The impact is on human health. What factors affect human health. The concept of medical prevention

To strengthen and maintain the health of healthy people, that is, to manage it, information is needed both about the conditions for the formation of health (the nature of the implementation of the gene pool, the state of the environment, lifestyle, etc.), and the final result of the processes of their reflection (specific indicators of the health status of the individual or population).

World Health Organization (WHO) experts in the 80s. 20th century determined the approximate ratio of various factors for ensuring the health of a modern person, highlighting four groups of such factors as the main ones. Based on this, in 1994, the Interdepartmental Commission of the Security Council of the Russian Federation on the protection of public health in the Federal concepts "Protection of public health" and "Towards a healthy Russia" defined this ratio in relation to our country as follows:

genetic factors - 15-20%;

state of the environment - 20-25%;

medical support - 10-15%;

conditions and way of life of people - 50-55%.

The value of the contribution of individual factors of different nature to health indicators depends on age, gender and individual typological characteristics of a person. The content of each of the factors of ensuring health can be determined as follows (Table 11).

Let's take a closer look at each of these factors.

Table 11 - Factors affecting human health

Genetic factors

The ontogenetic development of daughter organisms is predetermined by the hereditary program that they inherit with parental chromosomes.

However, the chromosomes themselves and their structural elements - genes, can be exposed to harmful influences, and, most importantly, throughout the life of future parents. A girl is born into the world with a certain set of eggs, which, as they mature, are sequentially prepared for fertilization. That is, in the end, everything that happens to a girl, a girl, a woman during her life before conception, to one degree or another, affects the quality of chromosomes and genes. The life expectancy of a spermatozoon is much less than that of an egg, but their life span is also sufficient for the occurrence of disturbances in their genetic apparatus. Thus, it becomes clear the responsibility that future parents bear to their offspring throughout their entire life prior to conception.

Often, factors beyond their control, which include adverse environmental conditions, complex socio-economic processes, uncontrolled use of pharmacological preparations, etc., also affect. The result is mutations that lead to the occurrence of hereditary diseases or to the appearance of a hereditary predisposition to them.

In the inherited prerequisites for health, factors such as the type of morphofunctional constitution and the characteristics of nervous and mental processes, the degree of predisposition to certain diseases are especially important.

Life dominants and attitudes of a person are largely determined by the constitution of a person. Such genetically predetermined features include the dominant needs of a person, his abilities, interests, desires, predisposition to alcoholism and other bad habits, etc. Despite the significance of the influences of the environment and upbringing, the role of hereditary factors turns out to be decisive. This fully applies to various diseases.

This makes it clear that it is necessary to take into account the hereditary characteristics of a person in determining the optimal way of life for him, the choice of profession, partners in social contacts, treatment, the most suitable type of load, etc. Often, society makes demands on a person that conflict with the conditions necessary for the realization programs in the genes. As a result, many contradictions constantly arise and overcome in human ontogenesis between heredity and environment, between various body systems that determine its adaptation as an integral system, etc. In particular, this is extremely important in choosing a profession, which is enough for our country. relevant, since, for example, only about 3% of people employed in the national economy of the Russian Federation are satisfied with their chosen profession - apparently, the discrepancy between the inherited typology and the nature of the professional activity performed is not the least important here.

Heredity and environment act as etiological factors and play a role in the pathogenesis of any human disease, however, the share of their participation in each disease is different, and the greater the share of one factor, the less the contribution of another. All forms of pathology from this point of view can be divided into four groups, between which there are no sharp boundaries.

The first group consists of actually hereditary diseases, in which the pathological gene plays an etiological role, the role of the environment is to modify only the manifestations of the disease. This group includes monogenic diseases (such as, for example, phenylketonuria, hemophilia), as well as chromosomal diseases. These diseases are transmitted from generation to generation through germ cells.

The second group is also hereditary diseases caused by a pathological mutation, but their manifestation requires a specific environmental impact. In some cases, the “manifesting” effect of the environment is very evident, and with the disappearance of the effect of the environmental factor, clinical manifestations become less pronounced. These are the manifestations of HbS hemoglobin deficiency in its heterozygous carriers at a reduced partial pressure of oxygen. In other cases (for example, with gout), a long-term adverse effect of the environment is necessary for the manifestation of a pathological gene.

The third group is the vast majority of common diseases, especially diseases of mature and old age (hypertension, gastric ulcer, most malignant tumors, etc.). The main etiological factor in their occurrence is the adverse effects of the environment, however, the implementation of the effect of the factor depends on the individual genetically determined predisposition of the organism, and therefore these diseases are called multifactorial, or diseases with a hereditary predisposition.

It should be noted that different diseases with a hereditary predisposition are not the same in the relative role of heredity and environment. Among them, one could single out diseases with a weak, moderate and high degree of hereditary predisposition.

The fourth group of diseases is a relatively few forms of pathology, in the occurrence of which the environmental factor plays an exceptional role. Usually this is an extreme environmental factor, in relation to which the body has no means of protection (injuries, especially dangerous infections). Genetic factors in this case play a role in the course of the disease and influence its outcome.

Statistics show that in the structure of hereditary pathology, a predominant place belongs to diseases associated with the lifestyle and health of future parents and mothers during pregnancy.

Thus, there is no doubt about the significant role that hereditary factors play in ensuring human health. At the same time, in the vast majority of cases, taking these factors into account through the rationalization of a person's lifestyle can make his life healthy and long-lasting. And, on the contrary, the underestimation of the typological characteristics of a person leads to vulnerability and defenselessness before the action of adverse conditions and circumstances of life.

State of the environment

The biological characteristics of the body are the basis on which human health is based. In the formation of health, the role of genetic factors is important. However, the genetic program received by a person ensures its development under certain environmental conditions.

“An organism without an external environment that supports its existence is impossible” - in this thought I.M. Sechenov laid the inseparable unity of man and his environment.

Each organism is in a variety of mutual relationships with environmental factors, both abiotic (geophysical, geochemical) and biotic (living organisms of the same and other species).

The environment is commonly understood as an integral system of interrelated natural and anthropogenic objects and phenomena in which work, life and recreation of people take place. This concept includes social, natural and artificially created physical, chemical and biological factors, that is, everything that directly or indirectly affects human life, health and activities.

Man, as a living system, is an integral part of the biosphere. The impact of man on the biosphere is associated not so much with his biological as with labor activity. It is known that technical systems have a chemical and physical impact on the biosphere through the following channels:

through the atmosphere (the use and release of various gases disrupts natural gas exchange);

through the hydrosphere (pollution of rivers, seas and oceans with chemicals and oil);

through the lithosphere (use of minerals, soil pollution by industrial waste, etc.).

Obviously, the results of technical activity affect those parameters of the biosphere that provide the possibility of life on the planet. Human life, as well as human society as a whole, is impossible without the environment, without nature. Man as a living organism is characterized by the exchange of substances with the environment, which is the main condition for the existence of any living organism.

The human body is largely connected with the rest of the components of the biosphere - plants, insects, microorganisms, etc., that is, its complex organism is included in the general circulation of substances and obeys its laws.

