Fish - etymology. How did the common names of fish come about? Sentences containing "fish"

Simon Peter says to them:
I go to catch fish (John 21:3)
Ostromir Gospel, 1056

What kind of “creature in pairs” was not in Noah’s Ark?

More recently, scientific authorities believed that if the population on Earth increases, the World Ocean will provide food resources to feed people; many states in the mid-20th century increased the production of fish and other seafood several times over. However, the Ocean's resources began to rapidly deplete, and by the 80s of the 20th century, fish stocks had decreased by approximately 30%, seafood consumption had halved, the prospects were not encouraging, many countries had imposed quotas on fishing.

Our planet is home to approximately 33,000 species of fish, which exceeds the total number of species of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals combined (about 18 thousand). In this study, the author will try to establish the etymology of the Russian term “fish”, because There is no rational (logic and common sense) explanation for this word.

1) Existing etymology

Wiktionary

Root: -fish-; ending: -a. Meaning: zool. A water-dwelling, cold-blooded vertebrate that breathes through gills.

Etymology according to Max Vasmer

Ukr. riba, blr. fish, other Russian, Old Slav. fish ichthys (Ostrom., Zogr., Mar., Supr.), Bulgarian. Riba, Serbohorv. riba, Slovenian riba, Czech, Slavic ruba, Polish, V.-Luzh., N.-Luzh. ruba, lab. roibo. Compare with d.-v.-s. ru;rpa, ru;pa “caterpillar”, also “burbot”, Middle-century-N. ruрре, rupe "burbot" (Uhlenbeck, RVV 26, 290; Mikkola, RFV 48, 279; Brückner 470 (with doubt)). This does not include, contrary to Pogodin (IFAnz. 7, 161), lat. rubeta "toad"; see Walde–Hofm. 2, 445 (which, however, contains an unconvincing explanation of the German words). Slav. the word, apparently, is a taboo name instead of the more ancient zъvь, corresponding to lit. zuvis "fish", Greek – ichthys – the same, Arm. jukn, which due to its consonance with the verb. fishermen avoided using the name (Vasmer, ZfslPh 20, 453).
The connection with dig is incredible, contrary to Vaian (RES 9, 123); see Vasmer, ibid.; Brückner, "Slavia" 13, 272. It is also unlikely to be connected with the loose, original. supposedly “fast”, contrary to Mladenov (560), or from other languages. rjupa "white partridge", lt. rubenis "grouse", contrary to Petersson (RVV 40, 96); the reconstruction of the form *vrmbha “fishing with a spear, spear” and comparison with the Greek is fantastic. romfaia machaira, xifos i akontion makron, contrary to Leventhal (WuS 10, 147).

(Jacobson's explanation ("Word", 8, 306; IJSLP, 1, 1959, p. 268) ryba from *;r- "water, reservoir" through a metathesis of a rare type is doubtful. Otherwise, as a cognate of the word pockmarked, explains the Slav. ryba (originally about motley, salmon fish) Toporov (Etymological studies in Russian, I, 1960).

2) Application of the term in Russian

A) Dictionary of the Russian language XI-XVII centuries. M., RAS, 1997

“Who cares, the sea and the rivers and all the waters are filled with fish. Shestodnev, Ioan. Ex. XV century"; IX-X centuries in Bulgaria, translated into Rus' in the 11th century.

B) Monuments of literature of Ancient Rus' of the 12th century

* Life and walk of Hegumen Daniel from the Russian land (1104-1107)

“And from Ephesus to the island of Samos is about forty miles. On that island there are a lot of fish of all kinds, and this island is abundant in everything... About the Jordan River. There are a lot of fish at the top of the Jordan... About Lake Tiberias... There are a lot of fish in it.”

B) National Corpus of the Russian Language

* Alexandria (translation of the 13th century): “and give birth to many fish, which are not baked with fire, but in a treasury.”

* Novgorod Second Chronicle (Archive list) (1570): “And people caught fish by the shore with their hands.”

* Description of Siberia (list of the Imperial Public Library) (1650-1700): “In their dwellings there was a great abundance of all kinds of animals: elk, deer, bears, foxes, wolverines, sables, beavers, otters, all kinds of fish, and so on.”

* A. N. Radishchev. [Description of the Tobolsk governorship] (1790-1791): “For this reason, many things that could be a source of wealth for Siberia, such as: timber, bread of all kinds, fish in abundance in the rivers, caviar, salted meat and many other things , remain dead without treatment and fertilization in the land that gave birth to them.”

