Gold Crown. Money transfers "Golden Crown": procedure from "A" to "Z" Technology of the "Golden Crown" system
Omsk State University
Department of Management
Payment system "Zolotaya Korona"
course abstract
“Modern banking technologies”
Made by student gr.E-34
Zaitsev Sergey Yurievich
Technology of the “Zolotaya Korona” system
Technology Fundamentals
Security
Protection against unauthorized operations is the primary concern of any system. Obviously, the security of a particular system is a complex and multilevel thing and depends on the interaction of all protection mechanisms used in the System.
In Zolotaya Korona, the reliability of information and the financial support of payments are ensured by such effective mechanisms as:
· hardware capabilities of the card: the use of microprocessor cards makes the possibility of counterfeiting them purely theoretical;
Checking whether the card belongs to the bearer;
Checking the validity of the card and its belonging to the System;
Checking according to the "black list", i.e. the list of cards prohibited for acceptance. This protection mechanism allows you to reliably protect the System from stolen and lost cards, as well as from cards of banks that have left the System;
check on a set of spending limits;
· insurance of financial risks of System participants.
The complex application of all the listed security mechanisms makes it possible to guarantee, with a high degree of reliability, that the System is protected from unauthorized
operations.
The card is the main element of the security system
The Solaic microprocessor card E3744 currently used in the system conforms to the ISO 7816 chip card standard. Its characteristics:
8-bit CPU, 68HC05SC24 from Motorola,
3K bytes ROM,
128 bytes RAM
1K bytes of EEPROM, of which 468 are available for applications,
asynchronous protocol ISO 7816 T=0, speed 9600.
The available memory area of this card is divided into two zones. The first one is filled in at the factory and contains information guaranteed by the manufacturer that is unique for all cards - card type, date of manufacture, serial number, order information, etc. This zone is read-only, it is physically impossible to write. Access control to the second zone is regulated by two passwords - one for reading and writing, the other for erasing. After presenting an incorrect password three times, the card is automatically blocked. Recording, carried out upon presentation of a read-write password, is a one-way operation - writing new data does not cause automatic erasure of old ones. This is achieved by using the logical operation "OR" for writing, i.e. presenting the read-write password, you can only write 1 instead of 0, but not vice versa. This
one of the generally accepted methods of protecting information on cards. In addition, all information is recorded on the card in a special format and confirmed by various levels of the system.
Thus, it is impossible to correctly enter false information on the map, it can only be spoiled. The card deletion password is stored only in the Bank, and no one else can credit the card or change its validity period. Erase passwords, like read-write passwords, are unique to each system card.
When making payments on the card, records are generated about the spent amounts, which are taken into account when calculating the card balance, i.e. the balance is equal to the base amount minus all spent. From the foregoing, it follows that in any terminal, with a known personal code of the client and without an erasure password (it never was, is not and never will be), it is only possible to reduce the amount on the card.
The development of the technology of the Golden Crown System is based on the latest world standards and
developments. In the near future, the System will begin the transition to technologies built in accordance with the latest EMV specifications. In this regard, a number of new products will be offered while maintaining support for older ones. Already in 1997 "Zolotaya Korona" will become EMV-compatible.
Operating system
The Unix operating system was initially chosen as one of the components of the operating environment of the system. And this choice is well justified. All leading manufacturers of computer systems have taken Unix into service and are promoting it as the main operating system for their complexes. The choice of this system is far from accidental, because Unix has a number of undeniable advantages:
· perfect mechanisms of interprocess interactions;
high efficiency in real-time tasks;
Developed network support;
adaptability in heterogeneous environments;
Support for vertical and horizontal scaling of systems and distributed data processing;
a well-established and proven security system;
· support by leading manufacturers of software, peripheral equipment and telecommunications;
· many years of world experience in the creation and operation of Unix-systems.
The development of Unix network support is a very important point, since the Golden Crown system was originally built on the use of global telecommunications systems for data exchange between the Center and Nodes, Issuers, Acquirers and terminals.
