Exchange rate differences for the buyer under contracts in Ukraine. e. Accounting for total differences without errors (examples) Total differences in the year

list of normative documents

Where do exchange rate/amount differences come from?

According to paragraph 1 of Article 8 of the Law of the Russian Federation of November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ "On Accounting" - accounting of property, liabilities and business transactions of organizations is carried out in the currency of the Russian Federation - in rubles. Tax accounting is also carried out in rubles. According to paragraph 2 of Article 11 of the same Law, accounting for the organization's foreign currency accounts and transactions in foreign currency is carried out in rubles based on the conversion of foreign currency at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the date of the transaction. In some cases, recalculation is carried out not only on the date of the transaction, but also on another date (usually the reporting date). If the exchange rate has changed compared to the previous revaluation date, an exchange rate and/or amount difference arises. A change in estimate results in income (or expense) appearing in accounting.

Thus, when the same asset or liability (claim), expressed in foreign currency, is valued in accounting not at one point in time, but several times, an exchange rate and/or amount difference arises.

In accounting they are considered only exchange differences. In tax accounting - both sum and exchange rates. At the same time, the same concept - exchange rate difference - is defined differently in accounting and tax accounting and is calculated differently. It should be taken into account that in tax accounting, the occurrence of exchange rate and/or amount differences also depends on what method of calculating the tax base the taxpayer uses - accruals or cash. Below is a table that lists all possible cases of exchange rate and/or amount differences in accounting and/or tax accounting.

When exchange rate/amount differences arise in accounting and tax accounting

No.	Order of education	Accounting	Tax accounting
No.	Order of education	Accounting	Accrual method	Cash method
1.For the buyer
1.1.	First payment was made to foreign currency in advance, then fulfillment of the obligation is received			There is no exchange rate/amount difference
1.2.	First, the fulfillment of the obligation is received, then payment is made in foreign currency- postpaid	Exchange rate differences at the reporting date and for payments		There is no exchange rate/amount difference
1.3.	Payment made first in rubles in advance under a contract valued in currency or foreign currency, and then the fulfillment of the obligation is received	There is no exchange rate/amount difference		There is no exchange rate/amount difference
1.4.	First, the fulfillment of the obligation is received, then payment is made in rubles under a contract valued in US dollars or foreign currency - on a post-payment basis	Exchange rate difference at the reporting date and at the time of payment		There is no exchange rate/amount difference
2.For the seller
2.1.	First received an advance in foreign currency, then the obligation is fulfilled	There is no exchange rate/amount difference	Exchange rate difference at the reporting date and at the time of fulfillment of obligations	There is no exchange rate/amount difference
2.2.	First the obligation is fulfilled, then payment is received foreign currency- postpaid	Exchange rate difference at the reporting date and at the time of payment	Exchange rate difference at the reporting date and at the time of payment	There is no exchange rate/amount difference
2.3.	Advance received first in rubles under a contract valued in currency or foreign currency, and then the obligation is fulfilled	There is no exchange rate/amount difference	Amount difference ONLY at the time of fulfillment of obligations	There is no exchange rate/amount difference
2.4.	First the obligation is fulfilled, then payment is received in rubles under a contract valued in US dollars or foreign currency - on a post-payment basis	Exchange rate difference at the reporting date and at the time of payment	The amount difference is ONLY at the time of payment	There is no exchange rate/amount difference
3. Currency values
3.1.	Cash in foreign currency at the cash desk and in accounts		Exchange difference at the reporting date	Exchange difference at the reporting date
3.2.	External securities denominated in foreign currency	Exchange difference at the reporting date	There is no exchange rate/amount difference	There is no exchange rate/amount difference
4.When buying and selling currency
4.1.	The rate of actual purchase and sale of currency differs from the official rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the same date	Does not count as exchange rate difference	Exchange difference	Exchange difference
5.When making a contribution to the authorized capital
5.1.	The rate on the date of settlement with the founders for contributions to the authorized capital in foreign currency differs from the rate on the date of signing the statutory documents	Exchange rate difference on the date of settlement with the founders	There is no exchange rate/amount difference	There is no exchange rate/amount difference

Accounting for exchange rate differences

Basic definitions

From this definition it follows that some assets (liabilities, claims) are revalued both on the date of the transaction and on the reporting date, while others are revalued only on the date of the transaction.

Assets and liabilities subject to revaluation in accounting at the reporting date

According to paragraph 7 of PBU “Accounting for assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency” (PBU 3/2006), the value of the following assets and liabilities (claims) in foreign currency is subject to revaluation at the reporting date (in addition to revaluation at the date of the transaction):

banknotes at the organization's cash desk and funds in bank accounts (bank deposits);
monetary and payment documents;
financial investments and funds in settlements, including on borrowed obligations, with legal entities and individuals;
investments in non-current assets (fixed assets, intangible assets, etc.), inventories.

In other words, the balances of funds (balances) expressed in foreign currency in the accounts are subject to revaluation both on the date of the transaction and on each reporting date: 50, 52, 55, 57, 58, 60 (except for advances issued), 62 (for excluding advances received), 66, 67, 71, 73, 75, 76 (excluding advances issued and received). All other assets (liabilities, claims) are subject to revaluation only on the date of the transaction.

That is, the cost of investments in non-current assets (fixed assets, intangible assets, etc.), inventories and other assets not listed in paragraph 7 of PBU 3/2006, as well as the amounts of advances received and issued and prepayments, deposits are accepted according to the rate in effect on the date of the transaction in foreign currency, as a result of which these assets are accepted for accounting. No further recalculation of the value of these assets after they have been accepted for accounting due to changes in exchange rates is made - paragraph 10 of PBU 3/2006. In other words, non-current assets, inventories, as well as advances, prepayments and deposits are accepted for accounting and tax accounting in rubles at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the date of capitalization and are not subject to further revaluation.

It should be remembered that from 01/01/2008 the following are not subject to revaluation at the reporting date:

advances received and issued (advance payment);
makings;
targeted funding received from the budget or foreign sources within the framework of technical or other assistance from the Russian Federation in accordance with concluded agreements (treaties).

How are exchange rate differences reflected in accounting?

According to paragraph 21 of PBU “Accounting for assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency” (PBU 3/2006), exchange rate differences are reflected in accounting separately from other types of income and expenses of the organization, including financial results from transactions with foreign currency.

According to paragraph 13 of PBU 3/2006, exchange rate differences in all cases, except for the case of settlements on contributions to the authorized capital, are subject to credit to the financial results of the organization.

This means that when the exchange rate increases, the exchange rate difference resulting from the revaluation of the balance of active accounts - 50, 52, 55, 57, 58, 73 - is reflected by posting:

Debit "Account subject to revaluation" Credit account 91,

that is, income is shown.

When the exchange rate falls, active accounts have reverse postings.

If the accounts are passive - 66, 67 - then when the exchange rate increases, the exchange rate difference is reflected by posting:

Debit account 91 Credit "Account subject to revaluation."