A continuous supply of atmospheric oxygen, drinking water, food is absolutely necessary for human existence and biological activity. The human body is subject to daily and seasonal rhythms, reacts to seasonal changes in ambient temperature, solar radiation intensity, etc.

At the same time, a person is a part of a special social environment - society. Man is not only a biological being, but also a social one. The obvious social basis for the existence of man as an element of the social structure is the leading, mediating his biological modes of existence and the administration of physiological functions.

The doctrine of the social essence of man shows that it is necessary to plan the creation of such social conditions for his development in which all his essential forces could unfold. In strategic terms, in optimizing living conditions and stabilizing human health, the most important thing is the development and introduction of a scientifically based general program for the development of biogeocenoses in an urbanized environment and the improvement of a democratic form of social structure.

Medical support

It is with this factor that most people link their hopes for health, but the share of responsibility of this factor turns out to be unexpectedly low. The Great Medical Encyclopedia gives the following definition of medicine: "Medicine is a system of scientific knowledge and practice, the purpose of which is to strengthen, prolong the life of people, prevent and treat human diseases."

With the development of civilization and the spread of diseases, medicine has become increasingly specialized in the treatment of diseases and less and less attention paid to health. The treatment itself often reduces the stock of health due to the side effects of drugs, that is, medical medicine does not always improve health.

In medical prevention of morbidity, three levels are distinguished:

first-level prevention is focused on the entire contingent of children and adults, its task is to improve their health throughout the entire life cycle. The basis of primary prevention is the experience of forming means of prevention, the development of recommendations for a healthy lifestyle, folk traditions and ways of maintaining health, etc.;

medical prevention of the second level is engaged in identifying indicators of the constitutional predisposition of people and risk factors for many diseases, predicting the risk of diseases based on a combination of hereditary characteristics, anamnesis of life and environmental factors. That is, this type of prevention is focused not on the treatment of specific diseases, but on their secondary prevention;

Level 3 prophylaxis, or disease prevention, aims to prevent disease recurrence in patients on a population scale.

The experience accumulated by medicine in the study of diseases, as well as the economic analysis of the costs of diagnosing and treating diseases, have convincingly demonstrated the relatively small social and economic effectiveness of disease prevention (prevention of III level) in improving the health of both children and adults.

It is obvious that the most effective should be primary and secondary prevention, which involves working with healthy or just starting to get sick people. However, in medicine, almost all efforts are focused on tertiary prevention. Primary prevention involves close cooperation between the doctor and the population. However, the health care system itself does not provide him with the necessary time for this, so the doctor does not meet with the population on prevention issues, and all contact with the patient is spent almost entirely on examination, examination and treatment. As for the hygienists who are closest to realizing the ideas of primary prevention, they are mainly concerned with providing a healthy environment, not human health.

The ideology of an individual approach to the issues of prevention and health promotion underlies the medical concept of universal medical examination. However, the technology for its implementation in practice turned out to be untenable for the following reasons:

a lot of funds are required to identify the largest possible number of diseases and their subsequent integration into dispensary observation groups;

the dominant orientation is not on the prognosis (prediction of the future), but on the diagnosis (statement of the present);

leading activity belongs not to the population, but to physicians;

a narrowly medical approach to recovery without taking into account the diversity of the socio-psychological characteristics of the individual.

The valeological analysis of the causes of health requires a shift in the focus of attention from medical aspects to physiology, psychology, sociology, cultural studies, to the spiritual sphere, as well as specific modes and technologies of education, upbringing and physical training.

The dependence of human health on genetic and environmental factors makes it necessary to determine the place of the family, schools, state, sports organizations and health authorities in the implementation of one of the main tasks of social policy - the formation of a healthy lifestyle.

Conditions and lifestyle

Thus, it becomes clear that the diseases of modern man are caused, first of all, by his way of life and everyday behavior. Currently, a healthy lifestyle is considered as the basis for disease prevention. This is confirmed, for example, by the fact that in the United States, the reduction in infant mortality by 80% and the mortality of the entire population by 94%, the increase in life expectancy by 85% is associated not with the successes of medicine, but with the improvement of living and working conditions and the rationalization of the way the life of the population. At the same time, in our country, 78% of men and 52% of women lead an unhealthy lifestyle.

In defining the concept of a healthy lifestyle, it is necessary to take into account two main factors - the genetic nature of a given person and its compliance with specific conditions of life.

A healthy lifestyle is a way of life that corresponds to the genetically determined typological characteristics of a given person, specific living conditions and is aimed at the formation, preservation and strengthening of health and the full performance by a person of his socio-biological functions.

In the above definition of a healthy lifestyle, the emphasis is on the individualization of the concept itself, that is, there should be as many healthy lifestyles as there are people. In determining a healthy lifestyle for each person, it is necessary to take into account both his typological features (type of higher nervous activity, morphofunctional type, the predominant mechanism of autonomic regulation, etc.), and age and gender and the social environment in which he lives (family position, profession, traditions, working conditions, material support, life, etc.). An important place in the initial assumptions should be occupied by the personality-motivational characteristics of a given person, his life guidelines, which in themselves can be a serious incentive to a healthy lifestyle and to the formation of its content and characteristics.

The formation of a healthy lifestyle is based on a number of key provisions:

An active carrier of a healthy lifestyle is a specific person as a subject and object of his life and social status.

In the implementation of a healthy lifestyle, a person acts in the unity of his biological and social principles.

The formation of a healthy lifestyle is based on a person's personal motivational attitude to the realization of his social, physical, intellectual and mental capabilities and abilities.

A healthy lifestyle is the most effective means and method of ensuring health, primary prevention of disease and meeting the vital need for health.

Quite often, unfortunately, the possibility of maintaining and strengthening health through the use of some remedy with miraculous properties (motor activity of one kind or another, nutritional supplements, psycho-training, body cleansing, etc.) is considered and proposed. Obviously, the desire to achieve health at the expense of any one means is fundamentally wrong, since any of the proposed "panacea" is not able to cover the whole variety of functional systems that form the human body, and the relationship of man himself with nature - all that ultimately determines the harmony of his life and health.

According to E. N. Weiner, the structure of a healthy lifestyle should include the following factors: optimal motor mode, rational nutrition, rational mode of life, psychophysiological regulation, psychosexual and sexual culture, immunity training and hardening, the absence of bad habits and valeological education.

The new paradigm of health is clearly and constructively defined by Academician N. M. Amosov: “To become healthy, you need your own efforts, constant and significant. Nothing can replace them."

A healthy lifestyle as a system consists of three main interrelated and interchangeable elements, three cultures: a culture of food, a culture of movement and a culture of emotions.

Food culture. In a healthy lifestyle, nutrition is decisive, system-forming, as it has a positive effect on motor activity and emotional stability. With proper nutrition, food best matches the natural technologies for the assimilation of nutrients developed during evolution.

Movement culture. Aerobic physical exercises (walking, jogging, swimming, skiing, gardening, etc.) in natural conditions have a healing effect. They include sun and air baths, cleansing and hardening water procedures.

The culture of emotions. Negative emotions (envy, anger, fear, etc.) have tremendous destructive power, positive emotions (laughter, joy, gratitude, etc.) preserve health and contribute to success.