* N. M. Karamzin. History of the state Russian (1809-1820): “Bread and fish constituted the noblest of internal trades.”

3) Generalization and conclusion

A) The existing etymology only emphasizes the area (Judeo-Christian) of distribution of the term “fish”; there are no clear explanations for the term.

B) From examples in Russian and translated literature, it is clear that very often in texts, the term “fish” is used in an indefinite plural meaning in conjunction with other words: “all the waters are filled with fish” (filled)”, “a lot of fish”, “ there are a lot of fish of all kinds,” “fish... countless.” Thus, a stable phrase will stand out - “a lot of fish”, a noun and a numeral, collective (an indefinitely large number). In the methodology for studying obscure terms in biblical texts, Jewish teachers of the law used a method that relied on context - a passage of written speech, the general meaning of which helped to clarify the meaning (content) of the word. Perhaps this method should also be applied to the term “fish”, in what context is it recorded in biblical works?

Q) How is this phrase recorded in the Bible?

* Jewish and Chaldean etymological dictionary for the books of the Old Testament, 1878 http://www.greeklatin.narod.ru/hebdict/img/_098.htm

Hebrew - DAG fish; from DAG fish, grow, proliferate (multiply, increase, multiply in large quantities, multiply) “hence the fish according to fertility (DAG).”

* Genesis 48:16: “Let the angel who delivers me from all evil bless these youths; let my name be called upon them and the name of my fathers Abraham and Isaac, and let them grow (DAGA) into a multitude (ROV majority, many, from the common horse RAV many) in the midst of the earth.”

* We found that the Hebrew term “fish” (DAG, DAG) was used in the Hebrew language and in the meaning of fertility, reproduction in large quantities, multiplication of something - i.e. in general - a lot. All we have to do is find in the phrase “a lot of fish” an indefinite exact numeral – many, many. Let's turn to the biblical text and images.

C) Image of a set

* Genesis 28:3: May Almighty God bless you, and may He make you fruitful (YARBEHA, from RAV) and may He multiply you, and may there be from you many nations.”

* Jeremiah 16:16: “Behold, I will send a multitude of (SLAVE) fishermen, says the Lord, and they will catch them; and then I will send a multitude of (SLAVE) hunters, and they will chase them from every mountain, and from every hill, and from the clefts of the rocks.”

We found out that the Hebrew term DAG, DAGA (fish, multiplication of something) and the term RAV, RABA, RIBA (multiple, multiply, increase), are synonymous. Words that have a similar lexical meaning, but different spellings.

4) Biblical image and Hebrew terminology

A) Biblical image of a “fish”

* Ezekiel 47:9: “And every living creature that moves where the two streams enter will live; and the fish (DAGA) will be very abundant (SLAVE), because this water will enter there, and the waters of the sea will become healthy, and where this stream enters, everything will be alive there.

* Ezekiel 47:10: “And the fishermen will stand by him from En-Gaddi to Eglaim, casting their nets. The fish (DAGA) will be in their own form and, like in a large sea, there will be a lot of fish (DAGA) (SLAVE).”

* John 21:11 (Hebrew): “Simon Peter went and brought up a net full of great fish, which were one hundred and fifty-three; and with such a multitude (RABIM from RAVA plural) the net did not break through.”

B) Hebrew terminology

* FISH = Hebrew. RIBA multiply, increase, grow; from the root RABA to grow, to be numerous, to multiply.

* FISH = Hebrew. RIBO ten thousand, myriad (Greek: countless).

* Hebrew RUB to be numerous.

It is obvious that in the process of translating biblical works into the emerging Church Slavonic language (IX-XII centuries), for some reason (dialectism?), from the biblical combination DAG (fish) and RABA (many), the translators borrowed the term SLAVE or RIBA (many, many), to denote the most numerous superclass of the animal world - fish. The same object in different languages can be named based on the identification of different features.

Most likely, the term “fish” was formed as an understanding of the process of seasonal migration of fish (large schools) from the Black Sea to the Azov Sea and back, and to rivers for spawning; and today they use the expression “a big fish is coming.”

Thus, the Russian term “fish” is a transliteration of the Hebrew term RAVA, RABA, RIBA, in the general sense - a set (individuals, water-dwelling animals that cannot be counted).

5) Historical and linguistic situation at the time of the emergence of the Church Slavonic language

Note that the Church Slavonic language began to form in Crimea and Bulgaria, approximately from 861/2. At this time, in Chersonese, the Byzantine diplomat Constantine conducted military and trade negotiations with the Khazar Kaganate and the Jewish communities of Crimea; unknown "Rus" attacked Constantinople in 861. Here Constantine expanded his knowledge of the Hebrew language and translated (with assistants) part of the Jewish grammar into Greek, and debates with Jewish and Islamic clergy took place here.