In case of a fall, the wiring is reversed.

Active-passive accounts reflect exchange rate differences according to the table below - depending on whether the balance is debit or credit:

Accounting for exchange rate differences on founders' contributions to the authorized (share) capital

If the contribution of the founder (founders) to the Authorized Capital according to the constituent documents is expressed in foreign currency, then the amount of the contribution is subject to reflection in account 80 “Authorized Capital” in rubles at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of Russia on the date of acquisition of the status of a legal entity - in accordance with paragraphs 4-7 of PBU “Accounting” assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency" (PBU 3/2006).

In accounting, when repaying the debt of the founders, as well as when recalculating the debt on the reporting date, exchange differences may arise that are credited to the organization’s additional capital (accounting account 83 “Additional capital”) - paragraph 14 of PBU 3/2006.

A situation may arise when the foreign currency exchange rate decreases, which will lead to negative exchange rate differences.

For example: A foreign organization is the founder of a Russian organization. At the time of registration of the organization, the founder transferred only 50% of the declared capital to the organization’s foreign currency account. On the reporting date, the accountant of the newly created organization recalculates the debt of the founder in account 75 “Settlements with founders”. As a result of the revaluation, negative exchange rate differences were formed (the exchange rate fell). In this case, negative exchange rate differences, according to the authors, cannot be taken into account as part of additional capital, because It is impossible to reduce additional capital if it does not exist. In the Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts, approved. Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n lists cases when debit (reducing) entries are possible in account 83 “Additional capital”:

repayment of amounts of decrease in the value of non-current assets revealed as a result of its revaluation - in correspondence with the asset accounts for which the decrease in value was determined;
directing funds to increase the authorized capital - in correspondence with account 75 “Settlements with founders” or account 80 “Authorized capital”;
distribution of amounts between the founders of the organization - in correspondence with account 75 “Settlements with founders”, etc.

Thus in the absence of a credit balance on account 83 “Additional capital”, negative exchange rate differences arising as a result of settlements with the founders on contributions to the authorized capital cannot be attributed to the reduction of additional capital, because debit balance on account 83 is unacceptable.

To avoid the possible occurrence of negative exchange rate differences, the authors recommend fixing in the constituent agreement the rate of assessment of the contribution to the authorized capital of the organization; in this case, the amount of the founder’s debt is not subsequently revalued.

If negative exchange rate differences have already arisen, they can be debited to account 91 “Other income and expenses” or 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”. In this case, according to the authors, it is better to use account 91 “Other income and expenses”, because the use of retained earnings is possible only by decision of the meeting of founders. In any case, the procedure for accounting for negative exchange rate differences on contributions to the management company must be fixed in the accounting policies of the organization.

Reflection in reporting

In accounting, exchange rate differences are included in other income (expenses). In synthetic accounting in accordance with paragraph 21 of PBU "Accounting for assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency" (PBU 3/2006) should be reflected separately. Note that from the wording of this paragraph it follows that income (expense) on currency purchase and sale transactions is not included in the amount of exchange rate differences. According to paragraph 22 of PBU 3/2006, the financial statements disclose:

exchange rate differences that arose due to the recalculation of debt in foreign currency, which must be paid in foreign currency;
exchange rate differences that arose due to the recalculation of debt in foreign currency or currency. e., which must be paid in rubles;
exchange rate differences credited to accounting accounts other than the financial results account of the organization;
the official exchange rate of foreign currency to the ruble, established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the reporting date, as well as the rate established by agreement of the parties or by law on the reporting date.

At the same time, in the Profit and Loss Statement (Form No. 2), exchange rate differences arising from the recalculation of debt in foreign currency do not need to be reflected separately. Differences (except for those reflected in the additional capital account) that form income are included in other income and are indicated on line 090. Differences (except for those reflected in the additional capital account) that form expenses are included in other expenses and are indicated in line 100 of Form No. 2 .

Tax accounting of exchange rate differences

Basic Concepts

As mentioned above, the exchange rate (total) difference is either income or expense. If in accounting, income (expenses) determine the financial result of the organization’s activities, then in tax accounting, income (expenses) in the form of exchange rate (total) differences are included in the calculation of the tax base.

Exchange differences that form income are called positive exchange differences and are included in non-operating income in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and paragraph 11 of Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Amount differences are included in non-operating income in accordance with clause 11.1 of Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Exchange differences that form expenses are called negative exchange differences and are included in non-operating expenses in accordance with subparagraph 5 and subparagraph 6 of paragraph 1 of Article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Amount differences are included in non-operating expenses in accordance with subclause 5.1 of clause 1 of Article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

In practice, the difference between exchange rate and amount differences in tax accounting is that the exchange rate difference arises when revaluing property (claims, obligations) expressed in foreign currency and payable in foreign currency. If payment in a similar way expressed in foreign currency or in conventional units of property (claims, obligations) is made in rubles, the difference arising as a result of a change in the exchange rate is called the amount difference.

If the taxpayer uses the cash method, then he does not have any amount differences at all - paragraph 5 of Article 273 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. And exchange rate differences arise only

The procedure for reflection in tax accounting

In tax accounting, exchange rate differences (when payment is made in foreign currency) arise both at the time of the transaction and on the last day of the reporting (tax) period. This follows from paragraph 8 of Article 271 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (for income) and paragraph 10 of Article 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (for expenses).

Amount differences are taken into account only at the time of debt repayment. At the reporting date, these differences in tax accounting are not calculated and, accordingly, do not affect the size of the tax base. This is established by paragraph 7 of Article 271 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (for income) and paragraph 9 of Article 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (for expenses).

These rules apply to taxpayers who use the accrual method to calculate the tax base. If the taxpayer uses the cash method, then he does not have any amount differences at all - paragraph 5 of Article 273 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. And exchange rate differences arise only when there is a revaluation of currency values in the form of currency balances in the account or at the cash desk of the organization.

Reflection in the Declaration

In tax accounting, positive exchange rate (total) differences are reflected in non-operating income on line 100 of Appendix No. 1 to sheet 02 of the Declaration, and negative exchange rate (total) differences are reflected in non-operating expenses on line 200 of Appendix No. 2 to sheet 02 of the Declaration.

Tax accounting of exchange rate differences when contributing to the authorized capital

According to subparagraph 3 of paragraph 1 of Article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, when determining the tax base for income tax, funds received from the founders as a contribution to the authorized capital are not taken into account. In addition, according to subparagraph 1 of paragraph 1 of Article 277 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the taxpayer-issuer does not experience profit (loss) when receiving property (property rights) as payment for the shares (shares, shares) placed by him. Therefore, exchange rate differences on contributions to the authorized capital are not taken into account for the purposes of calculating income tax.