The formation of a healthy lifestyle is an extremely long process and can last a lifetime. Feedback from the changes that occur in the body as a result of following a healthy lifestyle does not work immediately, the positive effect of switching to a rational lifestyle is sometimes delayed for years. Therefore, unfortunately, quite often people only “try” the transition itself, but, having not received a quick result, they return to their previous way of life. There is nothing surprising. Since a healthy lifestyle involves the rejection of many pleasant living conditions that have become habitual (overeating, comfort, alcohol, etc.) and, conversely, constant and regular heavy loads for a person who is not adapted to them and strict regulation of lifestyle. In the first period of the transition to a healthy lifestyle, it is especially important to support a person in his desire, provide the necessary consultations, point out positive changes in his state of health, in functional indicators, etc.

At present, there is a paradox: with an absolutely positive attitude towards the factors of a healthy lifestyle, especially in relation to nutrition and motor mode, in reality only 10% -15% of the respondents use them. This is not due to the lack of valeological literacy, but due to the low activity of the individual, behavioral passivity.

Thus, a healthy lifestyle should be purposefully and constantly formed during a person's life, and not depend on circumstances and life situations.

The effectiveness of a healthy lifestyle for a given person can be determined by a number of biosocial criteria, including:

assessment of morphological and functional indicators of health: the level of physical development, the level of physical fitness, the level of human adaptive capabilities;

assessment of the state of immunity: the number of colds and infectious diseases during a certain period;

assessment of adaptation to the socio-economic conditions of life (taking into account the effectiveness of professional activity, successful activity and its "physiological value" and psycho-physiological characteristics); activity in the performance of family and household duties; breadth and manifestations of social and personal interests;

assessment of the level of valeological literacy, including the degree of formation of an attitude towards a healthy lifestyle (psychological aspect); level of valeological knowledge (pedagogical aspect); the level of assimilation of practical knowledge and skills related to the maintenance and promotion of health (medical-physiological and psychological-pedagogical aspects); the ability to independently build an individual program of health and a healthy lifestyle.

Healthy lifestyle (sometimes called healthy lifestyle for short)- one of the important components of normal human life.

Many people have heard that a healthy lifestyle allows you to look young and keep working throughout your life. But few people know what it is exactly?

1. Human lifestyle: his diet, regimen, nature of work and rest, the presence / absence of bad habits (, ), sports, material and living conditions. About 60% of the state of our body depends on these characteristics.
2. Our external environment, climatic conditions and the state of ecology in the territory of residence have a 20% significance for human health.
3. genetic predisposition, hereditary factors occupy approximately 10% on the scale of importance.
4. The same degree of significance for the quality and duration of life has level of health care in the country.
As you can see from this list, the most significant factor is a healthy lifestyle. Here, in addition to the listed components, hygiene and hardening of the body can be attributed.

Sport

Sports activities are not only good for muscles: Properly dosed physical activity has a positive effect on the state of mind of a person. At the same time, the sport does not matter, it is only important that you like it, give a feeling of pleasure and vigor, give you the opportunity to take a break from stress and emotional overload, which are so common in the modern world.

The habit of a healthy lifestyle is formed in childhood. If the parents explained in time and by their own example proved to the child the importance of proper nutrition, compliance with standard hygiene rules, etc., then, as an adult, a person will also follow these guidelines.

However, we should not forget that a healthy lifestyle is not just a list of certain rules, but also the style of your life, your thoughts, actions and deeds.

It is on this that, first of all, not only your health and the duration of your life, but also your mood, the nature of communication with the people around you will depend. Thus, a healthy lifestyle will help you both strengthen your body and spirit, and become more

Everyone wants good health, because it ensures the harmonious development of the personality, determines the ability to work and is the main human need.

And, unfortunately, not everyone is familiar with the factors that determine health. People often shift responsibility to others without taking care of themselves. Leading a bad person by the age of thirty leads the body to a terrible state and only then think about medicine.

But doctors are not omnipotent. We create our own destiny, and everything is in our hands. This is what we will cover in this article, we will consider the main factors that determine the health of the population.

Indicators that determine human health

Let's talk about components first. Distinguish:

• Somatic. Good health and vitality.
• Physical. Proper development and training of the body.
• Mental. A healthy spirit and a sober mind.
• Sexual. The level and culture of sexuality and childbearing activity.
• Moral. Compliance with morality, rules, norms and foundations in society.

Apparently, the term "health" is cumulative. Each individual must have an idea about the human body, the work of organs and systems. Know the features of your psychological state, be able to adjust your physical and mental abilities.

Now let's talk about the criteria that match each component:

• normal physical and genetic development;
• absence of defects, diseases and any deviations;
• healthy mental and mental state;
• the possibility of healthy reproduction and normal sexual development;
• correct behavior in society, compliance with norms and principles, understanding oneself as a person and an individual.

We have considered the components and criteria, and now let's talk about human health as a value, the factors that determine it.

Activity is encouraged from an early age.

Distinguish:

1. Physical health.
2. Mental.
3. Moral.

A physically and spiritually healthy person lives in perfect harmony. He is happy, receives moral satisfaction from work, improves himself, and as a reward he gets longevity and youth.

Factors that determine human health

To be healthy and happy, you need to lead a healthy lifestyle. It is necessary to desire this and strive for the task at hand.

How to achieve this goal:

1. Maintain a certain level of physical activity.
2. Have emotional and psychological stability.
3. Temper.
4. Healthy food.
5. Follow the daily routine (work, rest).
6. Forget about bad habits (alcohol, smoking, drugs).
7. Observe moral standards in society.

It is very important to lay the foundation for a child from early childhood, so that later, in the process of building his future, the "walls" would be strong and durable.

A person is influenced by many things. Consider the main factors that determine health:

1. Heredity.
2. The attitude of a person to his own health and his way of life.
3. environment.
4. The level of medical care.

Those were the key points.

Let's talk more about each

Heredity plays a huge role. If relatives are healthy and strong, long-lived, the same fate is prepared for you. The main thing is to maintain your own health.

Lifestyle is what you are. That's right, because proper nutrition, jogging, exercising, cold showers, hardening - this is your health. You need to be able to deny yourself for good. Let's say friends invite you to a nightclub, and tomorrow you have a hard day at work, of course, it's better to stay at home, get enough sleep, than with a sore head, inhaling nicotine, plunge into work. This applies to smoking, alcohol and drug use. Should be head on shoulders.

There are factors that determine human health that do not depend on us. This is the environment. Gas emissions from transport, the use of goods and food from unscrupulous manufacturers, mutating old viruses (flu) and the emergence of new ones - all this negatively affects our health.

We also depend on the healthcare system that exists in the region in which we live. Medicine in many cases is paid, and not many people have the means to get the help of a good, highly qualified specialist.

Thus, we have defined health as a value and considered the factors that determine it.

Health is a diamond that needs to be cut. Consider two basic rules for building a healthy lifestyle:

• phasing;
• regularity.

It is very important in any training process, whether it is the development of muscles, hardening, correcting posture, mastering educational material or mastering a specialty, to do everything gradually.

And, of course, do not forget about the systematic, so as not to lose the result, experience and skills.

So, we have considered the main factors that determine health, and now let's talk about the processes that negatively affect a person's lifestyle.