Clement of Ohrid (9th century) cites a dialogue between Constantine and the Khazar-Jew dating back to this period in his work “From the Belly to Cyril”: “Why should we tell all the parables according to the book that you keep in the world.” The Khazar is curious why the philosopher uses the book he holds in his hand and constantly reads parables from it; we, says the Khazar, “have learned wisdom and express ourselves without written words.”

After the death of Methodius in 885, the Moravian prince Svyatopolk began persecution of the disciples of Constantine and Methodius, the disciples Clement, Naum and Angelarius asked for refuge in Bulgaria, where they were warmly received in Pliska, later other disciples joined them. Two book schools were formed: in the cities of Pliska and Ohrid (Macedonia), in Pliska (the capital) there was a transition from the “Glagolitic” to the “Cyrillic” and finally took shape in the 9th-10th centuries. the appearance of Bulgarian literature and the Old Bulgarian language. Note that during this period Kievan Rus did not exist as a Christian state association; statehood arose during the reign of Prince. Vladimir.

How did the common names of fish come about?

In everyday life we use common names. Very often they are given based on the appearance of the fish, its habits or habitat.

This is confirmed by such fish names as anglerfish, moon, hedgehog, saber, sword, hammer, dog, zebra. The name of our perch comes from the common Slavic word oko (eye), since it has special, orange eyes. The word perch appeared in Russian dictionaries in 1704, but it was known much earlier. For example, we meet him in the satirical “The Tale of Ersha Ershovich,” created in the first half of the 17th century. One of the characters here, the bailiff, bears the nickname Perch.

In the same story, Ruff is the name given to a thief and robber, a sneaker and a deceiver, “a bad, unkind man.” The ruffe got its name due to its appearance: its entire back is strewn with sharp needles, and they are also found on the gill covers. S.T. Aksakov in “Notes on Angling Fish” writes that a ruffe pulled out of the water is capable of “spreading its gills so much, ruffling its dorsal crest and bending its tail so much that the name ruffe was probably given to it at the same moment as the first time a man saw him.” Aksakov further adds that we call a ruff “any nondescript, perky person who is angry, bristles, or squirms.” The word ruff has been known in Russian since the 15th century. as a nickname, and from the beginning of the 17th century. already like the name of a fish. Due to its external similarity, a brush for washing dishes is also called a brush.

In different regions of Russia, trout is called pied trout, pied trout, pied trout.

This nickname is very apt, since the trout’s body is decorated with red, black and white speckles. Color and its brightness depend on water and soil, food and even the time of year; During the spawning period the color is more saturated.

Names such as rudd (this fish has bright red, feather-like fins), chub (it has a thick head with a wide and flat forehead) speak for themselves. But beluga, the largest (up to 4 m) commercial fish of the sturgeon family, got its name from the color of its belly. In Russian, the word beluga was known as a name for fish already in the 16th–17th centuries. In the same “Tale of Ersha Ershovich” one of the judges is called Beluga. (The expression “roars like a beluga” refers not to fish, but to the beluga dolphin.)

It is believed that the loach is so nicknamed because its body is naked or covered with small scales. The gudgeon got its name from its habit of lying on the sandy bottom.

And the name bream comes from the behavior of males during spawning in late spring or early summer in shallow and relatively warm reservoirs. Bream jump out of the water and fall flat with a loud splash. In the dictionary V.I. Dahl says that the meaning of the verbs is to flop - to flop, to flap - to click, to splash. It was from these words that the name of the fish was formed - bream. The expression “give a bream” is of the same origin, that is, give a slap on the wrist, give a slap in the face. The word bream has existed in Russian since the 15th century.

From the 12th century The word sturgeon (osyotr) has been known in Rus' since the 16th century. - sturgeon. The noun sturgeon, that is, “sturgeon meat,” came into our language in the 17th century. Apparently, the word sturgeon comes from Germanic languages ( der St?r- sturgeon), like sterlet ( der St?rling- small sturgeon). In Germany they used to mockingly call recruits, just like in our country - herring.

The word sterlet has spread in the Russian language since the 15th century.

One cannot help but mention the pike, a character in many Russian fairy tales. This word has been known in Russian since the 15th century. both as the name of a fish and as a nickname. Its origin is not entirely clear. Perhaps it goes back to the languages of the Germanic group: scheuchen- scare away, scare away, die Scheuche- scarecrow, scarecrow.