Accounting for amount and exchange rate differences, in accordance with PBU 18/02 "Accounting for calculations of corporate income tax"

In accounting, exchange rate differences on obligations, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency, but payable in rubles, are formed when recalculated on the date of repayment of obligations, as well as on the last day of the reporting period. And in tax accounting, amount differences are calculated only on the date of repayment of obligations. Exchange differences arising on reporting dates in accounting are not accepted for calculating income tax.

As a result of a discrepancy between the moments of determining amount/exchange differences in accounting/tax accounting, a temporary discrepancy arises between the financial result and the tax base for the organization’s income tax. This temporary discrepancy, according to PBU 18/02 - Accounting Regulations "Accounting for calculations of corporate income tax", is a deductible or taxable temporary difference that must be taken into account in accounting for the purpose of calculating corporate income tax.

Depending on the nature of their impact on taxable profit (loss), temporary differences are divided into:

deductible temporary differences;
taxable temporary differences.

The amounts of temporary differences are taken into account in accounting either in the accounting accounts or otherwise in any analytical registers. The organization determines the procedure for accounting for temporary differences independently - paragraph 3 of PBU 18/02. This procedure must be prescribed in the accounting policies of the organization.

Temporary differences result in deferred income taxes.

Accordingly, deferred income tax is divided into:

deferred tax asset;
deferred tax liability.

The deferred tax asset is equal to the amount determined as the product of the deductible temporary difference that arose in the reporting period by the profit tax rate established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees and in force on the reporting date - paragraph 14 of PBU 18/02.

The deferred tax liability is equal to the amount determined as the product of the taxable temporary difference that arose in the reporting period and the profit tax rate established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees and in force on the reporting date - paragraph 15 of PBU 18/02.

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are reflected in accounting in separate synthetic accounts for accounting for deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities - paragraph 14 of PBU 18/02 and paragraph 15 of PBU 18/02.

Accounting records

Scheme "Temporary differences"

Due to the discrepancy between the moments of determining amount differences in accounting and tax accounting, deductible or taxable temporary differences arise that must be taken into account in accounting for the purpose of calculating the organization’s income tax. This need arises from the provisions PBU 18/02 - Accounting Regulations “Accounting for corporate income tax calculations”

If analytical accounting reflects a deductible temporary difference, the taxpayer is obliged to recognize the deferred tax asset in synthetic accounting by posting Debit 09 Credit 68/4.

When the deductible temporary difference is settled, the deferred tax asset is settled by posting

Debit 68/4 Credit 09.

If a taxable temporary difference is reflected in analytical accounting, the taxpayer is obliged to recognize the deferred tax liability by posting in synthetic accounting

Debit 68/4 Credit 77.

At the moment of settlement of the taxable temporary difference, the deferred tax liability is settled by posting

Debit 77 Credit 68/4.

The moment of settlement of the temporary difference occurs on the day when the obligations, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency, but payable in rubles, are fulfilled.

Amount differences and VAT

The obligation to charge VAT for payment to the budget on amount differences arises for the taxpayer only if three conditions are met at once:

goods (works, services) subject to value added tax are shipped;
shipment of goods (works, services) was made before payment for these goods (works, services) was received;
the foreign currency exchange rate on the date of sale of goods (works, services) is lower than the currency exchange rate on the date of payment (i.e., a positive amount difference has arisen).

For VAT purposes, only positive amount differences are taken into account as additional amounts associated with payment for goods (work, services) in accordance with Article 162 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Additional VAT accrual for positive exchange rate differences is made on the credit of account 68-2 “VAT calculations” in correspondence with account 90 “Sales” or 91 “Other income and expenses”, depending on which account the initial income was recorded on. In this case, the seller issues an invoice in one copy and registers it in the sales book.

The taxpayer does not have the right to reduce the amount of VAT payable to the budget in the event of a negative amount difference - letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 19, 2005 No. 03-04-15/116. It should be written off against net income.

Filling out the invoice and sales book when amount differences arise

Negative amount difference arises for the seller if the rate on the date of payment is LOWER than the rate on the date of shipment. In this case, the seller's tax liability is not adjusted. Therefore, there should be no invoices with negative indicators and corresponding entries in the sales book. The amount of VAT payable by the seller to the budget is determined at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the date of shipment.

Whenever positive amount difference the seller, as mentioned above, is obliged to draw up an invoice for additionally the amount received in the manner prescribed by paragraph 19 of the Rules. In column 1 of the invoice you should indicate the wording: “Amounts associated with payment for goods sold (work, services), property rights.” This invoice is drawn up in a single copy and entered into the sales book for the period when payment was received. The buyer does not deduct this amount of VAT.

Filling out the purchase book when amount differences arise

According to the Russian Ministry of Finance for the buyer, the amount differences do not affect the amount that the buyer has the right to deduct.

Note!

The Tax Code of the Russian Federation and Resolution No. 914 do not define a mechanism for determining the amount of VAT that the buyer can deduct if the seller’s invoice is issued in foreign currency and payment is made in rubles. According to the oral recommendations of the tax authorities, one should deduct the amount of VAT that is indicated by the buyer in the payment order (fixed in the document in ruble terms) in the period in which the payment occurred, but not earlier than all the mandatory conditions for accepting VAT for deduction have been met, and exactly:

goods (work, services) received, property rights accepted for accounting (capitalized);
the received goods (work, services), property rights must be used to carry out activities subject to VAT;
A correctly issued supplier invoice has been received.

This issue is controversial and the buyer has two options for deducting “input” VAT presented in foreign currency, but paid in rubles:

calculation based on the date of capitalization, based on the last paragraph of paragraph 1 of Article 172 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (but it refers to acquisitions for foreign currency, and in our case the acquisition is made for rubles);
acceptance for deduction on the date of payment, based on the amount in the payment document.

The authors recommend that if such situations arise, contact the local tax authority for clarification, and then be sure to reflect in the accounting policy the chosen option of deducting “input” VAT presented in foreign currency and paid in rubles.

Accounting for exchange rate differences under the simplified tax system

Object of taxation "Income"

According to paragraph 1 of Article 346.17 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, taxpayers using the simplified tax system use the cash method when determining the date of receipt of income. Under the cash method, the date of receipt of income is the day of payment. Payment can be made in different ways:

receipt of funds to bank accounts and/or cash desks;
obtaining other property (works, services) and/or property rights;
as well as repayment of debt (payment) to the taxpayer in another way.

In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 346.15 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, when determining the object of taxation, organizations applying the simplified taxation system take into account income from the sale of goods (work, services), property rights, determined in accordance with Article 249 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, and non-operating income, determined in in accordance with Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. When determining the object of taxation, organizations do not take into account the income provided for in Article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

According to paragraph 11 of Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, non-operating income of a taxpayer is recognized, in particular, income in the form of a positive exchange rate difference arising from the revaluation of property in the form of currency values (with the exception of securities denominated in foreign currency) and claims (liabilities), the value of which is expressed in foreign currency, including on foreign currency accounts in banks, carried out in connection with a change in the official exchange rate of foreign currency to the Russian ruble, established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

A positive exchange rate difference is an exchange rate difference that arises when revaluing property in the form of foreign currency assets (with the exception of securities denominated in foreign currency) and claims expressed in foreign currency, or when devaluing obligations denominated in foreign currency - paragraph 11 of Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Object of taxation "Income reduced by the amount of expenses"

Positive exchange differences that arise when revaluing property in the form of currency values and claims expressed in foreign currency, or when devaluing liabilities expressed in foreign currency, are taken into account by taxpayers using the simplified tax system as part of income on the basis of Article 346.15 and paragraph 11 of Article 250 Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

The organization must reflect positive exchange differences as they arise in column 4 of the Income and Expense Book.