As you know, all widely used Unix systems have international security certificates, as do the leading manufacturers of database management systems. In addition, virtually all major vendors' Unix systems have security-enhanced versions for business applications that conform to international standards and can satisfy the most demanding user. Moreover, it is no secret to anyone that the security of a system is not ensured by one subsystem, but is the result of complex technical, software and organizational measures.
As a basis for building databases, the Oracle7 system was chosen, which is currently unsurpassed in terms of the capabilities provided by the database management system. This product has international security certifications and is supported by all leading operating system developers. At the stage of formation of the Golden Crown, the participants were offered software packages based on other database systems, which was associated with lower cost and, as a result, greater accessibility for the consumer.
Currently, there are two versions of the software platforms of the issuing bank of the Zolotaya Korona System:
1. The first platform is built on the basis of NOVELL's BTRIEVE database management system. The operating system of the workstation is DOS version 5.0 or higher. This platform will be able to meet the needs of banks in small plastic card projects, where the number of accounts does not exceed 20,000. The advantages of such a platform are that large and expensive computing power is not needed as a hardware complex, and specific professional training is not required for the personnel servicing the system.
2.Second - Unix/Oracle platform. Limitations on the number of accounts in such a complex are associated only with the amount of memory and computing power of the hardware. The Issuing Bank software on the Unix/Oracle platform is capable of serving hundreds of thousands of card accounts of bank customers. In this complex, the issuing bank and the remote replenishment subsystem are implemented as a single software and hardware complex, which, of course, increases the usability of the system.
3. The distributed processing system used in Zolotaya Korona is consistent with the worldwide trend of decentralization of computing resources and data processing processes. Moreover, all technological solutions of the "Zolotaya Korona" are a direct projection of the client-server architecture - a generally recognized model for distributed systems.
Hardware platform
The characteristics of the bank's computing complex directly depend on the scale of the Golden Crown project implementation in this bank. If the circle of potential clientele is numerically small, then the best solution would be to use publicly available and easy-to-use computing equipment - PC-compartible servers (such as COMPAQ). The stability and non-failure operation of such systems is ensured by well-known, proven methods and verified by practice.
If the range of potential clientele of the bank is numerous, a more productive system can be chosen as a hardware platform for working with applications on Unix/Oracle. For this, for example, you can use a medium-capacity SUN SparcServer-20 server or a high-performance SUN SparcServer-2000 server. The Zolotaya Korona software has been ported to most hardware platforms of large manufacturing companies. Thus, banks can use the servers of such companies as SUN, DEC, IBM, HP to work in the Zolotaya Korona system.
Special equipment
Under the special equipment of the system is meant the equipment that is directly intended for receiving and performing operations with microprocessor cards. Currently, in Zolotaya Korona, the following terminals are used for equipping retail outlets and cash points using Zolotaya Korona cards, for ON-line authorization of large payments:
INNOVATRON TPSCAM-1000 and TPSCAM-2000;
VERIFONE OMNI-395 with CM-450 pin pad;
DataTrol 680-1C terminals from DATACARD are used as system service points and remote replenishment terminals.
As for ATMs, here the system involves the use of the following equipment:
· Olivetti CD-6200, CD-6300, CD-6400;
· Bull BQ-1410, BQ-3410;
· IBM-4783 and 4789;
DIEBOLD-1064-I.
In order to provide the System participants with maximum freedom in choosing special equipment, the specialists of the Center for Financial Technologies continue to develop software for various types of terminals and ATMs.
Integration of "Zolotaya Korona" into the bank automation system
First of all, I would like to note that Zolotaya Korona in the bank automation system can be not just an application for working with plastic cards, but also a full-fledged system for working with individual clients (retail banking). The system provides for the possibility of providing a full range of banking services for private and corporate clients, working with currencies, various interest schemes, etc.