As for the name of cod, it can be associated with the Old Russian meaning of the word cod: sliver, chips. According to Dahl, cod got its name “because when dried it splinters like wood.” In the comedy N.V. Gogol's "The Inspector General" Khlestakov is served labardan for breakfast. This obsolete word means salted and dried cod without bones, and it comes to us from Dutch ( lab-berda"an- salted cod) at the beginning of the 18th century.

<<< Назад

Forward >>>

Historians of science argue that one of the very likely origins words“ALCHEMY” owes its origins to Ancient Egypt, coming from “ALCHEMY”. Arguments? They are like this... It should be remembered that: - “BY WHOM” is one of the most ancient... like the LIGHT OF EGYPT. But if you love dogs very much and believe the ancient Egyptians themselves, who preserved a mention of the northern origin its first builders - “Nobles from the North”, it turns out that the world owes the concept of alchemy... to Finland, descending from two who reached...

https://www.site/journal/12007

At the computer, the cat uses special hooks for steeplejacks, the horse and goat use gymnastic apparatus. So word moving further and further away from its original meaning. The older word, the more difficult it is to understand it origin. Then etymological dictionaries come to the rescue. Having met in a word closer, you will never use it inappropriately again. Your speech will become bright, expressive...

https://www.site/journal/16413

Friday - a sword, trident or arrowhead, and Saturday - a penis or a knot. In Bon mythology story origin Parkha and the process of formation of the world is described as follows: 1. The pure part of the elements manifested itself as space. 2. Unclean... a request to forgive Kin and Son for the misunderstanding that caused the suffering that befell the world. However, the old father did not heed her words, got angry, and the problems in the family did not end, so each of them took one of the eight directions. Everyone brought...

https://www.site/magic/11493

... "buzz") received only in the early 60s, after the World Festival of Youth and Students held in Moscow (1957). At this time, many English speakers appeared among young people. origin words, denoting various phenomena of “bourgeois culture”. A word"kayf" was similar to the English one, so it quickly spread and became fashionable, along with those that first appeared in the Russian language...

https://www.site/journal/119948

Interactive cinema has also appeared, in which viewers can actively influence the fate of the characters. What is the reason for people's interest in stories in general and to its alternatives? Firstly, by analyzing the events of the past, we better understand the present and can predict the future... put forward the spiritual side of human activity, believing that the subject stories"in the exact and final sense, the consciousness of people." Arthur Drexler spoke about the winners in stories, his words taken by me as the epigraph of the article. If you start...

https://www.site/journal/143993

... story and among the Slavic peoples. However, in modern stories large gaps have formed. Researchers are still arguing about origin Slavs and Russians. At the same time, in textbooks and encyclopedias the definition of the Russian language is given through the Slavic language as a fundamental basis. Researchers have been trying to figure out the sources for a long time origin words... pagan temples. About the Etruscans So in a word“Etruscans” (these are Russians) are associated by many origin words"Russian". During the period of great...

CREEK.

FISH.

It is quite possible that this is yet another example of a taboo in language. They think that the common Slavic name for fish was the long-vanished word *"zъvь", which is closest to the Lithuanian "zuvis" (it also means "fish"; we have already mentioned this when talking about the word "link"). Being careful not to scare away the precious fish by mentioning this “real” name, our fishermen ancestors replaced it with a conventional nickname. Quite wittily, they chose a name for it, close to the ancient German “Ruppe” - larva or “Rupa” - tadpole. The fish, they reasoned, would never realize that it could be called so disrespectfully, and would fall into the traps of cunning fishermen (see).

MARKET.

An interesting case of mutual exchange of words. In Germanic languages, "ring" meant "ring", "circle", "area". It came to us, already in the meaning of “place of trade,” from the Czechs or Poles. But the unambiguous word " " - "market square" - is, apparently, Slavic: it was borrowed from us by the North German tribes and through them even penetrated to the Finns: the name of the Finnish city "Turku" means precisely "bargaining".