In accordance with subparagraph 34 of paragraph 1 of Article 346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, taxpayers applying the simplified taxation system take into account, when determining the tax base, expenses in the form of negative exchange rate differences resulting from the revaluation of property in the form of currency values and claims (liabilities), the value of which is expressed in foreign currency , including on foreign currency accounts in banks, carried out in connection with a change in the official exchange rate of foreign currency to the Russian ruble, established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

The organization must reflect negative exchange rate differences as they arise in column 5 of the Income and Expense Book.

Taxpayers applying the simplified taxation system convert property in the form of currency values into rubles at the official rate established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, and, accordingly, reflect in the Book of Income and Expenses of Organizations and Individual Entrepreneurs applying the simplified taxation system, on the date of transfer of ownership according to transactions with the specified property, and (or) on the last day of the reporting (tax) period, depending on what happened earlier - letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 05/06/2008 No. 03-11-04/2/81.

Accounting for exchange rate differences with UTII

Accounting

Organizations transferred to pay UTII are required to maintain accounting records and submit financial statements in full. Therefore, in accounting they must reflect exchange rate differences in accordance with PBU 3/2006.

Tax accounting

When calculating the tax base for UTII, the taxpayer does not take into account exchange rate differences, since the tax base for calculating UTII is the amount of imputed income, which is equal to the product of the basic profitability for a certain type of business activity calculated for the tax period and the value of the physical indicator characterizing this type of activity - paragraph 2 articles 346.29 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

According to paragraph 10 of Article 274 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, taxpayers who apply special tax regimes in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (which includes the taxation system in the form of UTII for certain types of activities), when calculating the tax base for profit tax, do not take into account income and expenses related to special regimes (in our case - UTII).

If a taxpayer applies UTII simultaneously with the general taxation regime, then he is obliged to keep separate records of income and expenses for each taxation regime. At the same time, the expenses of organizations engaged in activities subject to UTII, if it is impossible to separate them, are determined in proportion to the share of the organization's income from activities subject to UTII in the total income of the organization for all types of activities. Thus, if exchange rate differences relate to activities not subject to UTII, then taxes will have to be paid in accordance with the general taxation regime.

In a letter from the Federal Tax Service of Russia for Moscow dated November 6, 2007 No. 20-12/105713, it was emphasized that if an organization carrying out “imputed” activities has other income not directly related to this activity, then such income is subject to income tax. At the same time, if the UTII payer has exchange rate differences on a loan received in foreign currency to conduct activities subject to UTII, then he does not take these exchange rate differences into account for profit tax purposes (provided that he keeps separate records of non-operating income).

if an organization carries out only one type of activity that is subject to the payment of a single tax on imputed income, then exchange differences arising when converting the value of assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency into rubles related directly to this type of activity are not subject to income tax;
if an organization, in addition to UTII, carries out other types of activities taxed under the general regime or combines UTII and the simplified tax system, then exchange rate differences (or their proportional part) are taken into account when calculating income tax or a single tax under the simplified tax system.

Amount and exchange rate differences

Features of accounting for exchange rate and amount differences traditionally raise many questions. The authors of the reference book tried to describe in simple and understandable language the procedure for reflecting amount and exchange rate differences in accounting and tax accounting.

Each article in the Directory makes it possible to go to the list of relevant situations in the Directory of Business Transactions, as well as to the list of regulatory documents and letters from the Ministry of Finance and the Tax Service of Russia concerning issues of accounting for amount and exchange rate differences.

Regulatory documents governing the accounting of amount and exchange rate differences

Chapter 21 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation
Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation
Chapter 26.2 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation
Chapter 26.3 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation
PBU 3/2006 Accounting Regulations "Accounting for assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency"
PBU 18/02 Accounting Regulations "Accounting for corporate income tax calculations"
Article 9 of the Federal Law of November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ “On Accounting”
Federal Law of December 10, 2003 No. 173-FZ “On Currency Regulation and Currency Control”
Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 22, 2003 No. 67n “On the forms of financial statements of organizations”
Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 2005 No. 167n “On approval of the form of the Book of Income and Expenses of Organizations and Individual Entrepreneurs applying the simplified taxation system, and the Procedure for filling it out”
Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts for accounting financial and economic activities of organizations, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n
Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 05/06/2008 No. 03-11-04/2/81
letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 19, 2005 No. 03-04-15/116
Letter of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation for Moscow dated January 25, 2008 No. 18-11/3/006272@
Letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia for Moscow dated November 6, 2007 No. 20-12/105713

To avoid financial risks, Russian organizations often enter into agreements with each other for the supply of goods, the cost of which is expressed in conventional monetary units (c.u.). These types of agreements are especially often resorted to in times of crisis, when the foreign exchange rate rises or falls sharply. How legal is it to conclude contracts in Ukraine? e. and how the buyer can reflect these transactions in accounting and tax accounting, we will consider in this article.

RUSSIAN ORGANIZATIONS HAVE THE RIGHT TO CONCLUSION OF CONTRACTS IN U.E.

The current legislation of Russia determines that monetary obligations must be expressed in rubles (clause 1 of article 317 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) and currency transactions between residents (legal entities created in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation) are prohibited (clause 1 of article 9 of the Federal Law dated 12/10/2003 No. 173-FZ “On Currency Regulation and Currency Control”).

However, in accordance with paragraph 2 of Art. 317 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the parties have the right to agree that the monetary obligation is payable in rubles in an amount equivalent to a certain amount in foreign currency or conventional monetary units. As a rule, at. e. is equal to one of the actually existing foreign currencies. Usually these are US dollars or euros. Recalculation is carried out at the official rate of the relevant currency or conventional units on the day of payment or at the rate and date established by law or agreement of the parties. The right of the parties to establish in the agreement their own conversion rate and the procedure for determining such a rate was also indicated by the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court (clause 12 of Information Letter No. 70 dated November 4, 2002). He noted that it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the currency in which the monetary obligation is expressed and the currency in which this monetary obligation must be paid.

Thus, Russian organizations can enter into contracts and conduct settlements with Russian counterparties in rubles, while defining the payment amount as equivalent to the amount in yuan. i.e., established by the parties.