However, the bank needs to form a single balance sheet in the already existing banking system, taking into account the operations carried out using the Zolotaya Korona System. When addressing this issue, the following aspects should be taken into account:
At present, many different banking systems developed by various companies, software vendors, and individual banks are widespread in Russia. The data formats used in different banking systems often differ from each other. The software of the plastic card module should be easily integrated into the banking system of any issuer.
Based on the consideration of these two factors in the Zolotaya Korona software, the following scheme was implemented.
The issuer's software allows you to maintain special card accounts for customers who have a Zolotaya Korona card. The accounts of different clients are grouped into the corresponding balance accounts and, further, according to the attribute of the account. The card-account management system operates autonomously throughout the day. Each balance sheet account of the "Zolotaya Korona" corresponds to a personal account in the context of the corresponding balance sheet in the main database of the bank. For example, the funds of all private depositors can lie on one personal account of the 718th balance sheet account in the bank, while the breakdown of the funds of clients is in the Zolotaya Korona database. During the day, work is carried out with Korona accounts, funds are credited, transactions are made, and at the end of the day a certain number of transactions are formed between Korona balance accounts, which are exported to the bank's database. Note that the maximum number of such transactions is limited and very small.
The format of the exported data is an ordinary text format, which can be easily converted into the format of the input data of the bank system. As a rule, bank programmers know their banking system thoroughly and the issue of export/import is resolved in working order.
Another option is also possible, when a personal account is opened for each client in the context of the corresponding balance account directly in the bank's automated system. The implementation of such a scheme is more complex and time-consuming, however, it is quite easy to implement.
Thus, it can be asserted with full responsibility that the software of the issuer of the Zolotaya Korona System is compatible with any existing banking system.
Interaction of System participants
The organizational structure of the System includes two main schemes of interaction: informational and financial. The first serves for information exchange between the participants of the system, the second - the scheme of their financial relationships.
Information exchange in the System
Any emerging system goes through the stage of initial development, when its growth is quite active. By observing this process, it can be concluded whether this system is flexible enough to meet the ever-changing market conditions. The development of the system, the increase in the number of participants, the expansion of geography often lead to the fact that the schemes used at the very beginning gradually cease to meet the requirements of life and are in need of reformation. This trend can be clearly seen in the evolution of the Golden Crown System: in the first years of its existence, the System has undergone significant technological changes. Based on the experience gained as a result of its operation, an effective technical structure was created, which has the following components:
Members of the system
Let us consider in more detail the role of each participant in the system.
CENTER - an interregional center for settlements using Zolotaya Korona cards, unites system participants into a single information network. The Center, being a multifunctional unit of the system, collects and processes information in the system. All inter-regional transactions generated in the terminals of outlets are regularly transferred to the Center.
The main functions of the Center:
1. Registration of all participants and structural units of the system.
2. Processing of transactions from terminals and generation of payment documents for issuers.
3. Registration and registration of new Issuers, Acquirers, Nodes, organizations, terminals, sellers of the System.
4. Maintenance of "black lists" of Issuers (lists of cards prohibited for use by issuers).
5. Formation of commission fees for Nodes, Processing Nodes and Issuers of the System.
7. Issuance of service cards for System Nodes and Issuers.
8. Preliminary preparation of maps for system participants.
9. Monitoring the integrity of the system.
ISSUER - an organization that issues plastic cards of the Zolotaya Korona system to customers and is responsible for all payments made by its customers in the System infrastructure.
The main functions of the Issuer:
1. Issuance of Golden Crown cards to customers.
2. Maintaining card accounts of clients.
3. Reimbursement of funds to the Acquirer upon settlement of the Issuer's client in the Acquirer's trading infrastructure using the Golden Crown card.
EQUIER - an organization that reimburses money to a point of sale
services for goods and services provided by this outlet to customers who paid with the Golden Crown card.