fish - FISH, fish, female. 1. A vertebrate animal living in water with limbs in the form of fins, breathing through gills, with cold blood and skin usually covered with scales. “The old man was catching fish with a seine.” Pushkin. Fishing. Freshwater fish. Sea fish. Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
fish - Old East German - “caterpillar”, “burbot”. Latin - rubeta (toad). The Slavic word with the meaning “fish” was formed from the Proto-Slavic root zъvъ, which goes back to the Greek word with the same meaning. Etymological Dictionary of Semenov
fish - Fish, fish, fish, fish, fish, fish, fish, fish, fish, fish, fish, fish, fish Zaliznyak's Grammar Dictionary
Fish - (Genesis 1:21, John 21:6, etc.) - served as the main food item in Egypt. Fish was caught there, especially in the Nile, in large quantities, salted and stored for future use. Archimandrite Biblical Encyclopedia. Nikephoros
FISH - In the general three-member (vertical) mythological schemes of the universe, fishes serve as the main zoomorphic classifier of the lower cosmic zone and are contrasted with birds as a classifier of the upper zone and (less clearly) large animals (often ungulates)... Mythological encyclopedia
Fish - (Dagim) The Torah* permits eating only fish that are covered with scales and having fins, and prohibits eating fish that lacks one of these characteristics. The Haggadah* and Jewish tradition see the fish as a symbol of fertility, and it is said in Yaakov's blessings: "... Encyclopedia of Judaism
fish - FISH, -s, w. 1. Blank, sample, skeleton, template of something. (for example, a cheat sheet for an exam, a sample of a document, etc.). Make fish. To chase fish is to follow a pattern. Explanatory dictionary of Russian argot
fish - To catch fish in troubled waters is to benefit by selfishly using something. other people's difficulties, troubles. People like this always fish in troubled waters. Like a fish in water (feel) (colloquial) - in your own sphere, at ease. Volkova's Phraseological Dictionary
fish - FISH, s, f. 1. A vertebrate aquatic animal with fin-like limbs that breathes through gills. Cartilaginous fish. Bony fish. Promyslovaya r. Sea, river river Dumb as R. (silence, says nothing). Like R. feel somewhere in the water. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
fish - Obseslav. There is no satisfactory explanation. There is no doubt that this is a Slavic neoplasm (cf. lit. žuvis “fish”, related link, see). Shansky Etymological Dictionary
fish is the third product of human consumption after bread and meat. “Fish has always been used in Russian cuisine in many forms: steamed or steamed, boiled (boiled), whole, etc. Culinary dictionary
fish - noun, f., used. often (not) who? fish, anyone? fish, (see) whom? fish, by whom? fish, about whom? about fish; pl. Who? fish, (no) who? fish, anyone? fish, (see) whom? fish, by whom? fish, about whom? about fish, sea and river animals... Dmitriev's Explanatory Dictionary
Fish - 1) DIRECT MEANING. In the Bible, all animals that live in water are called R. In the creation account (Genesis 1:21) they are divided into “great fish” and “the living creatures that move by water.” Brockhaus Biblical Encyclopedia
fish - 1) a cunning person; 2) patrol; 3) girl Dictionary of thieves' jargon
fish - (foreign) - a person who is not carried away, dispassionate Wed. The prince retains youth and beauty, and if Ksenia is not a fish by temperament, then, of course, she should prefer him... K.M. Stanyukovich. Frank. 1, 13. See temperament. See fish blood to have. Mikhelson's Phraseological Dictionary
fish - Fight like a fish on ice, fish in troubled waters, dumb like a fish Abramov's dictionary of synonyms
fish - noun, number of synonyms... Dictionary of Russian synonyms
fish - spelling fish Lopatin's spelling dictionary
fish - s, f. 1. An aquatic vertebrate with an unstable body temperature, breathing through gills and having fins. Sea fish. Predatory fish. □ Lazy fish swam in duckweed near the shores of the dam. Paustovsky, Storyteller. | in meaning collected Small academic dictionary
fish - FISH -s; and. 1. An aquatic vertebrate with an unstable body temperature, breathing through gills and having fins. Freshwater, sea, river river. Aquarium fish breeds. Predatory river Large, small river Promyslovaya r. Cartilaginous, bony fish. Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary
FISH - FISH, a class of vertebrate animals, cold-blooded (POIKILothermic), living in water. All fish are characterized by a streamlined body shape, the presence of a two-chambered heart, gills for breathing, fins and scales (or bone plates)... Scientific and technical dictionary
fish - 1. fish I f. 1. An aquatic vertebrate that breathes through gills, has fin-like limbs, is cold-blooded, and has skin usually covered with scales. 2. Meat of such an animal used for food. 3. Food prepared from such meat. II m. and f. Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
fish - Pisces. Morphemic-spelling dictionary
fish - FISH f. fish, little fish, little fish, little fish, little fish: little fish, little fish: fish (one), little fish, an aquatic animal with cold scarlet blood, gills (instead of lungs), with scaly or naked skin; spawns (there are a few viviparous ones). Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary