding many aspects of the theory of relativity. And, of course, Academician Ginzburg. I am his student, I belong to him scientific school... There, at FIAN, work continues in this area.
Here it is appropriate, in my opinion, to cite some thoughts of Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg, which are related to the verification of the ideas of the general theory of relativity (GR - as the academician called it in his works).
“Experimental verification of general relativity in weak and strong fields continues and will continue,” wrote the Nobel laureate. “The most interesting thing would, of course, be the detection of even the slightest deviations from general relativity in the non-quantum region. My intuitive judgment is that in the non-quantum region of general relativity does not need any correction (however, the need for some changes in superstrong gravitational fields is possible ...) ... From the very beginning of the 21st century, the reception of gravitational waves will begin at a number of installations under construction, primarily at LIGO in the USA. - apparently, pulses formed when two neutron stars merge will be received. Possibly, and even very likely, correlations with gamma-ray bursts, as well as high-energy neutron radiation. In general, gravitational-wave astronomy will be born. "
V.L. Ginzburg made his conclusions largely due to the fact that his students worked very successfully in this area, and at the famous seminars at FIAN, which were first taught by I.E. Tamm, and then by V.L. "gravitational waves have been discussed several times.
And the most surprising (or quite natural!) Academician Ginzburg turned out to be a visionary: it was on these installations that gravitational waves were recorded.
In 1993, observing a double pulsar, astrophysicists for the first time obtained indirect evidence of the existence of gravitational waves, - Academician Pustovoit continues his story. - We managed to answer the most important question: what is the speed of these waves? It turned out that the speed of propagation of gravitational waves is equal to the speed of light.
Where exactly are they born?
For the first time, Academician Vladimir Fock drew attention to the fact that during cosmological catastrophes, where large masses of bodies participate, be it a collision of black holes or a merger of neutron stars, strong radiation can occur and gravitational waves arise. A binary pulsar can also emit gravitational waves, and theorists have proven this.
How can you observe this?
The first receiver of gravitational radiation in the early 60s of the last century was built by Joseph Weber. This is an aluminum cylinder, piezoelectric sensors are glued to it. The scientist hoped that the waves would cause the cylinder to vibrate so that they could be detected. Weber spent many years developing a variety of resonant antennas. Unfortunately, he was plagued by setbacks. However, the method of his research is recognized and is being developed by various scientific groups. Resonant antennas are very complex structures. There are, in my opinion, about five of them working in the world. There are in America, Switzerland, Holland ... However, they can receive waves only at a narrow frequency, but nevertheless they exist and work. Attempts with their help to detect gravitational waves do not stop.
Did you choose a different path?
Yes, laser interferometers are widely used today. The idea of their application belongs to Herzenstein and yours truly. In 1962, we published a paper in which it was said that you need to take a Michelson interferometer, lasers, two antennas, and so on. Weber in August 1963 read our work and instructed his student to make the first interferometer. It turned out that the new device is not inferior to resonant antennas. And then intensive experimental work began.
What is the main idea of an interferometer?
The laser beam hits the divider, splits into two components, then the beam hits the photodetector, and there you observe whether the "picture" has changed. The sensitivity of such an interferometer is directly proportional to the length of the arms. Today, the "shoulder" of the device in the United States is four kilometers, which makes it possible to measure with an accuracy of ten to minus seventeenth centimeters. That's about one ten-thousandth the size of a proton! Fantasy! It is this movement of the laser beam that can be detected ...
Simply put, the laser beam is deflected by a negligible amount, and this is already on the photodetector?
Certainly.
Is it much more difficult than looking for a needle in a haystack?
More precisely: a few atoms from that needle! Such a unique interferometer has been built in Louisiana in the southern United States. This is a four-kilometer pipe in which air is evacuated to a deep vacuum. A laser beam goes through it, then it is reflected from the mirrors and returns to the central building, where the interference is monitored. The building is unique and very expensive. Here are used the most modern technologies... A second interferometer was built in the North of the States.
Only in America are such devices?
No, there is still not far from the famous Pisa in Italy, in Germany, under construction in China, Japan and other countries. I was in Italy, and the installation made, of course, an indelible impression. This is a 3-kilometer stainless steel pipe, 1.2 mm thick. There are special siphons that "eliminate temperature deformations. A beautiful device, impressive! They could not provide the required vacuum for a long time. There are 16 stations that pump out air. One of them worked with a defect, and it took specialists more than a month to eliminate it. Well and quite an incidental case. The device is so accurate that only one cockroach made it unusable. The cockroach somehow got inside the pipe, it "gassed", and the measurements were distorted. I say this in order to make it clear how complex the modern interferometer.
What do we have?
Two years ago, Italians came and they offered us help in building an interferometer on the territory of Russia. The fact is that without this it is impossible to close off the entire sphere - there are no such instruments between Europe and Japan, so a kind of "white spot" is formed. The offer of the Italians, who were ready to transfer some technologies to us, of course, was very tempting, but the government told us that there was no money ... It's a shame, of course! Such unique devices are being created all over the world. China is building, Australia is building ... Already the first observations in the United States have shown that we are dealing with a very interesting phenomenon.
Do you still have doubts or no longer?
Two signals received - in the north and south of the United States. So there is no doubt about it. The signal lasted approximately 0.2 seconds. During this time, the frequency changes from 25 hertz to 250. This suggests that two masses emitting gravitational waves are approaching. The fact that this was done simultaneously on two interferometers indicates the direction from which the radiation was coming. This was the first observation in history. Thus, there has been a great leap forward in astrophysics. There is no doubt, since the experiment completely confirms the theoretical calculations.
And what did happen, what exactly gave rise to these gravitational waves?
Two "black holes" met. One with a mass of about 36 of our suns, and the other about 29. They got close, collapsed, and gravitational waves were emitted. The energy is great, three solar masses have been lost.
That is, mass has been converted into energy?
Yes, in full accordance with Einstein's theory. To date, that is, in the summer of 2017, three such events have been recorded. The first happened at a distance of one and three tenths of a billion light years, and the last happened at a distance of 3 billion light years.
Everything happens a bit far away. Fortunately ... Otherwise, there would be nothing left of us - truly cosmic catastrophes! ... Scientists, of course, are happy to analyze such events in the Universe, but what does this give us, ordinary people?
First, we received confirmation of the correctness of the conclusions of the theory of relativity. Of course, there are other proofs of its truth, but the existence of gravitational waves expands its capabilities to a number of physical features, on which theorists had doubts. Now they are gone. Secondly, it is a new channel for obtaining information about the Universe. It was hard to imagine how great - I would even say "majestic"! - the processes taking place in the stellar world. The same "black hole" flies towards another at a speed equal to half the speed of light, and now we can observe it! Fantastic! But this is already reality ...
You can use a banal image: "a new window to the Universe is open", right?
Yes it is. In the future, new, more sensitive interferometers will appear, and the amount of information will increase dramatically. If now we record an event every six months, then in the near future it will happen once a month. And the life of the Universe, unknown to us until now, will open in a new way.
After these words of Academician V. I. Pustovoit, I would like to return to the reflections of his Teacher, Academician V. L. Ginzburg, who, in turn, clearly indicated where "modern physics came from". From Albert Einstein, of course! It was about him that Vitaly Lazarevich wrote:
Physicochemist, academician (since 1964).
Born in Petrograd in the family of a lawyer, as a child he received a brilliant all-round education. In 1940 he graduated with honors from the Faculty of Engineering and Physics of the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute with a degree in chemical physics. During his studies, he was a Stalinist scholar, which saved him from exclusion, since he refused to renounce his repressed father. In the spring of 1941 he entered a military school, but was soon expelled as the son of a shot "enemy of the people."
VV Voevodsky's diploma work was devoted to the study of the role of hydrogen peroxide in the reaction of hydrogen combustion. Subsequently, the kinetics of chemical reactions, especially branched chain reactions, became one of the main directions of his scientific activities... 1940-1959 he worked at the Institute of Chemical Physics, during the evacuation of the institute in Kazan he studied in graduate school (he finished it and defended his Ph.D. thesis in 1944). Ten years later he defended his thesis for the degree of Doctor of Chemical Sciences. Since 1959 he worked at the Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
VV Voevodsky possessed a special and rare talent, allowing from observations of a chemical process to see such a picture of the "inner world" of a chemical reaction, which was subsequently confirmed by direct experiments. Favorite student of N.N. Semenov, V.V. Voevodsky carried out a large number of fundamental studies in the field of kinetics of gas chemical reactions. He made a fundamental contribution to the development of the theory of hydrogen oxidation, created a new method for measuring the rate constants of fast reactions. Developed the first quantitative theory of thermal decomposition (cracking) of hydrocarbons. Developed ideas about the mechanism of heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Together with N.N. Semenov and M.V. Volkenstein, he developed the theory of heterogeneous catalysis with the participation of free radicals.
The works of V.V. Voevodsky laid the foundations for a new field of research on the relationship between the structure of active intermediate radicals and their reactivity in chemical processes. His merit is exceptionally great in the application of physical research methods to study the mechanisms of chemical processes. One of these methods was electron paramagnetic resonance. The EPR spectrometer developed under the leadership of V.V. Voevodsky has been serially produced by the domestic industry for many years, which made it possible to deploy a wide front of research in the chemistry of free radicals in our country. VV Voevodsky investigated, in particular, the role of radicals formed under the action of radiation on a substance (radiation chemistry).
VV Voevodsky always combined his fruitful scientific work with teaching. In 1946 - 1952 he taught at the Department of Chemical Kinetics, Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University (as an associate professor). However, on September 1, 1952, he was dismissed from the faculty. The reason was Linus Pauling's notorious "bourgeois antiscientific theory of resonance", due to which many chemists suffered in those years. In 1953-1961. V.V. Voevodsky taught at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (since 1955 - as a professor), where he organized the Department of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion and was Dean of the Faculty of Molecular and Chemical Physics, since 1961 - at Novosibirsk University, where he was Dean of the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Head of the Department physical chemistry... He educated a large group of students who became the nucleus of his Moscow and Novosibirsk laboratories.
VV Voevodsky was one of the organizers and founders of the Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, where until the last days of his life he headed the laboratory and was deputy director for scientific affairs. His talent as a scientist, teacher and organizer was widely developed in Novosibirsk scientific center... VV Voevodsky devoted a lot of energy to strengthening and expanding international relations of domestic scientists. He took Active participation in the organization and work of many international conferences, symposia and meetings, gave lectures and reports in many countries.
Laureate of the State Prize (1968, posthumously).
Major works.
Ya.B. Zel'dovich, V.V. Voevodsky. Thermal explosion and flame spread in gases. M., 1947.
A.B. Nalbandyan, V.V. Voevodsky. Hydrogen oxidation and combustion mechanism. M.-L .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1949.
V.V. Voevodsky, F.F. Volkenshtein, N.N.Semenov. Questions of chemical kinetics, catalysis and reactivity. M .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1955.
L.A. Blumenfeld, V.V. Voevodsky, A.G. Semenov. Application of electron paramagnetic resonance in chemistry. Novosibirsk: Publishing house of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1962.
V.V. Voevodsky. Physics and chemistry of elementary chemical processes. Moscow: Nauka, 1969.
Bibliography.
Academician V.V. Voevodsky. Bulletin of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1967, No. 4, p. 110.
Vladislav Vladislavovich Voevodsky. Izv. USSR Academy of Sciences, Chemistry, 1967, No. 6, p. 1401.
V.V. Voevodsky. Journal of Physics Chemistry, 1967, No. 12, p. 3159.
Vladislav Vladislavovich Voevodsky. Kinetics and Catalysis, 1967, vol. 8, No. 3, p. 706.
V. Dorofeeva, V. Dorofeev. Long-range action. Youth, 1970, No. 10, p. 93.
Archival funds:
Archive of RAS, f. 411, op 3, d.269, l. 17 vol, 66-69.
I. Leenson
Academician Vladislav Vladislavovich Voevodsky (1917-1967) - one of the largest modern scientists in the field of chemical physics.
VV Voevodsky was born on July 25, 1917 in Leningrad. Upon graduation in 1940 from the Leningrad polytechnic institute worked in. Vladislav Vladislavovich was one of the most talented students of Academicians N.N.Semenov and V.N. Kondratyev. Under their influence, his scientific outlook was formed. The first works of V.V. Voevodsky were devoted to the fundamental issues of the theory of branched chain reactions. He established the essential details of the mechanism of the hydrogen oxidation reaction, introduced the concept of the role of heterogeneous factors in the theory of the cracking of paraffinic hydrocarbons. As a result of studying the structure and properties of free radicals, he discovered a new type of radical reactions - the transfer of an active center, taking into account which the first quantitative theory of the cracking of olefinic hydrocarbons was constructed. Studying the processes of recombination of atomic hydrogen on the surface catalytically active substances V.V. Voevodsky discovered two types of stationary processes - low-temperature and high-temperature - and determined the efficiency of recombination on metal and oxide catalysts. These results and a number of theoretical generalizations led to the creation of radical-chain concepts of the nature of heterogeneous catalytic processes.
VV Voevodsky was one of the first in the USSR to realize the importance of using radiospectroscopic methods, in particular, the method of electron paramagnetic resonance and nuclear resonance in chemical research. Therefore, since 1955, the main direction of his scientific activity is the study of the structure of the properties and chemical transformations of free radicals in various chemical processes using radiospectroscopy. These studies led to the creation of the Soviet school of chemical radiospectroscopy, which has won worldwide recognition.
Vladislav Vladislavovich has already arrived in Siberia as a prominent scientist. VV Voevodsky's talent as a prominent scientist, teacher and organizer was widely developed in the Novosibirsk Scientific Center. Here he became one of the organizers of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Faculty of Natural Sciences and departments of physical chemistry, molecular and biological physics v Novosibirsk State University... Scientific research carried out under his leadership on the study of the mechanism of formation of radicals under the influence of light and radiation, on the study of weak intermolecular interactions and their role in the course of elementary stages of complex chemical reactions in the condensed phase have received wide recognition in world science. He is rightfully considered one of the founders of a new field of science - chemical magnetic spectroscopy. The school of physics and chemistry formed by him is still at the forefront of world science.
The range of scientific interests of V.V. Voevodsky was surprisingly wide - from the mechanism of reactions in the gas phase to the problems of the chemistry of condensed systems, and in Lately and some questions of biology. Vladislav Vladislavovich had a rare ability to grasp the main essence of work even in those areas of chemistry in which he was not a specialist. His broad erudition allowed him to generalize a huge variety of studies, ideas and theories. VV Voevodsky is the author of numerous review articles, monographs and original scientific works.
VV Voevodsky devoted much effort and energy to strengthening and expanding international scientific ties. He took an active part in the organization and work of many international scientific conferences, symposia, meetings, gave lectures and reports in many countries on the achievements of Soviet science.
VV Voevodsky did not live to be 50 years old. USSR State Prize came to him posthumously. But every five years conferences are held in his memory - alternately in Moscow and Novosibirsk. A street in Akademgorodok bears his name, an international scientific prize, a prize for young scientists SB RAS, scholarship for students NSU... His memory is immortalized on a memorial plaque on the building of the institute.