What makes health worse

Consider risk factors:

• Bad habits (smoking, alcohol, drugs, substance abuse).
• Poor nutrition (unbalanced eating, overeating).
• Depressive and stressful condition.
• Lack of physical activity.
• Sexual behavior that leads to sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies.

These are health risk factors. Let's talk about them in more detail.

Let's define the term

Risk factors are confirmed or approximately possible conditions of the internal and external environment of the human body, conducive to any disease. May not be the cause of the disease, but contribute to a greater likelihood of its occurrence, progression and adverse outcome.

What other risk factors exist

Here are some examples:

• Biological. Bad heredity, congenital defects.
• Socio-economic.
• Environmental phenomena (poor ecology, peculiarities of climatic and geographical conditions).
• Violation of hygiene standards, their ignorance.
• Non-observance of regimes (sleep, nutrition, work and rest, educational process).
• Unfavorable climate in the family and in the team.
• Poor physical activity and many others.

Having studied examples of risk, it remains for a person to purposefully, persistently, conscientiously work to reduce them and strengthen health protection factors.

Let's take a closer look at physical health. It affects not only the ability to work, but also life in general.

Physical health. Factors that determine physical health

This is a state of the human body, the characteristic features of which help to adapt to any circumstances, when all organs and systems function normally.

It should be noted that maintaining a healthy lifestyle is not just about sports, adherence to regimens and proper nutrition. This is a certain attitude that a person adheres to. He is engaged in self-improvement, spiritual development, raises the cultural level. All together makes his life better.

Lifestyle is the first major factor. Prudent human behavior aimed at maintaining one's health should include:

• compliance with the optimal mode of work, sleep and rest;
• the obligatory presence of everyday physical activity, but within the normal range, no less, no more;
• complete rejection of bad habits;
• only proper and balanced nutrition;
• teaching positive thinking.

It is necessary to understand that it is the factor of a healthy lifestyle that makes it possible to function normally, to fulfill all social tasks, as well as labor, in the family and household sphere. It directly affects how long an individual will live.

According to scientists, 50% of a person's physical health depends on his lifestyle. Let's start discussing the next question.

Environment

What factors determine human health, if we talk about the environment? Depending on its impact, three groups are distinguished:

1. Physical. These are air humidity, pressure, solar radiation, etc.
2. Biological. They can be helpful and harmful. This includes viruses, fungi, plants and even pets, bacteria.
3. Chemical. Any chemical elements and compounds that are found everywhere: in the soil, in the walls of buildings, in food, in clothing. As well as electronics surrounding a person.

In sum, all these factors account for about 20%, which is a rather big figure. Only 10% of the health status of the population is determined by the level of medical care, 20% - by hereditary factors, and 50% is given to lifestyle.

As you can see, there are a lot of factors that determine the state of human health. Therefore, it is extremely important not only to eliminate the emerging symptoms of diseases and fight infections. It is necessary to influence all the factors that determine health.

It is extremely difficult for one person to change environmental conditions, but it is within the power of everyone to improve the microclimate of their homes, carefully choose food, consume clean water, and use less substances that negatively affect the environment.

And finally, let's talk about the factors that determine the level of health of the population.

Circumstances that shape the way people live

Consider the most important indicators that affect the level of health:

1. Living conditions.
2. Habits that harm the body.
3. Relationships between family members, microclimate, as well as the loss of family values, divorces, abortions.
4. Committed crimes, robberies, murders and suicides.
5. A change in lifestyle, for example, moving from a village to a city.
6. Clashes that occur due to belonging to different religions and traditions.

Now consider the impact on the health of the population of other phenomena.

Negative impact of technogenic factors

These include:

1. Decrease in working capacity of conditionally healthy people, as well as
2. The occurrence of disorders in genetics, leading to the emergence of hereditary diseases that will fall on future generations.
3. The growth of chronic and infectious diseases among the working population, due to which people do not go to work.
4. Reducing the level of health of children living in contaminated areas.
5. Weak immunity in most of the population.
6. An increase in the number of cancer patients.
7. Decreased life expectancy in people living in areas with high environmental pollution.

Thus, it is clear that there are many risk factors. This also includes industrial and transport emissions into the atmosphere, dirty effluents into groundwater, landfills, vapors and poisons of which then again enter the human environment with precipitation.

It can be noted the negative impact on the health of the population of the media. News on television, periodicals, radio broadcasts, full of negative material, excite people. Thus, they cause a depressive and stressful state, break the conservative consciousness and are the most powerful factor that is harmful to health.

The quality of the water used is of paramount importance for mankind. It can serve as a source of the spread of terrible infectious diseases.

The soil also has a negative impact on human health. Since it accumulates in itself pollution from industrial enterprises coming from the atmosphere, a variety of pesticides, fertilizers. It may also contain pathogens of some helminthiases and numerous infectious diseases. This poses a great danger to people.

And even the biological components of the landscape are able to harm the population. These are poisonous plants and bites of poisonous animals. And also extremely dangerous carriers of infectious diseases (insects, animals).

It is impossible not to mention natural disasters that take away more than 50 thousand people annually. These are earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, avalanches, hurricanes.

And in conclusion of our article, we can conclude that many literate people do not adhere to the right lifestyle, relying on higher powers (maybe it will blow over).

It is necessary to rest. Sleep is very important, which protects our nervous system. A person who sleeps little gets up in the morning irritable, broken and angry, often with a headache. Each individual has his own sleep rate, but on average it should last at least 8 hours.

Two hours before a night's rest, you should stop eating and mental activity. The room should be ventilated, you need to open the window at night. In no case should you sleep in outerwear. Do not hide with your head and bury your face in the pillow, this interferes with the respiratory process. Try to fall asleep at the same time, the body will get used to it and there will be no problems with falling asleep.

But you should not risk your health, life is one, and you need to live it qualitatively and happily so that your healthy descendants can enjoy this priceless gift.

risk factor - the general name for factors that are not the direct cause of a particular disease, but increase the likelihood of its occurrence. These include the conditions and characteristics of the lifestyle, as well as congenital or acquired properties of the body. They increase the likelihood of an individual developing a disease and (or) can adversely affect the course and prognosis of an existing disease.

In a generalized form, the influence of environmental factors on human health can be represented as the following diagram (Fig. 4.1).

Rice. 4.1.

According to WHO, biological, environmental and social risk factors are distinguished (Table 4.1). If the factors that are the direct cause of the disease are added to the risk factors, then together they are called health factors. They are classified in the same way.

TO biological risk factors include genetic and ontogeny-acquired features of the human body. It is known that some diseases are more common in certain national and ethnic groups. There is a hereditary predisposition to the disease of hypertension and peptic ulcer, diabetes mellitus, etc. For the occurrence and course of many diseases, including diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, obesity is a serious risk factor. The existence of foci of chronic infection in the body (for example, chronic tonsillitis) can contribute to the development of rheumatism.

Table 4.1

Grouping risk factors and their significance for health (Lisitsin, 2002)

Environmental risk factors. Changes in the physical and chemical properties of the atmosphere affect, for example, the development of bronchopulmonary diseases. Sharp daily fluctuations in temperature, atmospheric pressure, and magnetic field strength worsen the course of cardiovascular diseases. Ionizing radiation is one of the oncogenic factors. Features of the ionic composition of soil and water, and consequently, food of plant and animal origin, lead to the development of diseases associated with an excess or deficiency in the body of atoms of one or another element. For example, lack of iodine in drinking water and food in areas with low soil iodine content can contribute to the development of endemic goiter.

Social risk factors. Unfavorable living conditions, diverse stressful situations, such features of a person's lifestyle as physical inactivity are a risk factor for the development of many diseases, especially diseases of the cardiovascular system. Bad habits, such as smoking, are a risk factor for bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Alcohol consumption is a risk factor for the development of alcoholism, liver disease, heart disease, etc.

Risk factors may be significant for individual individuals (for example, the genetic characteristics of an organism) or for many individuals of different species (for example, ionizing radiation). The most unfavorable is the cumulative effect of several risk factors on the body, for example, the simultaneous presence of such risk factors as obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, impaired carbohydrate metabolism, significantly increases the risk of developing coronary heart disease.

Since, from a biological standpoint, health is a state of homeostatic equilibrium, wide adaptability and resistance, the modern concept of health is expanding from a narrow to a broader understanding of the health of different types of organisms, communities, and even ecosystems.

Consider some of the most typical pathological conditions and human diseases. First of all, it should be noted that a pathological condition in each individual organism, in each individual person, most often occurs not immediately, but through the accumulation of fatigue, uncompensated stressful conditions, i.e. what in medicine is often called the state of pre-illness.

Classifying diseases, they can be divided into several main groups.

hereditary diseases. Diseases that occur in carriers of mutant genes. With simple (Mendelian) inheritance, this is the presence of one mutant gene. Examples of such diseases that are caused by mutations (gene or chromosomal) are Down's syndrome, which appears as a result of chromosomal abnormalities, as well as phenylketonuria, a metabolic disease, a consequence of a gene mutation that threatens a child with mental retardation if he does not receive a special (dietary) diet from birth. ) nutrition. Gene mutations are the cause of diseases such as retinal tumors (retinoblastoma) and hemophilia.

Often there is a hereditary predisposition to diseases as a result of polygenic inheritance: to peptic ulcer and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, various types of allergies.

Hereditary diseases are largely related to the conditions of the human environment. In particular, mutations can appear in the body not only spontaneously, but also under the influence of certain environmental factors, called mutagenic ones. Ionizing radiation is the main mutagenic factor of the environment.

(radiation). A number of chemical mutagens have also been identified that enter the environment from many chemical industries. A number of viral diseases also have a mutagenic effect, making the heredity of an individual more variable and causing hereditary predispositions to pathologies.

Ecopathology - diseases caused by environmental factors. First of all, these are “lifestyle diseases” associated mainly with malnutrition or excess nutrition. With insufficient nutrition, the content of vitamins, microelements, proteins in food is below the norm, which leads to severe health disorders. With excess nutrition, obesity develops, which leads to such serious pathologies as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, an excess or imbalance of nutrition plays a no less destructive role than its deficiency. An excess of refined food consumed by the population of economically developed countries, especially urban residents, excessive consumption of animal fats, sugar, various canned food, sausages, smoked meats - all this contributes to the emergence of a number of systemic diseases of both digestion and the whole organism as a whole.

The human environment is also a source of “stress” impacts. These are, first of all, the factors of influence of physical and chemical stresses. Physical stress factors are associated with violations of the light, acoustic or vibration regime, as well as the level of electromagnetic radiation. As a rule, the deviation from the norms of these factors is typical for the urban or industrial environment, where the conditions to which the human body is evolutionarily adapted are violated most often and to the greatest extent. Chemical stress factors are extremely diverse. In recent years, more than 7 thousand different substances have been synthesized that were previously alien to the biosphere - xenobiotics (from the Greek. xenos- alien and biote- a life). Decomposers in natural ecosystems cannot cope with so many foreign substances, for the decomposition of which there are no specialized biochemical mechanisms in nature, so xenobiotics are a dangerous type of pollution. The human body also cannot cope with these alien artificial substances, because it does not have the means to detoxify them.

In addition to physical and chemical stresses, a person in the modern world is affected by overpopulation stress, typical for big cities. He gets into numerous psychological stressful situations of intense social life. At the same time, it is important that a person is faced with stress factors not only in real situations, but also in virtual ones, arising from an excess of information coming from television, radio, and using personal computers. And, finally, the very nature (content) of incoming information often leads the human body to stressful conditions.

concept "stress" was introduced into medicine and physiology by G. Selye in the 1930s. XX century, who considered stress as a non-specific reaction of the human body that occurs in response to the increased demands of the environment, and gave it the definition of "adaptation syndrome". Such a definition is acceptable for stresses caused by a variety of reasons, and characterizes the mechanisms of adaptation of various living systems. Stress in both animals and humans is a non-specific neurohumoral reaction of the body, carried out by mobilizing the nervous and humoral systems to adapt to the demands of the environment. The state of stress is the most important factor in regulating the reproduction of all living beings, i.e. population control factor. There are several phases of stress:

• - the first phase - the phase of anxiety or mobilization, when the nervous system, more precisely receptors, perceive signals from the external environment, and the nerve centers, having assessed their significance, transmit a command to the humoral system. After a complex chain of interactions, "stress hormones" are released - mainly adrenal hormones;
• - the second phase - the phase of resistance, which the body then enters, when, under the influence of stress hormones, all organs and systems of the body begin to work in a mode of increased activity;
• - the third phase can proceed in various ways. If the body coped with stressful influences and reached a higher level of adaptability, then this is the compensation phase. (ey stress).

Repeated eustresses with increasing load lead to a training response and to a greater adaptability of the body. Overcome stress brings the human body to a new, higher level of tolerance. If there is an exhaustion of the body, often leading to illness or even death, this is debilitating stress (distress). The outcome of stress depends not only on the nature and strength of the impact of the factor that caused it, but also on the initial physiological state of the body. The more stable (healthy and adaptive) the body is, the better all its systems maintain homeopathic balance, the greater the chances for a favorable outcome of stress.

Natural focal diseases(endemic) - a group of ecopathologies (diseases associated with an unfavorable environment). They are caused by the fact that a person lives either in an area where pathogens of a certain disease live (for example, tick-borne encephalitis), or in an area of ​​the globe that has geochemical or geophysical features.

Features of the biogeochemical provinces of large territories, characterized by specific features of the composition of the bioenvironment, affect human health, as well as the species composition of the biota. Special biogeochemical provinces can be characterized by: volcanic activity of the geosphere; anomalies of the physical fields of the Earth; tectonic phenomena; phenomena of weathering or destruction of rocks; features of incoming solar radiation and biogeochemical reactions; the mode of temperature change, precipitation, wind activity.