TAX AND ACCOUNTING FOR EXCHANGE DIFFERENCES

In accounting and tax accounting, the buyer's exchange rate difference is the amount by which the ruble value of accounts payable to the seller increases or decreases in the case where the price of goods (work, services) is established by agreement in yuan. e. or currency.

Exchange differences may arise if the cost of goods (work, services), expressed in monetary units, is paid after their acquisition (later than the date of capitalization).

For transactions in That is, concluded from January 1, 2015, exchange rate differences are taken into account in the same way in accounting and tax accounting. And for transactions in i.e., concluded before January 1, 2015 (i.e. for accounts receivable and payable that arose before 01/01/2015 (Letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated 06/26/2015 No. GD-4-3/11191) in tax accounting continue to calculate the amount differences in the procedure in force before January 1, 2015 (in this article we do not consider the procedure for calculating total differences).

The exchange rate difference that arises for the buyer when discounting obligations, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency, is recognized as positive (clause 11 of Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation: clauses 3, 11, 12, 13 PBU 3/2006), and in case of revaluation - negative (clause 5, clause 1, article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation: clauses 3, 11, 12, 13 PBU 3/2006).

If the buyer has fully paid for the goods (work, services) in advance, exchange rate differences do not arise. In this case, the costs of purchasing goods (work, services) in the buyer’s accounting and tax records are estimated in rubles at the rate in effect on the date of transfer of the advance (clause 9 of PBU 3/2006, clause 11 of Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, clause 5 Clause 1 of Article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

As a general rule, the cost of purchased goods (work, services) in accounting and tax accounting is determined at the exchange rate. e. (currencies) on the date of their acquisition. After acceptance for accounting, the cost of purchased goods (works, services) is not recalculated. And accounts payable to the seller, reflected on account 60, are subject to conversion into rubles at the official rate established by the Central Bank of Russia or the contractual rate:

on the last day of each month until the month when the buyer pays off his debt to the seller;
on the date of repayment of the debt to the seller.

Positive exchange differences that arise in accounting are taken into account as part of other income, and negative ones - as part of other expenses.

In tax accounting, exchange rate differences calculated for each recalculation date are included (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 11, 2015 No. 03-03-06/2/72610):

positive - in non-operating income (clause 11 of article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation);
negative - in non-operating expenses (clause 5, clause 1, article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Exchange differences arising in accounting and tax accounting do not affect the calculation of VAT and the amount of tax deductions from the buyer and are fully taken into account in expenses or income when calculating income tax (clause 4 of Article 153 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

When calculating in y. e. the seller prepares an invoice for the cost of goods (work, services) in rubles.

In a situation where the buyer pays for goods (work, services) after shipment, the cost of goods and the amount of VAT in rubles is determined at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the day of shipment.

In a situation where the buyer pays for goods (work, services) partly in advance, partly after shipment, the paid cost of goods (work, services) and the associated VAT amount in rubles are determined at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the day of payment, and the unpaid cost of goods and the amount VAT in rubles is determined at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the day of shipment.

The buyer accepts VAT deduction in the amount indicated in the seller's invoice. And as already mentioned, differences in the amount of tax that arise for the buyer upon subsequent payment are taken into account as part of non-operating income or as part of non-operating expenses (clause 4 of Article 153 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

EXAMPLES OF ACCOUNTING FOR EXCHANGE DIFFERENCES

Let's consider several situations where exchange rate differences arise for the buyer.

Situation 1. Goods (work, services) are fully paid for after shipment (there was no advance payment).

Example 1.

LLC “Seller” entered into an agreement with LLC “Buyer” for the supply of goods to U. e. The goods were shipped to the buyer and accepted for accounting on 10/06/2015 for a total amount of 118,000 USD. e. (including VAT - 18,000 USD). Payment in full was made on December 10, 2015.
Course at e. equated to the US dollar exchange rate and amounted to:

as of 10/31/2015 - 64.17 rubles/y. e.;
as of November 30, 2015 - 66.24 rubles per unit. e.;
as of 12/10/2015 - 69.2 rubles/y. e.

Interim accounting reports in the organization are prepared monthly.

The following entries will be made in the buyer's accounting:

			AMOUNT, RUB.
10/06/2015 (SHIP DATE)
THE TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP OF THE GOODS IS REFLECTED (100,000 U.E. X 65.62 RUB./U.U.)
VAT REFLECTED (18,000 U.E. X 65.62 RUB./U.U.)
VAT IS ACCEPTED FOR DEDUCTION
10/31/2015 (REPORTING DATE)
POSITIVE EXCHANGE DIFFERENCE IS REFLECTED ((64.17 RUB./U.E. - 65.62 RUB./U.E.) X 118,000 U.E.)*
November 30, 2015 (REPORTING DATE)
((66.24 RUB./U.E. - 64.17 RUB./U.E.) X 118,000 U.E.)
12/10/2015 (PAYMENT DATE)
PAYMENT HAS BEEN TRANSFERRED TO THE SUPPLIER (118,000 U.E. X 69.2 RUB./U.U.)
NEGATIVE EXCHANGE DIFFERENCE IS REFLECTED ((69.2 RUB./U.E. - 66.24 RUB./U.E.) X 118,000 U.E.)

Situation 2. Goods (work, services) were partially paid in advance.

In this case:

in the part paid in advance, exchange rate differences do not arise;
in terms of outstanding accounts payable (credit balance of account 60), exchange differences arise and are calculated in the same way as in example 1.

Example 2.

LLC “Seller” entered into an agreement with LLC “Buyer” for the supply of goods to U. e. The contract amount was 118,000 USD. e. (including VAT - 18,000 USD).
In accordance with the terms of the agreement, the following operations were performed:

On October 6, 2015, the buyer made an advance payment of 45%;
On November 20, 2015, the goods were shipped;
On November 28, 2015, the final payment was made (55% of the contract amount was transferred).

According to the terms of the agreement, the exchange rate is e. equated to the US dollar exchange rate and amounted to:

as of 10/06/2015 - 65.62 rubles/y. e.;
as of November 20, 2015 - 64.91 rubles/y. e.;
as of November 28, 2015 - 66.24 rubles/y. e.

The following entries will be made in the buyer's account.

			AMOUNT, RUB.
10/06/2015 (DATE OF PARTIAL PAYMENT)
AN ADVANCE PAYMENT IN THE AMOUNT OF 45% OF THE AGREEMENT AMOUNT IS TRANSFERRED (118,000 U.E. X 45% X 65.62 RUB./U.U.)
VAT IS RECOGNIZED ON THE ADVANCE PAYMENT AMOUNT (RUB 3,484,422 X 18/118)
VAT IS ACCEPTED FOR DEDUCTION
November 20, 2015 (SHIP DATE)
THE COST OF THE GOODS IS REFLECTED (3,484,422 RUB. - 531,522 RUB. + 100,000 U.E. X 55% X 64.91 RUB./U.U.)
“INPUT” VAT REFLECTED (RUB 6,522,950 X 18%)
VAT IS ACCEPTED FOR DEDUCTION
ADVANCE PAYMENT AMOUNT HAS BEEN CREDITED
VAT, ACCEPTED FOR DEDUCTION FROM THE Amount OF DEPOSIT, has been RESTORED
November 28, 2015 (FINAL PAYMENT DATE)
FINAL PAYMENT HAS BEEN MADE WITH THE SUPPLIER (118,000 U.U. X 55% X 66.24 RUB/U.U.)
NEGATIVE EXCHANGE DIFFERENCE IS REFLECTED ((66.24 RUB./U.U. - 64.91 RUB./U.U.) X 118,000 U.U. X 55%)

As you can see, calculating exchange rate differences is not complicated.

Antanenkova Elena, g Leading expert on accounting and taxation issues

You should know how to distinguish between accounting and tax accounting, and this is necessary, first of all, so that the exchange rate difference in accounting and tax accounting is taken into account and analyzed.

Accounting for exchange rate differences

When accounting for this difference, it is important to take into account two dates at once:

time of acceptance of goods or other value in accounting;
time of payment for a given product or value.

It is important to remember that in this case, accounting should be carried out without taking into account deposits or other payments received by the company for these assets previously. However, in tax accounting, property must be revalued, and for this purpose the form of currency values is used. In this situation, the accounting for exchange differences in tax accounting does not use any advances or valuable items denominated in foreign currency.

There may be various discrepancies in these two types of accounting, and they can be:

positive, which implies an increase in the exchange rate;
negative, which implies a depreciation of the currency.

The exchange rate difference is assessed in accordance with the Tax Code only after the debt has been fully repaid.

If amount differences are taken into account, then it is important to initially focus on PBU 3/2006. It is indicated here that quite often two residents who make monetary settlements with each other in foreign currency fail to settle because different currencies are used. In this case, rubles can be used for calculation, and the amount must be equivalent to the exchange rate. However, in the process of drawing up a contract between the two parties, a point about the possible calculation of exchange rate differences must be specified.

When determining the amount of money, one should take into account the exchange rate that was established at the time of making the payment, and not at the time of drawing up the contract or transfer of the goods. Correct accounting of exchange rate differences in accounting and tax accounting in 2016 implies that the supplier of goods must issue an invoice in foreign currency, and the buyer can pay it in domestic currency. When reflecting exchange rate and total differences in accounting, a reporting date is recorded.

However, it should be noted that various changes are constantly being made to legislation, so currently tax accounting has very few differences from accounting, and the very concept of the total difference does not have any important meaning. Therefore, most often this difference is called exchange rate discrepancy.

How to calculate VAT correctly

Quite often, many companies carry out settlement transactions with foreign companies. In this case, payment can be made in foreign currency, which will be convenient for both organizations. In a situation where an invoice is issued in a foreign currency, and the payer only has rubles at his disposal, VAT must be calculated correctly. The calculation must be carried out in accordance with the exchange rate.

When calculating VAT, it is important to know about some points, knowledge of which will allow you to correctly account for exchange rate differences in accounting. This includes the situation when full prepayment of the goods is proposed, and in this case the amount of VAT is determined in accordance with the exchange rate that was established on the day of payment for the goods. If only part of the amount is paid in advance, then VAT is determined at the rate that will be established on the reporting day.

If goods are paid only in domestic currency, then the invoice should be issued exclusively in rubles.

How is accounting done for contracts that were concluded last year?

In 2016, a huge number of changes were introduced in the accounting of exchange rate differences, but what should companies do in this case that have contracts concluded last year? It should be noted here that accounting for differences, which can be positive or negative, will be expenses or income of the organization, and they are taken into account on the last day of the month. This innovation made it possible to reduce the number of differences that existed in two types of accounting: accounting and tax. But it is precisely for accounting that such changes have become problematic.

Accounting for differences in companies operating under the simplified tax system

Firms operating under the simplified tax system must calculate differences only when foreign currency is purchased or sold. However, only the positive difference from all completed transactions should be taken into account, and negative differences are not reflected in any way in the company’s documents. exchange rate differences that arise in the process of currency revaluation are also not taken into account.

Thus, the changes introduced in 2016 in accounting for exchange rate differences have both positive and negative aspects. The advantage is that now accountants do not have to figure out which accounting should include a specific exchange rate difference. This is due to the fact that tax and accounting currently have many similarities. Also, in the process of making transactions, you can now use rates that are not the rate currently established by the Central Bank.

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What is exchange rate and amount difference

The seller's exchange rate difference is the amount by which the ruble value of the buyer's receivables increases or decreases if the price of goods (work, services) is established by the contract in conventional units (hereinafter - cu) or foreign currency (hereinafter - currency). Exchange rate differences arise due to changes in the exchange rate. e. or foreign currency against the ruble.

Until 2015, total differences in tax accounting were the differences that arise when the price of goods (work, services) is established by agreement in yuan. e. or currency, and is paid in rubles (clause 11.1 of article 250, clause 5.1 of clause 1 of article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, as amended, valid until 01/01/2015, Letter of the Ministry of Finance dated 05/28/2015 N 03-03 -06/1/30847). Since 2015, such differences are called exchange rate differences.

Do exchange rate differences arise when making advances?

Exchange differences do not arise, if the buyer fully paid for the goods (work, services) in advance (clause 9 of PBU 3/2006). After all, after shipment, he will not have a debt to you. The seller recognizes revenue on the date of shipment in rubles at the exchange rate. e. or currency on the date of transfer of the advance.

Exchange differences may arise, if payment in full or in part (part paid in advance) is made after shipment, and the price of goods (work, services) (clause 3 of PBU 3/2006, clause 11 of Article 250, clause 5 of clause 1 of Article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation , Letter of the Ministry of Finance dated June 22, 2015 N 03-03-06/1/35865):

Or installed in e. (currency), and is paid in rubles;

Or installed and paid in foreign currency (for export).

Exchange rate difference calculation

In accounting and for income tax purposes, exchange rate differences are calculated in the same way.

Situation 1. Goods (work, services) are paid in full after shipment (there was no advance payment). In this case, you recognize revenue in rubles at the exchange rate. e. or currency on the date of shipment (clause 20 of PBU 3/2006). Revenue is recognized in correspondence with account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”.

Do not recalculate the revenue you recognized in account 90 “Sales”. And the buyer’s receivables reflected on account 62 must be recalculated at the exchange rate. e. or currency established (clause 11 of PBU 3/2006):

1) on the last day of each month until the month when the buyer pays off his debt to you;

2) on the date of repayment of the debt by the buyer.

These dates are called restatement dates.

If the price of goods (works, services) is set in y. e. or currency, but is paid in rubles, then calculate the exchange rate difference using the formula:

If the price of goods (works, services) is set and paid in foreign currency (for export), then calculate the exchange rate difference using the formula:

Calculate the exchange rate difference using an accounting certificate .

