The main characters and their characteristics in the story "Childhood" (L. Tolstoy). An essay on the topic “characteristics of Tyoma from the story “Tyoma’s childhood Childhood of the topic what was

"Childhood of the Theme" is an autobiographical story. In it, the writer spoke about his own childhood, about his childhood joys, misdeeds, and dreams he experienced and remembered for the rest of his life.

The main character of the work can be identified already by the title of the story. The theme is a child in the Kartashev family, the eldest of the boys.

So the acquaintance with the hero occurs through a description of the feelings of a boy who stands in the garden over his “father’s favorite flower”: “What a sharp, sharp line, what a terrible, inexorable, merciless force suddenly tore him away from everything!

What of the fact that the birds sing so cheerfully, that the sun breaks through the dense foliage, playing on the soft earth with cheerful bright spots, that the carefree midge crawls along the petal, now it stops, puffs up, releases its wings and is about to fly somewhere, towards the gentle, clear day?

What of the fact that someday the same cheerful morning will again sparkle, which he will not spoil, as today? Then there will be another boy, happy, smart, contented. In order to reach this other, one must pass through the abyss separating him from this other, one must experience something terrible, terrible. Oh, what would he give, so that everything would suddenly stop, so that there would always be this fresh, bright morning, so that dad and mom would always sleep ... My God, why is he so unhappy? Why is some kind of eternal inexorable fate weighing on him? Why does he always want so well, but everything turns out so bad and disgusting? .. Oh, how hard, how deeply he tries to look into himself, to comprehend the reason for this. He wants to understand her, he will be strict and impartial to himself ... He is really a bad boy. He is guilty, and he must atone for his guilt. He deserved punishment, and let him be punished. What to do? And he knows the reason, he found it! All the fault of his nasty, nasty hands! After all, he did not want to, hands did, and always hands. And he will come to his father and directly say to him:

Dad, why should you be angry for nothing, I now know well who is to blame - my hands. Cut them off for me, and I'll always be a kind, good boy. Because I love you and my mother, and I love everyone, but my hands make it look like I don’t love anyone. I don't feel sorry for them one bit.

It seems to the boy that his arguments are so convincing, so sincere and clear that they should work. This passage contains not only a description of the boy's feelings, but also his perception of the surrounding reality, thoughts, reasoning.

Throughout the story, N. G. Garin-Mikhailovsky vividly conveys the feelings and inner state of the Theme. Let's take an example from the scene when the father punishes the boy: “Is this something new?! Horror grips the boy's soul; his hands, trembling, hurriedly search for the buttons of his panties; he experiences a kind of painful fading, painfully rummages within himself, what else to say, and finally, in a voice full of fright and entreaty, quickly, incoherently and fervently says:

My dear, dear, darling... Papa! Dad! Dear... Papa, dear papa, wait! Dad?! Ah ah ah! Ayayay!..

The blows are falling. Tyoma wriggles, squeals, catches a dry, sinewy hand, passionately kisses her, prays. But something else, next to the prayer, grows in his soul. Not to kiss, but to beat, to bite, he wants that nasty, nasty hand. Hatred, some kind of wild, burning malice seizes him.

He is torn furiously, but the iron vise squeezes him even tighter.

Nasty, nasty, I don't love you! he shouts with impotent rage.

Love!

Tyoma furiously bites his teeth into his father's hand.

Oh you are a snake?!

And with a deft turn of Tom on the couch, his head in the pillow. One hand holds, and the other continues to whip the writhing, growling Tyoma.

In the next chapter, "Forgiveness," the reader is also immersed in the boy's grief, experiencing it with him: "He again lives with all the nerves of his body. All the grief of the day rises before him. He is completely imbued with the consciousness of the evil inflicted on him by his sister. The offensive feeling that no one wants to listen to him, that they are unfair to him, covers him.

Everyone is just listening to Zina ... Everyone is attacking me all day, no one loves me and no one wants to-o-o-o you-s-serve ...

And Tyoma weeps bitterly, covering her face with her hands.

The internal characteristics, as we have already said, include the dreams of heroes. The author uses this technique to create an image of a child: “A dream is sometimes light, sometimes heavy, nightmarish. He shudders every now and then. He dreams that he is lying on the sandbank of the sea, in the place where they are taken to swim, lying on the seashore and waiting for a big cold wave to roll over him. He sees this transparent green wave, how it approaches the shore, sees how its top boils with foam, how it suddenly grows exactly, rises before him like a high wall; he waits with bated breath and pleasure for her splashes, her cold touch, waits for the usual pleasure when she picks it up, rushes swiftly to the shore and throws it away together with a mass of fine prickly sand; but instead of the cold, that living cold that Tyoma’s body, inflamed from the beginning fever, so longs for, the wave douses him with some kind of suffocating heat, leans heavily and suffocates ... "," Tyoma quite clearly remembers how he tied the rope to the pole and, holding on to this rope, he began to carefully descend the log house; he had already reached halfway when his feet suddenly slipped, and he flew headlong to the bottom of the stinking well. He woke up from this fall and shuddered again when he remembered the impression of the fall.

N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky also uses a portrait characterization, describing individual details of the boy's appearance at different moments: “Little Tyoma, pale, with wide eyes, stood in front of a broken flower” - this is how the reader meets Theme. “When for the first time Tyoma appeared on the terrace, thinner, grown up, with short-cropped hair, it was already a warm autumn in the yard” - this is how the boy appears before the readers after an illness. We see that there is no detailed portrait in any of the passages quoted: “Having put on his boots, he went to the washbasin, splashed water in his face twice, rubbed himself somehow, grabbed a comb, made a careless section on the side - crooked and uneven, several times combed his thick hair; not having finished, he impatiently smoothed them with his hands and, dressing, buttoning his frock coat as he went, went into the dining room.

"Don't be afraid, don't be afraid! he says in a voice trembling with horror. - It's a shame to be afraid! Cowards are only afraid! Whoever does bad things is afraid, but I don’t do bad things, I pull out the Bug, and both mom and dad will praise me for this. Dad was in the war, it's scary there, but is it really scary here? There is not a bit of fear here. I’ll rest and climb further, then I’ll rest again and climb again, and I’ll get out, then I’ll pull out the Bug. The bug will be happy, everyone will be surprised how I pulled it out ”- the Subject evaluates himself and his actions, this is how the author uses self-characterization.

“Suddenly, the fraulein’s skirt is noisily torn in half, and the enraged bonnet shouts:

Dummer knabe!.. * * Stupid boy!.. (from German dummer Knabe) ”- the fraulein evaluates the Theme - this is a mutual characteristic.

Evaluates the boy and his mother: “Well, it will, it will ... mother is not angry anymore ... mother loves her boy ... mother knows that he will be good, loving when she understands only one small, very simple thing. And Tyoma can already understand it. You see how much grief has happened to you, but what do you think why? And I’ll tell you: because you are still a little coward ... "

The assessment is given by both sister Zina and Tema's father.

Dear Bug! Darling, dear, I'll pull you out now, ”he shouted to her, as if she understood him.

The bug answered with a new joyful screech, and it seemed to Tyoma that she was asking him to hurry up with the fulfillment of his promise.

Now, Bug, now, - Tyoma answered her and began, with the consciousness of all the responsibility of his obligation to the Bug, to fulfill his dream. That sympathizes with Abrumka: “Tyoma lost all fear for Abrumka. The sincere, genuine grief that sounded in his words turned Tyoma's heart to him. He decided to immediately go to his mother and confess everything to her.

He caught his mother reading.

Tyoma embraced his mother warmly.

Mom, give me thirty kopecks.

Why would you?

Tyoma hesitated and said embarrassedly:

I feel sorry for Abrumka, he has nothing to bury Khimka with, I promised him.

It's good that you feel sorry for him, but still you had no right to promise him. Do you have your own money? You can only have your own money.

Tyoma listened intently, embarrassed, and when Aglaida Vasilievna brought him the money, he embraced her and answered her fervently, tormented by remorse for his lie:

My dear mother, I will never again ... ".

When Theme enters the gymnasium and Vakhnov shows him his "trick" at the drawing lesson, the hero does not betray his classmate.

The mischievous behavior of the boy is also described: “The subject suddenly feels such a surge of joy that he wants to throw something out so that everyone, everyone - the sisters, and the bonna, and Nastasya, and Ioska - gasp. He stands there, looking for something suitable in his mind for a few moments, and cannot think of anything else than how to run headlong into the street and cut off the road of some rushing carriage. There is a general desperate cry:

Topic, Topic, where?!

Subject-a! - the piercing cry of the bonne rushes and reaches the sensitive ear of the mother.

Together with the writer, we are following with interest and ardent sympathy the unequal struggle of little Tyoma against the cruel educational principles of his father, against the official-routine system of education and the generally accepted and generally recognized mores and habits of those around him. Truthful, sincere, kind Tyoma resists the destructive effects of violence, indifference, hypocritical morality. The reader can feel all this thanks to the author's talent.

Along with the main child character, there are other children in the work - these are Tema's sisters, his younger brother, his classmates in the gymnasium, Ivanov's best friend. The author creates their image, using more of an external characteristic, namely a description of their behavior, but at the same time other ways of depicting are used to a lesser extent.

Conclusions to chapter 2

As a result of the work done, we can conclude that all authors use all the main ways of depicting characters to create the image of a child: external characteristics (portrait characteristic, description of the objective situation, speech characteristic, description of the “hero’s behavior”, author’s characteristic, self-characterization, mutual characteristic that characterizes the name) and internal characteristics (internal monologue, description of the character depicted from the point of view of this character, worldview of the character, imagination and memories of the character, dreams of the character, letters and personal diaries) as well as the biography of the hero. But of course, the authors have their own differences.

A.P. Chekhov often uses the internal characteristics of the characters, revealing the outside world through the vision of the child, with the help of his perception. K. M. Stanyukovich uses all the ways to create a character equally.

A.I. Kuprin uses a variety of means of depiction and characteristics of child characters. But a significant contribution to the images is made precisely by the description of the behavior and actions of the characters, as well as the transfer of the feelings and thoughts of the hero, especially in those moments when children perform these feats.

The image of the child L.N. Andreev creates with the help of a description of behavior, while in some cases the description of the hero's behavior can be attributed to an external characteristic, and in some cases to an internal one. Sometimes the behavior reveals the internal state of the hero. The author also uses a portrait characteristic. The portrait of the boy in the story is dynamic, it changes with the change in the situation surrounding the child.

N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky portrays the character-child mainly as an internal characteristic, conveying the feelings, thoughts, worldview of the Theme.

The story "Childhood" became the first work of 24-year-old Leo Tolstoy and immediately opened the way for him not only in Russian, but also in world literature. The young writer sent it to the editor-in-chief of the then most famous literary magazine Sovremennik, Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, along with money in case the manuscript was returned, but the poet could not help but see that the creation of a real talent fell into his hands. Although Tolstoy's subsequent books brought him even greater fame, Childhood did not fade in the least in comparison with them. There was depth, moral purity, and wisdom in the work.

The main character of the work is 10-year-old Nikolenka Irteniev. The boy grows up in a noble family in a rural estate, he is surrounded by the closest and most beloved people: a teacher, brother, sister, parents, nanny.

Readers get acquainted with the world of Nikolai through his story, and many of his actions are analyzed by a young man who has already grown up, but for whom childhood memories are so vivid that he carried them through many years. And they form the personality. Already in the early stages of growing up, it becomes quite clear what you will be.

What can be said about Nicholas? He is smart but lazy, so learning doesn't always go smoothly. However, the boy's conscientiousness and kindness fully compensate for the lack of diligence. He is very attached to close people, subtly feels their mood. Especially touching is his tenderness for his mother. In addition, he is prone to prudence and reflection: he likes to delve into himself, sort through thoughts and feelings. But a firm character has not yet developed in him: for example, he follows the lead of a friend and commits a low deed.

In little Nikolai there was all the best that later formed an adult personality. But he laments, where have gone the purity and sensitivity, which were in abundance in childhood, and which he does not find in himself today? Have they disappeared without a trace? No, it's just that in a world where emotions are usually restrained, sincere impulses were locked deep in the soul.

Karl Ivanovich

Tolstoy dedicates the first chapter of the story to the teacher, Karl Ivanovich, whom little Nikolai loves very much, although he is sometimes angry with him like a child. The boy sees the good heart of the mentor, feels his great affection, he describes him as a person with a clear conscience and a calm soul. The pupil feels sorry for his dear teacher and sincerely wishes him happiness. His heart responds to the old man's feelings.

But Kolya is not at all perfect, it happens that he gets angry, scolds his teacher or nanny to himself, does not want to study, thinks a lot about himself and puts his “I” above others, participates in bullying along with others over Ilenka Grap. But who didn't do the same as a child? The reader will recognize himself in many ways: how he wants to grow up as soon as possible and stop doing his homework, how he dreams of becoming handsome, because then it is very important, as any mistake is perceived as a tragedy. Therefore, the teacher was characterized by patience and restraint, as well as a sense of humor and sincere affection for the boy.

Mother

Nikolai is a very sensitive child, he loved his mother very much, but he only remembers her kind eyes, affection and love. Just to be with her, to feel the touch of her hands, to thrill from her tenderness was real happiness for him. She died early, it was then that his childhood ended. The matured hero thinks that if he could see maman's smile in the most difficult moments of his life, he would never know grief.

A ten-year-old boy has a very rich inner life, selfishness and love for loved ones, good and evil often struggle in him, and yet the morality already laid down helps to make the right human choice already in the subconscious. It has a lot of conscience and shame. He very deeply analyzes his feelings, any of their external manifestations are often supported by an internal contradiction. Nikolai notices that his tears bring him pleasure, that, having lost his mother, he grieves as if for show. His prayers are always for the health and well-being of loved ones, for mom and dad, for poor Karl Ivanovich, he asks God to give happiness to everyone. It is in this compassionate impulse that the influence of the mother is manifested, to whom the writer does not pay much attention. He shows her through his son, a kind soul did not sink into oblivion when the body died, she remained on earth in a child who adopted her responsiveness and tenderness.

Dad

Nikolenka also loves her father very much, but this feeling is different from tenderness for her mother. Dad is an undoubted authority, although we see a person with many shortcomings in front of us: he is a player, a spendthrift, a womanizer.

But the hero talks about all this without any condemnation, he is proud of his father, considering him a knight. Although dad is undoubtedly stricter, tougher than mom, he has the same kind heart and boundless love for children.

Natalya Savishna

This is an elderly woman who is in the service of Nikolai's family (she was his mother's nanny). She is a serf, like the other servants. Natalya Savishna is kind and modest, her look expressed "calm sadness." In her younger years she was a plump and healthy girl, but in her old age she was hunched over and haggard. Her hallmark is selflessness. She devoted all her strength to caring for the master's family. Nikolai often speaks of her diligence, diligence, good morals.

The main character trusted the old woman with his experiences, because her sincerity and honesty were undeniable. She is proud only of the fact that she has never stolen from the masters, so they entrust her with the most responsible affairs. The heroine's love for the whole family was all the more surprising, because Nikolenka's grandfather forbade her to marry her beloved. However, she did not hold a grudge.

Sonya, Katya and Serezha

Kolya is still at the age when playing Robinson, where you can swim along an imaginary river, go hunting in the forest with a stick-gun, brings pleasure, without such childishness it is difficult for him to imagine his life.

The hero describes a not very long period of his childhood, but manages to fall in love three times: with Katenka, Seryozha and Sonya. These are completely different feelings, but they are childishly pure and naive. Love for Seryozha made him imitate and bow before him, and this led to a very cruel act. Nikolai did not stand up for Ilenka Grapa, whom they had unfairly offended, although he could sympathize even with a wounded bird. As an adult, he considers this the most unpleasant memory of a bright happy childhood. He is very ashamed of his callousness and rudeness. Love for Katya was a very tender feeling, he kissed her hand twice and burst into tears from overflowing emotions. She was something very sweet and dear to him.

The feeling for Sonya was very bright, made him different: confident, handsome and very charming. It instantly overwhelmed him all, everything that was before her became insignificant.

Nikolai's childhood plunges every reader into his bright memories and gives hope that the kindness, love, purity that was there cannot completely disappear. She lives in us, we should just not forget that happy time.

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Why did we turn to this topic? Why read books? Are we interested today in the problems that worried writers and their heroes? We decided to answer these questions by studying the work of the 19th century writer N.G. Garin-Mikhilovsky "Tyoma's Childhood". The hero of the story is a boy who studies at the gymnasium. He finds himself in difficult life situations and solves difficult issues. “Does a modern teenager have such problems as Tyoma?” - we thought. And they conducted a study comparing the hero of the story and our contemporary.

Characteristics of the Dark. The hero of the story "Tyoma's Childhood" is a boy from a noble family. He studies at the gymnasium. Subject: 1. friendly, 2. dreamy, 3. fond of reading, 4. loves adventures (was going to run to America), 5. lazy to study, 6. loves and respects parents, 7. sometimes secretive (does not tell parents everything), 8 .conscientious, 9. able to repent and ask for forgiveness, 10. weak willpower (brought up willpower in himself), 11. irresponsible, 12. touchy, impressionable.

Conflict situations in which Tyoma finds himself. Conflict with friends. Confessed to the director who put the needle on the teacher's chair. Because of this confession, two of Tyoma's friends were expelled from the gymnasium. Tyoma was worried about a quarrel with Ivanov. Conflict with parents. He deceived his parents, did not tell that he was going to run away to America with friends and therefore did not study lessons, got a lot of twos and could stay for the second year. The father was upset when he heard about it.

How does Tyoma resolve conflict situations? Conflict with friends. Tyoma tries to resolve the conflict himself, but he fails. He could not apologize to Ivanov and the friendship ended. The subject told his mother about everything, she reassured him. Conflict with parents. I could not find a way out of the situation myself and decided to poison myself in order to avoid punishment. After recovery, I talked with my parents, corrected the deuces and asked for forgiveness.

Characteristics of the modern teenager. Summing up the results of the survey, we have created the following characteristics of the modern teenager. Modern teenager: 1. friendly, 2. adventurous, 3. honest, 4. quick-tempered, 5. generous, 6. able to help friends, 7. has little respect for elders, 8. does not like to study very much, 9. irresponsible (has weak strength). will), 10. is not always able to ask for forgiveness, 11. is fond of the computer.

The results of the comparison of the hero of the work and the modern teenager. General Both are adventurous, have no interest in learning, have weak will power, irresponsible, friendly, helpful. They have conflict situations with friends and parents. Differences Heroes live in different eras. The subject is more dreamy, impressionable, fond of reading, conscientious, able to repent, respects elders, he is secretive and tries to solve his problems first himself, and then consults with his parents. A modern teenager is fond of computers, not so respectful towards elders, quick-tempered, not always able to repent of his actions, solves problems by consulting with friends and parents.

Research results. We are interested in the hero of the story "Tyoma's Childhood", since he has a lot in common with a modern teenager, because they are of the same age, which means they have similar problems: they are in conflict with their parents and peers. The author of the story shows us how Tyoma solves his problems, cultivates in himself responsibility and willpower, important traits for the character of any person. Modern teenagers can learn this from the hero N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky.

Who helped Tyoma become interested in reading books? What class did this happen in?

Classmate Ivanov very quickly interested Tyoma with his fascinating retellings of books that he had not even heard of. This passion made Cho-mu start reading books, which very soon became one of his favorite pastimes. He read Gogol, Mine Reed and Wagner. Now the children's writer of those years, Wagner, is not published or read. But Gogol and Mine Reed are read by a lot of sixth graders.

Why is the ninth chapter of the book called "Sneak"?

The head of "Sneak" tells about Tyoma's most humiliating and grave misconduct: he failed to hide from the director the culprit of the incident in the class. Ivanov did not give out a friend, and he had to leave the gymnasium. The word "sneak" still sounds like an insult to the student, in the same way it was perceived before.

What event ended the friendship between Tyoma and Ivanov? Who was to blame for this? Why did Ivanov suffer and was not expelled from Tyoma's gymnasium? How do you explain the behavior of each of your friends?

Vakhnov's evil trick had to be revealed. Ivanov, assessing Vakhnov's actions as "vile filth", did not name him, guided by the "rules of partnership." Tyoma betrayed Vakhnov under severe pressure from the director. Therefore, Tyoma received a small punishment, and Ivanov, who did not give a comrade, was ordered to be taken away from the gymnasium. The removal of Ivanov from the gymnasium caused their friendship to fade away.

Why did Tyoma feel "depressed, humiliated, stupid"?

Not only Tyoma, but also his kind mother felt humiliation, because they all recognized betrayal as a bad deed. Probably, Vakhnov's meanness was not worth such torment - this evil high school student fully deserved punishment. But here it was a matter of principle, from which none of the participants in the incident could retreat. Tyoma had a feeling that he had committed meanness.

Have you noticed that in difficult times, Ivanov continues to have a very strong influence on Tyoma? Why?

Many of Tyoma's views and judgments were formed under the beneficial influence of Ivanov, and therefore Tyoma often remembered his friend when he needed to decide something. This influence was not superficial and temporary, it probably remained for a lifetime.

How do you explain the emergence of Cho-we's friendship with Danilov and Kasitsky?

It was excruciatingly difficult for Tyoma to come to terms with the fact that he betrayed his comrade. He suffered both from pangs of conscience and from loneliness, which arose around him primarily because Ivanov was not around. Recall that Tyoma was sitting at the same desk with Vakhnov and Ivanov, and now he was left alone. But a few days later, first Kasitsky, and then Danilov, moved to Tyoma's desk. The boys were united by a common attitude to the events that had taken place, and new impressions of gymnasium life.

Why did Tyoma remember Robinson while preparing to escape?

The stories of Danilov, who was carried away by the sea, attracted Tyoma and Kasitsky. They, like Danilov, regretted that they could not devote themselves to the sea, but had to "spend this precious time both on sleep, and on food, and on the gymnasium." At the same time, Danilov argued that “there are people with a strong will who, even without a gymnasium, knew how to make their way in life,” Tyoma sighed and recalled Robinson. Apparently, Tyoma imagined Robinson's life on a desert island.

What role did Kasitsky play in preparing the escape to America?

Danilov was the son of a harbor captain and from childhood he loved the sea and knew how to do everything that was required of a sailor. Kasitsky, on the other hand, was very mobile, restless, loved all kinds of changes and novelty, and therefore, without much thought, he accepted the idea of \u200b\u200bfleeing to America and was more likely to have fun with the whole process of preparation than to seriously prepare for this event. He, as it were, turned a collective undertaking into a fun game and sharply reduced the tension experienced by his friends.

Why were the fugitives happy when the escape failed?

The fugitives were glad when the escape failed, because they themselves secretly wanted to stay at home. The purpose of the escape was travel, and the comrades did not even think about what they would do in a distant country.

All their strength was concentrated on the boat, leaving home, on the possibility of getting on a passing ship. And when this ship sailed by, and the passengers waved merrily to the boys on the boat, the fugitives realized how absurd their fiction was, and were glad that it ended happily. The only thing left is that in the gymnasium they were called Americans.

How did Tyoma prepare for the exams and why did he pass them so badly?

When planning to flee to America, Tyoma, of course, did not prepare for the exams in any way. When the exams began, he most of all cared about the signs: he was baptized at all the churches he passed by, “he was not too lazy to go around the oncoming priest for a block, or, in extreme cases, when meeting, he grabbed his left ear and said quickly: “ Mind, mind, not me! ”, Or diligently, but twisted three times in the same place. He failed to pass the exams successfully, but at home he successfully hid it.

How did the hero manage to turn himself around and start preparing for the re-examination?

The decision to prepare for the re-examination was dearly given to Tyoma. Realizing that he could stay for a second year, the boy tried to poison himself. Fortunately, he was frightened, he was immediately given milk to drink, so there were no special consequences for his health. But, seeing the grief of his mother, Cho-ma promised to pass the re-examination, asking her to get permission from the director of the gymnasium as soon as possible. It was his completely independent and serious decision. material from the site

How do you evaluate the chapter "Exams" in an autobiographical work - as a story about an exam and a re-examination, or as a story about a man who managed to cope with his weakness, a story about the formation of a boy's character?

The chapter "Exams" tells about the events of Tyoma's life, but at the same time, it gives the reader an idea of how a teenager can cope with his weakness. This chapter can also be considered as a chapter on the formation of the character of a teenager.

How did the parents react to the trouble of their son? What caused Tyoma's tragic poisoning attempt? When did he realize his mistake? Why was Tyoma so happy when he managed to pass the re-examination?

The poisoning attempt was almost accidental - the boy suddenly felt that he had no way out. The father - a decisive and direct military general - could not understand and accept the act of his son. The mother was in despair. And it was then that Tyoma decided to pass the re-examination at all costs and prove that he was able to quickly catch up. The happiness he felt when the re-examination was passed was due not only to the joy that he had fulfilled his promise, but also to the satisfaction of being able to overcome himself.

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There is nothing more interesting than the story of an intelligent and talented person about his life.

The writer Nikolai Georgievich Garin-Mikhailovsky lived at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. He became a writer only at the age of 40. He was an engineer by profession and worked on the railroad for a long time. He traveled all over the country, lived in the Urals, Batumi and Bessarabia. By the middle of his life, Nikolai Georgievich tried himself as a landowner - he bought a large estate and took up agriculture.

The farm went bankrupt, but this incident made a writer out of the landowner. He outlined his experience in the essays “Several Years in the Village” (under the pseudonym Garin). The success of the essays inspired Mikhailovsky to continue writing.

All his essays and stories are based on real events, in each of which the writer's wise look was able to see a certain moral idea, to generalize what was typical for Russian society of that time.

The story "Childhood of the Theme" is the best book from the autobiographical "Family Chronicle". It consists of twelve short stories.

This is not just a description of childhood, the joys and troubles of a little person, but a chronicle of spiritual growth, moral development and maturation.

The reader gets acquainted with the theme at the age of eight. In the morning in the greenhouse, Tema noticed that his father's favorite orchid had blossomed. The subject looks forward to how he will please his relatives with the news at breakfast, but suddenly he breaks the flower with an awkward movement.

A whirlwind of thoughts rushes through the head of the Theme! He knows that it will be right to honestly confess his act, but he is afraid of his father, because he, being sure of the need for a harsh male upbringing (he is a retired general), applies corporal punishment to the boy. And the topic does not have the courage to confess. He hastily hides the "traces of the crime."

The day is ruined. Trying to calm, first of all, his conscience, Theme embarks on adventures, one worse than the other. He acts like a hero, climbing on a horse and almost breaking his head, tears the governess's skirt, steals sugar for a friend, a yard boy Ioska.

In the evening, punishment overtakes Theme.

This is something new?! Horror grips the boy's soul; his hands, trembling, hurriedly search for the buttons of his panties; he experiences a kind of painful fading, painfully rummages within himself, what else to say, and finally, in a voice full of fright and entreaty, quickly, incoherently and fervently says:

- My dear, dear, my dear ... Dad! Dad! My dear… Papa, dear papa, wait! Dad?! Ah ah ah! Ayayay!..

The blows are falling. The subject wriggles, squeals, catches a dry, sinewy hand, passionately kisses it, prays. But something else, next to the prayer, grows in his soul. Not to kiss, but to beat, to bite, he wants that nasty, nasty hand.

Hatred, some kind of wild, burning malice seizes him.

Horror fills the mother's soul.

- Enough, enough! she screams as she bursts into the office. - Enough!!.

- Admire what your little animal is like! - her father pokes her bitten finger.

But she does not see this finger. She looks with horror at the sofa, from where at this time a disheveled, miserable, dirty little animal climbs down and wildly, with the instinct of an animal that has been forgotten for a moment, makes its way to the exit. Excruciating pain pervades the mother. Her words sound bitter when she says to her husband:

And this is education? Is this knowledge of the nature of a boy?! Turning a child into a pitiful idiot, tearing out his human dignity - is this education?!

A person who reads these lines will never say that corporal punishment is acceptable.

The image of the mother, Aglaida Vasilievna, stands out in the book. A trusting relationship, a deep and tender affection between mother and boy, has a beneficial effect on Theme. She, like no one, understands her living, like a fire, open to the world, a kind and active child.

She sees the goal of upbringing as the development of the good that is in her son, and such a development that does not humiliate his human dignity. She helps Tema realize her shortcomings, teaches her to treat herself and people in a Christian way.

Here Tema threw a stone at the butcher because he kicked his ears. The mother does not miss the opportunity to clearly teach him a lesson: “To whom much is given, much will be asked from him” (The theme of the social status of his family was higher than commoners).

So Tema betrayed a comrade in the gymnasium, he acted meanly. Mother experiences with him all the humiliation and longing from a bad deed and teaches him to turn to God so that he gives strength in difficult times, helps to be an honest person. “He who has not fallen will not be able to rise,” Tema understands.

Many more adventures await Theme. Children will be able to experience them together with the boy. And adults - to think about what reasons turn a pure child into a child full of problems and fears.

Nikolay Georgievich Garin-Mikhailovsky "Childhood of the Theme"