Examples of biogeochemical provinces are inner Mongolia, the basins of the Hu-bao and Zheltaya rivers. These areas are enriched with arsenic, fluorine, chloride ions and sulfate ions, hydrocarbons, and organic substances. Typical endemic diseases that occur in these areas are arsenic poisoning, fluorosis and diarrhoea. There are areas in China where the waters and soils are enriched with chromium, nickel and vanadium. Stomach cancer is very common in people in these areas. There are significant areas where waters are enriched with fluorine. Dental and bone fluorosis is common there. There are many places on the globe where there is a lack of iodine, and there endemic diseases are thyroid diseases and cretinism. An excess of selenium in the environment leads to poisoning and often to lung cancer, while its deficiency leads to Keshan disease.

On the territory of Russia, an excess of strontium against the background of a lack of calcium, as well as intoxication with phosphorus and manganese, are characteristic of Eastern Siberia. In this case, arthrosis occurs simultaneously with deforming osteochondrosis. In the Karelian-Kola region, with a significant lack of fluorine and iodine in water and soil, there is an increased incidence of caries and dysfunction of the thyroid gland. In the Volga River basin, especially in Mordovia, where there is an excess of fluorine, fluorosis occurs more often than in other places.

Local areas of the Earth's surface that have anomalies in physical fields are called geopathogenic zones. They are associated with the phenomenon of geopathogenic stress, which causes rapid heart rate, high blood pressure, insomnia, nightmares, and early mortality. These phenomena occur in places where faults in the lithosphere have been identified, so they are often associated with the presence of radon, which through faults comes to the surface from the bowels of the Earth. Known geopathogenic impact on people in seismically hazardous areas, especially before an earthquake. It is there that powerful anomalies of the physical fields of the Earth occur, causing biochemical shifts in the human body, as well as changes in the behavior of animals. People in such places develop depression, the blood formula changes, often there are attacks of heart failure. A significant contribution to geopathological data was made by the scientific school of heliobiology founded by A.L. Chizhevsky, who for the first time showed the fundamental influence of solar activity on various biospheric processes, including changes in the pathogenicity of pathogens of various diseases. Solar activity plays an important role in changes in the geomagnetic situation on Earth. Forecasts based on the study of the periodicity of solar activity are of great ecological and medical importance.

Diseases of aging - a large group of human diseases and pathological conditions associated with age-related changes (obesity, cancer, diabetes, hypertension) - syndromes associated not only with age, but also with environmental factors. The concept of biological age reflects a certain complex of morphological and functional changes in the body, simple indicators of which are the working capacity and adaptability of a person, his functional activity. Age-related changes occur in each individual person, not only in accordance with his astronomical age, but also depending on environmental factors. All ecopathologies lead to premature aging, which is especially evident in places of ecological disasters, ecological catastrophes, in places where geopathological phenomena are noted.

The understanding of the role of the state of the environment as the most important factor determining the health of the population has increased significantly in recent years (Revich et al., 2004). All risk factors associated with the environment can be divided into 2 groups: manageable and unmanaged.

TO manageable factors risks include air pollution by emissions from stationary and mobile sources; organized and unorganized discharges of polluted waters, changes in the quality of drinking water as a result of the addition of reagents in the process of water treatment and disinfection; soil pollution as a result of liquid and solid waste, the introduction of chemicals to increase crop yields.

Uncontrollable factors are global in nature and affect the hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, flora and fauna, as well as the human population. The significance of global risk factors (climate warming, thinning of the background atmosphere, activation of sunlight, especially the ultraviolet spectrum, changes in the earth's magnetic field and aeroionic composition of the air, transboundary transport of pollutants, etc.) increases from year to year.

Table 4.2 provides a generalized list of environmental factors that contribute to the emergence and spread of certain classes and groups of diseases.

Table 4.2

Relationship between adverse environmental factors and human diseases (Ekologiya..., 2004)

atmospheric air as a natural resource is a public good. The constancy of its composition (purity) is the most important condition for the existence of mankind. Therefore, any changes in the composition are considered as atmospheric pollution (Nikolaikin et al., 2004).

Atmospheric air plays a significant role in the daily metabolism in the human body, so the most important condition for a healthy environment is the presence of clean and comfortable air (Keller et al., 1998).

The growth of cities, the number of road transport, the development of industry lead to an increase in the content of various pollutants in the atmospheric air.

The danger of the impact of polluted air on the state of health is due to: a variety of pollution (moreover, the combined effect of harmful substances can lead to an increase in the toxic effects they cause); the possibility of a massive impact, since the act of breathing is continuous; direct access of pollutants to the internal environment of the body (air during breathing comes into almost direct contact with blood, in which almost all substances dissolve) (Protasov, 2000). In addition, gases, aerosols and dust entering the air basin from stationary and mobile sources cause such phenomena as the greenhouse effect, acid rain, smog, and the destruction of the ozone screen (Khotuntsev, 2004).

The impact of atmospheric air on a person has its own characteristics and is distinguished by the following (Stozharov, 2007):

• - the alveolar tissue of the lungs has a huge suction capacity, therefore, xenobiotics, even in trace amounts, can easily penetrate into the internal environment of the body;
• - xenobiotics absorbed through the lungs immediately enter the systemic circulation and thereby bypass a powerful filter - the liver, where they are neutralized;
• - it is impossible to use personal protective equipment.

The degree of danger of atmospheric air pollution is assessed by two main classes of substances - carcinogenic substances that can cause malignant tumors, and non-carcinogenic substances. A number of carcinogenic substances also affect heredity, which is expressed in an increase in the frequency of genetically determined diseases.

Non-carcinogenic substances cause a wide range of human health disorders, which can be considered as different forms of manifestations of toxic effects recorded at the molecular, cellular, tissue, organismal and population levels. The latter effects are manifested in the form of increased morbidity and mortality. First of all, this is an increase in the number of chronic respiratory diseases and mortality associated with these diseases, as well as an increase in mortality as a result of diseases of the circulatory system (Revich et al., 2003).

Motor transport contributes significantly to air pollution. Over the years, the number of vehicles in Russia has increased markedly, which in turn leads to an increase in the amount of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. Gaseous products of automobile exhausts enter the surface layer of air practically without any purification. In the immediate vicinity of traffic jams and traffic jams, the level of air pollution, even under the most favorable weather conditions, exceeds permissible standards and is a real threat to human health and the environment (Taneeva et al., 2009). Toxic substances contained in exhaust gases can remain in the atmosphere for a long time and be transported over considerable distances.

The main pollutants entering the air basin from vehicles include: carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile hydrocarbons (VOC) and particulate matter derived from them , including a substance of the 1st hazard class - benzopyrene, etc. (Nikolaikin et al., 2004). All of them have a negative effect on the human body: they affect the nervous, cardiovascular system; irritate the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract; cause dizziness, headache, lead to poisoning and the development of cancer (Protasov, 2000).

Table 4.3

Consequences of exposure to certain air pollutants on human health (Protasov, 2000; Revich, 2002; Revich et al., 2003; Korobkin et al., 2007)

The atmospheric air of a number of cities also contains such specific inorganic substances as copper, mercury, lead, cadmium, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, fluoride and some other substances (Revich et al., 2003).

Table 4.3 summarizes the potential health problems associated with exposure to a particular pollutant.