The exchange rate difference will be positive if on the date of conversion the exchange rate is y. e. or the currency has become more than it was on the date of shipment or the date of the previous recalculation. In this case, the amount owed by the buyer to you has increased.

The exchange rate difference will be negative if on the date of conversion the exchange rate is y. e. or the currency has decreased compared to the rate that was on the date of shipment or the date of the previous recalculation. In this case, the amount owed by the buyer to you has decreased.

Situation 2. The buyer partially paid for goods (work, services) in advance. In this case:

In the part paid in advance, exchange rate differences do not arise;

In terms of outstanding accounts receivable (debit balance of account 62), exchange differences arise and are calculated in the same way as in Situations 1.

An example of calculating exchange rate differences if the price is set in foreign currency and paid in rubles

The price of the goods established by the contract is $11,800, incl. VAT at the rate of 18% ($1800). The goods are paid for in rubles at the Central Bank exchange rate established on the date of transfer of money by the buyer. The goods were shipped to the buyer on March 2, paid for on March 31.

As of 02.03 - 59 rubles/dollar;

As of March 31 - 59.5 rubles/dollar.

On March 31, money was received from the buyer in the amount of 702,100 rubles. ($11,800 x 59.5 RUR/USD).

The positive exchange rate difference recognized as of March 31 will be RUB 5,900. ($11,800 x (59.5 RUR/USD - 59 RUR/USD)).

An example of calculating exchange rate differences when making payments in foreign currency (for export)

The price of goods shipped for export is $11,800. The goods are paid for in foreign currency. The goods were shipped to the buyer on March 2, paid for on March 31.

The US dollar exchange rate set by the Central Bank was:

As of 02.03 - 59 rubles/dollar;

As of March 31 - 59.5 rubles/dollar.

When the goods are shipped on March 2, the seller recognizes revenue and receivables from the buyer in the amount of RUB 696,200. ($11,800 x 59 RUR/USD).

On March 31, money was received from the buyer in the amount of $11,800. In rubles, this amount will be 702,100 rubles. ($11,800 x 59.5 RUR/USD).

The positive exchange rate difference as of March 31 will be 5,900 rubles. ($11,800 x (59.5 RUR/USD - 59 RUR/USD)).

Does exchange rate difference affect VAT?

If the price of goods (works, services) is set in y. e. or currency, but must be paid in rubles; exchange rate differences arising in accounting and tax accounting do not affect the calculation of VAT and are fully taken into account in expenses or income when calculating income tax (clause 4 of Article 153 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

About how to calculate VAT when making calculations in y. e., read here .

Accounting for exchange rate differences

In accounting, exchange rate differences calculated for each recalculation date are taken into account (clause 13 of PBU 3/2006):

Positive - in other income;

Negative - in other expenses.

Postings to reflect exchange rate differences will be as follows:

Accounting for exchange rate differences for profit tax purposes

Exchange differences calculated for each translation date are included:

Positive - in non-operating income (clause 11 of article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation);

Negative - in non-operating expenses (clause 5, clause 1, article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

In the income tax return Exchange differences recognized at each translation date are not reversed and are reflected:

Positive - in the total amount of non-operating income on line 100 of Appendix No. 1 to Sheet 02 (clause 6.2 of the Procedure for filling out the declaration);

Negative - in the total amount of non-operating expenses on line 200 of Appendix No. 2 to Sheet 02 (clause 7.2 of the Procedure for filling out the declaration).

Example. Accounting and tax accounting of exchange rate differences if the price is set in foreign currency and paid in rubles

The price of the product is USD 11,800, incl. VAT at 18% ($1,800). The cost of the goods without VAT is USD 10,000 (USD 11,800 - USD 1,800). The goods are paid for in rubles at the Central Bank exchange rate established on the date of transfer of money by the buyer. On February 2, an advance payment in the amount of 50% of the price of the goods under the contract was received from the buyer. The goods were shipped to the buyer on March 2. The buyer paid in full for the goods on April 1.

The US dollar exchange rate set by the Central Bank was:

As of 02.02 - 58 rubles/dollar;

As of 02.03 - 59 rubles/dollar;

As of March 31 - 59.5 rubles/dollar;

As of 01.04 - 59.3 rubles/dollar.

The amount received by the seller on February 2 was 342,200 rubles. ($11,800 x 50% x 58 RUR/USD). “Advance” VAT in the amount of 52,200 rubles was calculated from it. (RUB 342,200 x 18/118).

In tax accounting, it recognizes revenue (net of VAT) in the amount of RUB 585,000. ($10,000 x 50% x 59 RUR/USD + 342,200 RUR - 52,200 RUR);

In accounting, it recognizes revenue including VAT in the amount of 690,300 rubles. ($11,800 x 50% x 58 RUR/USD + $11,800 x 50% x 59 RUR/USD);

Will charge VAT in the amount of 105,300 rubles. ($10,000 x 50% x 59 RUR/USD x 18% + 52,200 RUR) and will deduct VAT calculated on the advance in the amount of 52,200 RUR.

On April 1, the balance of money in the amount of 349,870 rubles was received from the buyer. ($11,800 x 50% x 59.3 RUR/USD).

The seller acknowledges in tax accounting:

On March 31, in non-operating income - a positive exchange rate difference in the amount of 2950 rubles. ($11,800 x 50% x (59.5 RUR/USD - 59 RUR/USD));

On April 1, in non-operating expenses - a negative exchange rate difference in the amount of 1180 rubles. ($11,800 x 50% x (59.3 RUR/USD - 59.5 RUR/USD)).

In the income tax return for the first quarter, line 100 of Appendix No. 1 to Sheet 02 will reflect a positive exchange rate difference in the amount of 2,950 rubles.

According to line 100 of Appendix No. 1 to Sheet 02 - positive exchange rate difference in the amount of 2950 rubles;

According to line 200 of Appendix No. 2 to Sheet 02 - negative exchange rate difference in the amount of 1180 rubles.

The accounting entries will be as follows:

Example. Accounting and tax accounting of exchange rate differences when making payments in foreign currency (for export)

The price of the item is $10,000. The goods are paid for in foreign currency. On February 2, the buyer transferred an advance payment of 50% of the price to the seller. The item was shipped on March 2. The buyer transferred the remaining amount of debt on April 2.

The US dollar exchange rate set by the Central Bank was:

As of 02.02 - 68 rubles/dollar;

As of 02.03 - 69 rubles/dollar;

As of March 31 - 68 rubles/dollar;

As of 04/02 - 70 rub/dollar.

The buyer transferred an advance to the seller in the amount of 340,000 rubles. ($10,000 x 50% x 68 RUR/USD).

The seller recognized revenue in the amount of 685,000 rubles in tax and accounting records. ($10,000 x 50% x 69 RUR/USD + 340,000 RUR).

The buyer transferred the balance of money in the amount of 350,000 rubles. ($10,000 x 50% x 70 RUR/USD).