Acquirer main functions:
1. Acceptance for servicing Golden Crown cards.
2. Conclusion of agreements with outlets for accepting Zolotaya Korona cards to pay for goods and services.
3. Reimbursement of funds to Trade outlets that provide services using Golden Crown cards.
TRADING POINTS / CASH TERMINALS - trade enterprises, services or services, cash points equipped with payment terminals and accepting cards of the Zolotaya Korona system for payment. Merchants independently determine the currencies and types of accepted cards. Trade enterprises can simply rent the settlement equipment used in customer service, or purchase it from the bank.
The main functions of the Point of Sale:
1. Acceptance of Golden Crown cards for payment for goods and services.
2. Providing the minimum service capabilities to the client (viewing the balance of the card, printing limits).
CLIENTS - individuals and legal entities acting as buyers, sellers (cashiers). All clients have accounts in the Issuer's/Acquirer's plastic card settlement system. Legal entities may have their current accounts in other banks outside the System.
NODE - the regional center of the System, uniting Issuers, Acquirers and Merchants into a single information network at the regional level.
Acts as a regional concentrator of transactions generated at Merchants (a transaction is a payment transaction or a cash withdrawal transaction made by the cardholder using the terminals of the Zolotaya Korona system), as well as a concentrator of mail messages between Issuers, Acquirers and the Center.
The main functions of the Node:
1. Acceptance of transactions from payment (POS) and cash (ATM) terminals, ATMs with their subsequent transfer to the Center and transfer of "black lists" to them.
2. Registration of POS and ATM terminals.
3. Transit transmission of data between the Center and Issuers and Acquirers connected to this Node.
4. Checking cards according to the "black list" during authorization.
PROCESSING NODE (NODE WITH TRANSACTION PROCESSING) - a Node capable of processing transactions made by the Issuers' clients, if both the Issuer and the Acquirer are serviced at this Node. If a transaction involves an Issuer that is not registered on this Node, then its processing takes place in the usual manner through the Center. This modification of the Node is convenient for regions with a closed system structure, when the vast majority of settlements are made between Issuers and Acquirers serviced at the same Node.
The main functions of the Processing node:
1. Acceptance of transactions from payment (POS) and cash (ATM) terminals, ATMs with their subsequent transfer to the Center, transfer of the “black list” of the System to them.
2. Processing of transactions and generation of payment documents for Issuers and Acquirers serviced at this Processing Node.
3. Registration of POS and ATM terminals.
4. Transit transmission of data between the Center and Issuers and Acquirers connected to this Processing Node.
5. Checking cards according to the "black list" during authorization.
Interaction between System components
Transactions carried out during the day at the point of sale are accumulated in the terminal. Regularly, usually at the end of the working day, data on payments made is transmitted to the Node or the Processing Node where the given Merchant is registered.
The node performs the primary processing of the transaction, and then transfers it for further processing to the Center. If the transaction is transmitted to the Processing Node, then its further path depends on which banks took part in its formation. If the transaction is "local", i.e. both the Issuer who issued the card and the Acquirer who accepted the payment are registered on this Processing Node, then the processing of such a transaction takes place directly on this Processing Node. If the transaction is inter-regional, then it is transferred to the Center for processing.
Transaction processing is a special process, in
as a result of which the so-called transaction registers are formed:
or for each Issuer/Acquirer pair so that each of the registers contains a complete list of transactions where the payers are the Issuer's clients and the Acquirer's clients are the recipients; or for one Issuer, if both payers and recipients are clients of this Issuer, i.e. The Issuer for these transactions is also the Acquirer.
Based on the transaction registers, summary payment documents are generated on the transfer of funds by the Issuer to the Acquirer. In the document, in the subject of payment, a link to the register of transactions is indicated for the purpose of subsequent division of the total amount of payments into separate payments by buyers. After that, the transaction register and the payment document created on its basis are transmitted via the system communication channels to both Participants (one Participant).
For the Issuer, this payment document is an invoice for payment, for the Acquirer - an information document (notice) about the expected receipt of funds from the Issuer (if the Issuer is also the Acquirer, then this is an internal document).
Mutual settlements and payment insurance system
In parallel with the development of the System's technology, the process of evolution of the scheme of financial interaction between its participants also took place. The requirements imposed by life on the organization of a system of mutual settlements and insurance of financial risks had a great influence on the development of technology.
The main problem is that the acquirer, while serving the issuer's client, actually credits the organization that issued the card. Moreover, lending takes place in an unstable economic situation, periodic crises in the banking system, total distrust of banks in relation to each other. Accordingly, the Zolotaya Korona settlement system should provide participants with a technological service that allows them to reasonably allocate resources, independently determine risks and quickly respond to a changing financial environment. For an adequate perception of the system of mutual settlements, it is necessary to define some concepts used in the system.
Some concepts of the system
Guarantor - an organization that is financially responsible for the timely and correct execution of payments between the participants of the "Zolotaya Korona" system. Let's assume that the issuer's client has settled in the acquirer's infrastructure. The issuer instructs the guarantor to settle with the acquirer. These settlements can be secured by the issuer's funds on the guarantor's accounts, credit lines opened by the guarantor to the issuer, pledges, etc. A striking example of a guarantor may be a settlement or clearing bank.
Guarantor limit - the maximum daily amount of payments that the acquirer can accept under the responsibility of this guarantor. This limit is set by the acquirer individually for each system guarantor.
Settlement limit - the maximum daily amount of payments by a member of the Zolotaya Korona system, for which the guarantor assumes financial responsibility. This limit is set by the guarantor individually for each participant in the system.
OFF-line transaction - a transaction formed at the terminal level without any additional system checks.
ON-line transaction - a transaction formed by the client in the terminal after additional checks of the client, issuer, acquirer and guarantors at the system level as a whole.
Making settlements for OFF-line transactions
When settling in OFF-line mode, the financial risks associated with the issuer's solvency and instant liquidity lie entirely with the acquirer. Zolotaya Korona has built a flexible settlement system to reduce the acquirer's risks in OFF-line transactions:
First, the acquirer determines the maximum size of an OFF-line transaction for each service point of its infrastructure. This limit is set by the acquirer individually for each service point. It should be borne in mind that usually OFF-line transactions correspond to customer payments for small and medium amounts.
Secondly, if the issuer's settlement limits set by the acquirer's guarantors are not sufficient to ensure the turnover of OFF-line transactions of the issuer's cards in the infrastructure of this acquirer, then the system automatically prohibits the acceptance of the issuer's card in the infrastructure of this acquirer.
Payments in the Zolotaya Korona system for OFF-line transactions are secured and carried out by those guarantors who have set settlement limits for the issuer and for whom the acquirer has set guarantor limits sufficient for settlements on OFF-line transactions. Thus, the responsibility for the correct and timely conduct of settlements lies with the guarantor, whom the acquirer really trusts.
Making settlements for ON-line transactions
Since ON-line transactions correspond to customer payments for large amounts, for payments on such transactions it is necessary to build the most reliable, secure system of mutual settlements between the participants of the Zolotaya Korona system. Such a system of mutual settlements is built by determining the settlement limits and limits of guarantors set by the participants in the system. Technologically, an On-line transaction can be formed only if there are guarantors with two properties:
1. The settlement limit set by this guarantor for the issuer is sufficient to make a payment for this transaction,
2. The limit of the guarantor set by the acquirer for this guarantor is sufficient to make a payment for this transaction.
The choice of such a guarantor is carried out automatically by the system during the authorization of the client. The payment for the transaction is secured and formed by the selected guarantor. Thus, by setting limits, the participants of the Zolotaya Korona system can independently determine the risks associated with mutual settlements on transactions of the Zolotaya Korona system, quickly respond to a changing situation and actually prevent the formation of transactions on cards of questionable issuers in terms of liquidity.
Thus, each participant of the Zolotaya Korona system has complete independence in determining the risks and profitability associated with operations in the Zolotaya Korona system, and does not depend on the impact of external factors. At the same time, each participant can organize servicing of their clients in the entire infrastructure of the Zolotaya Korona system and risk-free servicing of clients of other participants in their infrastructure.