The internal environment of the premises. In various premises (residential buildings, kindergartens, schools, offices, etc.), people spend a significant part of their lives. The quality of the internal environment of the dwelling is of the greatest importance for such high-risk groups as children, pregnant women, the sick, the elderly, etc. Chemical substances (nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide, suspended solids, volatile organic compounds, etc.) enter the indoor air during the combustion of coal, gas and other fuels in kitchens, during the destruction of polymeric materials from atmospheric air (Revich et al., 2003).

Below are the general requirements for the quality of the environment in residential premises.

Table 4.4

Optimal standards for temperature, relative humidity and air velocity in residential, public and administrative premises (SNiP 2.04.05-91 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning")

Note. The norms are set for people who are indoors for more than 2 hours continuously.

Hygienic regulation thermal factors should ensure their complexity, differentiation and guarantee. The latter principle means that the normalized parameters of the microclimate should guarantee the preservation of health and ability to work even for a person with a reduced tolerance for fluctuations in environmental factors. From the point of view of ensuring the thermal comfort of a person, the ratio of the convective, radiant and conductive components of heat transfer when using various engineering and technical heating systems is of great importance. The optimal temperature parameters range from 20 to 23 °C in cold climates, from 20 to 22 °C in temperate climates, and from 23 to 25 °C in hot climates.

Of great importance for human heat transfer is air humidity in room. Permissible relative humidity is 30-65%. Exceeding these values ​​in winter is highly undesirable, since moist air has a high thermal conductivity and heat capacity, and this increases heat loss by radiation and convection. To create comfortable conditions in heated rooms, it is desirable to maintain a relative humidity of 30-45%, since at a humidity below 30% the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract begins to dry out, in addition, there is a danger of an electrostatic charge on the surface of carpets.

An important microclimatic indicator is air movement speed. Moving air affects the human body in two ways: physically and physiologically (reflexively). A slight movement of air not only blows away a layer of air saturated with water vapor and overheated, but also acts on human tactile receptors, stimulates complex reflex processes of thermoregulation. At the same time, its excessive speed, especially under conditions of supercooling, increases heat loss through convection and evaporation and contributes to the cooling of the body (Kommunalnaya..., 2006).

Table 4.5 summarizes the main sources of pollutants in residential air, and provides recommendations for reducing pollution.

The consequences of exposure to chemicals on the human body can be different: inflammation of the respiratory tract and lungs, pneumonia, lung cancer, weakened immune response, allergies, respiratory diseases, etc. There is also evidence of a link between indoor air pollution and the birth of children with low birth weight body, ischemic heart disease, and cancer of the nasopharynx and larynx.

The population in their homes and apartments is exposed not only to polluted air, but also to physical factors: an increased level of electromagnetic fields, noise, and a reduced level of illumination and insolation. Figure 4.2 shows the frequency ranges of human technology used in everyday life.

With increasing distance from the device, the magnetic field decreases (Fig. 4.3).

Table 4.5

The main sources of air pollution in residential premises and the main recommendations for reducing the level of pollution (Zhilishche..., 1998)

Rice. 4.2.

Rice. 4.3.

Rice. 4.4.

A feature of many residential premises is also a high level of biological pollution (bacteria, fungi, mites, pollen), which leads to allergization of people living in them (Revich et al., 2003).

Changing of the climate is considered as one of the negative global factors affecting the health of the population. The impact of climate change on human health is diverse. The direct impact is mainly associated with an increase in the number of days with extremely high and/or low temperatures, the frequency and intensity of floods, storms, typhoons, etc. The indirect impact is due to a decrease in the volume of available good-quality drinking water, an increase in the frequency of elevated levels of air pollution under adverse meteorological conditions (Assessment Report..., 2008).

Direct and indirect impacts adversely affect human health and lead to increased morbidity and mortality. So, stable, prolonged hot weather causes an increase in the incidence of diseases of the cardiovascular system and mortality. On hot days, the course of angina pectoris also worsens with the appearance of chest pain, headache, dizziness, nausea, fatigue, etc. The groups most at risk include young children, people of retirement age, people whose professional activities involve being outdoors, and people with low incomes (Revich, 2008). Natural disasters (floods, storms, hurricanes, typhoons, etc.) caused by climate change lead to an increase in the number of injuries, mental disorders, and infectious diseases (dysentery and intestinal infections).

Exposure to extreme heat can be exacerbated by outdoor air pollution. Concentrations of pollutants in the air often increase on hot days, which leads to an increase in the incidence of diseases of the respiratory system, the circulatory system and an increase in mortality from myocardial infarction.

Extremely low temperatures also have a negative impact on health. When exposed to low temperatures, the highest risk groups include the elderly, alcoholics and people without a fixed place of residence (Assessment Report..., 2008).

In addition, it should be noted that climate change affects the prevalence of natural focal diseases, changing the conditions for the existence of carrier populations and the conditions for the development of pathogens in the carrier (Revich, 2008).

Drinking water. Water is not only the basis of life on Earth, but also an essential factor in shaping the health of the population and the quality of life. According to the World Health Organization, up to 80% of all diseases are related to water in one way or another (Keller et al., 1998). The hydrochemical composition of drinking water, the presence of various impurities, bacteriological contamination - all this affects health and leads to the development of certain diseases.

Worldwide, poor water and water quality, inadequate sanitation and hygiene are ranked second only to poor nutrition as the leading cause of loss of potentially healthy life years due to death and disease, according to the WHO.

Hygienic requirements and drinking water quality standards basically contain three methodological principles:

• - water must be safe in epidemiological and radiation terms;
• - harmless on a chemical composition;
• - have favorable organoleptic properties.

Water must meet these requirements before it enters the distribution network, as well as at the points of water intake of the external and internal water supply networks (Revich et al., 2003).

Table 4.6 provides generalized examples of possible health problems associated with an excess or deficiency of certain chemicals in drinking water.

The soil is the most important element of the biosphere, on which the state of human health depends. A number of chemical elements contained in the soil are necessary for the normal functioning of the body. Their deficiency, excess or imbalance can cause diseases called microelementoses, or biogeochemical endemias, which can be both natural and man-made. In their distribution, an important role belongs not only to water, but also to food products, into which chemical elements enter from the soil along food chains (Keller et al., 1998).

Table 4.6

Possible health problems due to insufficient or excessive content of chemicals in drinking water (Keller et al., 1998; Protasov, 2000; Revich et al., 2003;

Stozharov, 2007)

Food contamination. Most of the many toxic substances enter the human body with food. Thus, heavy metals may be present in plant products grown on lands near industrial areas and along roads; fish and seafood; canned food in tin containers; utensils and packaging materials. Nitrozoamines are found in fish and meat products, milk, tobacco smoke, and are also formed and released into the air when products are smoked using nitrates and nitrites, roasted, dried, and salted (Revich et al., 2003).

The intensive use of fertilizers and agrochemicals in agriculture increases the risk of nitrates and pesticides entering the human body along with plant products. Persistent organic pollutants, such as dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, come with seafood, butter, chicken meat, and cereals. This list can be continued indefinitely (Stozharov, 2007).

All of these substances have a toxic, carcinogenic effect, adversely affect the health of people and lead to various consequences: an increase in the incidence of diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, the cardiovascular, endocrine, digestive, genitourinary systems, an increase in cases of poisoning and nervous disorders, the occurrence of neoplasms, reproductive health disorders (Revich et al., 2003; Stozharov A.N., 2007).

electromagnetic fields(EMF) can be broadly divided into static and low-frequency electric and magnetic fields (LFN). Common sources of EMF include power lines, household appliances, computers, radar installations, radio and television installations, mobile phones and their base stations, induction heating, and anti-theft devices. According to the WHO, the impact on the general population of EMFs is high and continues to grow.

Studies in the field of biological effects of EMF have made it possible to determine the most sensitive systems of the human body - the nervous, immune, endocrine and reproductive systems. Among the registered consequences of exposure to electromagnetic pollution on a person is damage to the basic functions of the body, including damage to the cardiovascular and digestive systems, the development of mental disorders, etc.

Prolonged exposure to even relatively low levels of EMF can result in cancer, insomnia, memory loss, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, behavioral changes, bronchitis, asthma, migraine, chronic fatigue, etc. (Khotuntsev, 2004).

Noise and health. Noise impact is one of the forms of harmful physical impact on the environment. Noise pollution occurs as a result of unacceptable excess of the natural level of sound vibrations (Korobkin et al., 2007). Distinguish between domestic, transport and industrial noise. Noise sources in settlements are: motor vehicles, railways, air transport, industrial and municipal facilities (Revich et al., 2003).

From an ecological point of view, in modern conditions, noise becomes not only unpleasant for hearing, but also leads to serious physiological consequences for humans (Korobkin et al., 2007). Noise affects all organs and systems of the body. This influence can be both specific in nature - a change in hearing, and manifest itself in the form of such non-specific phenomena as an increase in blood pressure, weakening of attention, memory, eye fatigue, sleep disturbance, nervous overload, and a decrease in school performance (Revich et al., 2003).

Radiation. Radiation sources can be either natural or artificial. The main contribution to the dose received by people from sources of artificial radiation is made by various medical procedures, including X-ray diagnostics and radiotherapy units. A much lower dose is associated with nuclear explosions and the operation of nuclear power plants, despite a number of disasters.

A natural source of radiation is the element radon, which is formed during the decay of natural uranium and thorium. Radon can be found in soil, building materials and water from underground sources (Stozharov, 2007). Natural sources of ionizing radiation create about 70% of the total dose received by a person from all sources of radiation (Revich et al., 2003).

The impact of ionizing radiation has an extremely negative impact on the health of the population and leads to the occurrence of malignant neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, thyroid gland, and leukemia (Revich et al., 2003; Stozharov, 2007).

In addition to the factors discussed above, human health is also affected by geological structures, which include zones of increased permeability and stresses of the earth's crust, geopathic zones (tectonic faults), geochemical anomalies, increased background radiation, etc.

Thus, it has been proven that there is a statistically significant relationship between the incidence of malignant neoplasms, multiple sclerosis, coronary heart disease, as well as changes in behavioral reactions and road traffic injuries with geopathogenic zones.

The heterogeneity of the structure of the earth's crust is also manifested in other medical-ecological (medico-geographical) phenomena. For example, when studying the state of health of the rural population, it was found that in the areas of the Kursk magnetic anomaly there is an increased incidence of diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Changes in physical (geophysical) and energy fields are associated with heterogeneity and geologically active zones of the earth's crust, which are also not indifferent to human health, although their influence has not yet been sufficiently studied (for example, gravitational and electromagnetic).

It is also known that there are entire regions "lying" on rocks, the composition of which adversely affects people's health. Such anomalies are explained by increased or decreased content in rocks, soils, underground and groundwater of a number of chemical elements - calcium, fluorine, iodine, selenium and especially phosphorus, mercury, arsenic, strontium, natural radionuclides. These territories also include areas of development of sandy-argillaceous rocks with a high content of uranium. These deposits cause the appearance of gas anomalies, including radon ones, which create conditions for biological discomfort (Keller et al., 1998).

Each person leads his own way of life. Someone is used to going to bed early and getting up early, while someone, on the contrary, likes to sit after midnight and sleep longer in the morning. Someone leads an active life and likes to go hiking, while someone prefers watching television programs. There are theater-goers who do not miss a single premiere, and there are people who visit the theater every few years. Some people like to read and collect large libraries at home, while others have almost no books. Everything we do is imprinted by our way of life.

The formation of a way of life can occur somehow imperceptibly, gradually. We can adopt it from the people around us or build our own. But everything we do during our life affects us in one way or another. The way we work and sleep, eat and take care of our body, develop our intelligence and master our emotions affects the state of various components of our health.

The choice of lifestyle, along with other factors, determines whether a person will be healthy, or, conversely, illness will begin to haunt him. It is a healthy lifestyle that consists of all the conditions necessary for normal physical development, personal and intellectual growth, a comfortable emotional state, and helps to maintain health.

A healthy lifestyle does not require any special preparation, since it is designed for the average person.

Any person can

• Healthy food,
• adhere to the rules and regulations of hygiene,
• create comfortable conditions for yourself at work and at home,
• engage in physical labor
• develop intellectually and spiritually,
• be a moral person.

Any person can adhere to the norms of communication, the rules of good manners, listen carefully to the opinions of other people, and restrain their emotions during conflicts.

All this means that a person leads a healthy lifestyle that helps to strengthen her health.

A healthy lifestyle helps us achieve our goals, successfully implement our plans, and cope with difficulties.

What is the integrity of health?

According to the World Health Organization, health is “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”.

Physical health factors

But in the everyday sense, health is just the absence of disease.

Many are primarily interested in the physical component of health, but it is not the only one, although it is very important.

From the point of view of the physical component of health, a person is a biological being with certain anatomical and physiological features. But at the same time, she is a person - a representative of society, which freely and responsibly determines its place among other people. Therefore, we can highlight other components of health.

There is a social component of health. It is connected with the fact that a certain person lives among other people, studies, works, communicates. She behaves in a certain way, provides for the possible consequences of her actions, takes responsibility for their results.

There are mental and spiritual components of health. The mental component of health includes the ability to adequately evaluate and perceive one's feelings and sensations, and consciously manage one's emotions. Being a balanced personality, a person is able to withstand stressful loads, find safe outlets for negative emotions. She has an intellect that allows him to know the world and navigate it correctly, achieve his goals, study and work successfully, develop his spiritual potential.

It is the spiritual component of health that allows a person to determine his attitude to all the components of health, to combine them together, to ensure the integrity of his personality.

The spiritual development of a person determines the purpose of existence, ideals and life values.

A spiritually developed person lives according to moral and ethical principles.
So, human health is determined by various components that are interrelated, and each of them makes its contribution to health. This is the integrity of health.

Factors affecting human health

A factor is the cause of any change. When they talk about health factors, they mean those reasons that can change the state of health, that is, affect it.

Our health is determined by heredity, that is, parents pass on to us the characteristics of their body (for example, the color of the skin, hair, eyes), including those that determine health.

But to a greater extent, health depends on the person himself, on his lifestyle and habits.

In addition, our health is determined by the health care system that exists in our country.

Socio-economic and environmental factors can also influence health.

Each of the health factors can have both positive and negative effects on a person.

We offer you to watch the video “What factors affect human health? School of Health»

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