The seller reflects in tax accounting:

31.03 in non-operating expenses - negative exchange rate difference in the amount of 5,000 rubles. ($10,000 x 50% (68 RUR/USD - 69 RUR/USD));

02.04 in non-operating income - a positive exchange rate difference in the amount of 10,000 rubles. ($10,000 x 50% (70 RUR/USD - 68 RUR/USD)).

In the income tax return for the first quarter, line 200 of Appendix No. 2 to Sheet 02 shows a negative exchange rate difference in the amount of 5,000 rubles.

The income tax return for the six months will reflect:

According to line 100 of Appendix No. 1 to Sheet 02 - positive exchange rate difference in the amount of 10,000 rubles;

According to line 200 of Appendix No. 2 to Sheet 02 - negative exchange rate difference in the amount of 5,000 rubles.

The postings will be like this:

Accounting for exchange rate differences under the simplified tax system

Simplified tax accounting does not reflect exchange rate differences. In this case, the object of taxation ("income" or "income minus expenses") does not matter. After all, the seller includes in income only the ruble amount that was credited to the current account or cash register (clause 5 of Article 346.17, clause 3 of Article 346.18 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Recalculate the buyer's debt when the exchange rate changes. e. (currency) is not necessary under the simplified tax system.

Amount difference. Under the Service Agreement, remuneration is and is paid in Russian rubles in an amount equivalent to $10,000. USA at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, which is calculated on the date of payment by the Customer for the Contractor's Services under the Agreement. It is agreed that the remuneration is payable by transferring funds in two stages - 50% on the next day after signing - 50% upon completion of the Services. The Agreement was signed on 07/15/16 , the contract is valid for one calendar month. Early fulfillment of obligations under the contract is possible. The customer paid an advance payment of 50% 07/20/16 1 dollar. = 62.9891*5000 dollars. = 314945.50 rub. Service provided 07/29/2016 Rate 1 dollar. = 66.1125 There was no final payment from the Customer. Questions: For what amount should the accountant issue a closing invoice, respectively, taking into account the exchange rate: 1) 10,000 dollars * 66.1125 = 661,125 rubles 2) 5,000 dollars * 62.9891 + 5,000 dollars. *66.1125 = 645508 rub. 3) correct answer. Does the amount difference arise in this situation and how to document it in accounting and with what entries? We ask you to answer, referring to the legislation. Thank you!

Alexander Rodionov answers: Deputy Head of Expert Support

There is currently no concept of an amount difference in the legislation.

It is necessary to set according to option No. 2, the rationale is in the table below.

The exchange rate difference will arise on July 31, if the exchange rate changes in relation to the debt and then on the date of payment or on the next last day of the month, exchange rate positive Debit 62 Credit 91, negative Debit 91 Credit 62.

Rationale

Directories:Comparison of tax and accounting accounting of assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency and conventional units

Type of asset (liability)	The asset (liability) is denominated in foreign currency		The asset (liability) is expressed in conventional units
	Accounting	Tax accounting	Accounting	Tax accounting
Revenues from sales	– advance payment (if any) at the exchange rate established by the Bank of Russia on the date of receipt of the advance payment; – unpaid receivables at the exchange rate established by the Bank of Russia on the date of transfer of ownership to the buyer (clause , and PBU 3/2006). For more information, see	Sales revenue is determined as the amount: – advance payment (if any) at the exchange rate established by the Bank of Russia on the date of receipt of the advance payment; – unpaid receivables at the exchange rate established by the Bank of Russia on the date of transfer of ownership to the buyer (paragraph 3 of Article 316 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). For more information about this, see How to evaluate revenue from the sale of goods (work, services, property rights) in tax accounting	Sales revenue is determined as the amount: – advance payment (if any) at the rate of a conventional unit established by the parties on the date of receipt of the advance payment; – unpaid receivables at the conventional unit rate established by the parties on the date of transfer of ownership to the buyer (clause , and PBU 3/2006). For more information, see How to determine the amount of revenue from the sale of finished products, works, services	Sales proceeds are determined at the conventional unit rate established by the parties as the amount: – advance payment (if any) on the date of receipt of the advance payment; – unpaid receivables as of the date of transfer of ownership rights to the buyer (clause 8 of article 271, paragraph 4 of article 316 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation)

2. Directories: Cases of exchange rate differences in accounting and tax accounting

Type of asset (liability)	Change of course	Accounting			Tax accounting
		Date of occurrence of the difference	Type of difference	Reflection in accounting	Date of occurrence of the difference	Type of difference	Reflection in accounting
Accounts payable in foreign currency (except for advances received)	The exchange rate has increased	(Clause 7 PBU 3/2006)	Coursework (paragraph 4, clause 3, clause 11 of PBU 3/2006)	Debit 91-2 Credit 60 (66, 67, 76…) (clause 13 PBU 3/2006)	(subparagraph 7, paragraph 4, article 271, subparagraph 6, paragraph 7, article 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation)	Coursework (clause 11 of article 250, subclause 5 of clause 1 of article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation)	(subparagraph 5, paragraph 1, article 265, subparagraph 6, paragraph 7, article 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation)
	The exchange rate has decreased			Debit 60 (66, 67, 76…) Credit 91-1 (clause 13 PBU 3/2006)			(clause 11 of article 250, subclause 7 of clause 4 of article 271 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation)
Accounts receivable in foreign currency (except for advances issued)	The exchange rate has increased	The last date of the reporting period or the date of partial (full) repayment of debt (Clause 7 PBU 3/2006)	Coursework (paragraph 4, clause 3, clause 11 of PBU 3/2006)	Debit 62 (76…) Credit 91-1 (clause 13 PBU 3/2006)	Last day of the month or date of partial (full) repayment of debt (subparagraph 7, paragraph 4, article 271, subparagraph 6, paragraph 7, article 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation)	Coursework (clause 11 of article 250, subclause 5 of clause 1 of article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation)	As part of non-operating income (clause 11 of article 250, subclause 7 of clause 4 of article 271 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation)
	The exchange rate has decreased			Debit 91-2 Credit 62 (76…) (clause 13 PBU 3/2006)			As part of non-operating expenses (subparagraph 5, paragraph 1, article 265, subparagraph 6, paragraph 7, article 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation)
Accounts payable in conventional units (excluding advances and loans received)	The exchange rate of the conventional unit has increased	The last date of the reporting period or the date of partial (full) repayment of debt (Clause 7 PBU 3/2006)	Coursework (paragraph 4, clause 3, clause 11 of PBU 3/2006)	Debit 91-2 Credit 60(76…) (clause 13 PBU 3/2006)	Last day of the month or date of partial (full) repayment of debt (clause 8 of article 271, clause 10 of article 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation)	Coursework (clause 11 of article 250, subclause 5 of clause 1 of article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation)	As part of non-operating expenses (subparagraph 5, paragraph 1, article 265, paragraph 10, article 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation)
	The exchange rate of the conventional unit has decreased			Debit 60 (76…) Credit 91-1