System software
Node of the Golden Crown System
Node – a regional communication processing complex,
uniting Banks-Issuers, outlets, cash points into a single information network.
Node software with transaction processing
The Node with Transaction Processing software allows you to perform the following functions:
· registration, connection and maintenance of normal operation in the Zolotaya Korona System of Banks-Issuers, outlets and cash points;
· maintenance of the "black list" for terminals and Bank-Issuers working through the Node;
collection and processing of transactions from terminals connected to the Node;
· exchange of information between the Center, Issuing Banks and terminals.
Software "Node with transaction processing" is an independent complex designed for automatic continuous processing of information. The Transaction Processing Node includes the core of the complex, which consists of automatic processing modules and processes the information received by the software and hardware complex in accordance with the Golden Crown System technology and the Transaction Processing Node software settings.
Node management, monitoring of its performance and obtaining the information necessary for the operation of the subordinate infrastructure is carried out using two automated workstations described below.
AWS "Node Management"
AWP "Node Management" is designed to manage the complex of the Node and includes the functions of managing the Node and monitoring its state. The list of functions available in the "Node Management" workstation and available depending on the system rights of the user who launched the workstation is as follows:
control over active compounds with the complex;
· control over active processes (modules of automatic kernel processing) of the complex;
· control of availability of free disk space on the server hardware of the complex;
· prompt detection of equipment failures, system and application software of the Node complex;
· viewing log files of all modules of automatic processing of the kernel for a specified time interval;
· viewing all mail messages, incoming and outgoing files of the Node (except for messages contained in transit files - from the Center to the Bank-Issuers of the Zolotaya Korona System serviced at the Node, or vice versa from the Banks-Issuers to the Center);
· on-line viewing of log messages of active kernel automatic processing modules in teletype mode;
· change of parameters of input, output lines (communication channels);
· installation and change of settings of the complex and modules of automatic processing of the kernel;
operational monitoring of the status of terminals (including ATMs),
Served by the Node (terminal status, time of the last successful communication session, number of the last “black list” request stored in the terminal, number of the first expected transaction from the terminal, version and type of installed terminal software), as well as viewing information about the Issuing Bank servicing this terminal;
· Viewing the list of participants of the Zolotaya Korona System, as well as organizations serviced by this Node;
Viewing the complete “black list” of the Zolotaya Korona System for this Node;
Viewing service cards of sellers and cashiers registered on the Node;
· manual initialization of the process of e-mail exchange with the Center;
· viewing and printing of commission payment documents to the Node from the Banks-Issuers of the Zolotaya Korona System for processing transactions, as well as generating and printing invoices;
· formation of requests for registration (inclusion/exclusion) of POS terminals for servicing at the Node;
· viewing processed requests received from the Center for inclusion (exclusion) of cards in (from) the "black list", registration of service cards of sellers, cashiers, registration of terminals (ATMs);
· work with service cards (operator, collector) of the Node of the Zolotaya Korona System - issuance, reading, modification.
AWS "ON-LINE control of ATMs"
AWS "ON-LINE control of ATMs" allows you to monitor the status of ATMs connected to the software and hardware complex of the Node through on-line communications. ARM provides the following features:
operational general control of the state of ATMs;
Obtaining detailed information about the state of the selected ATM;
indication of faulty mechanical components of the ATM;
state of the door sensors;
· Presence/absence of paper in journal and receipt printers, presence/absence of banknotes in cassettes, etc.
control over the frequency of the Alive signal (the presence of the Alive signal indicates the normal state of the ATM, otherwise it is information about the lack of power supply to the ATM and / or a break in the communication channel to it for one reason or another, which, accordingly, requires an urgent departure of operational services to installation site to solve possible problems);
· online viewing of current messages coming from ATMs in teletype mode;
viewing archived (for the past days) messages received from
· ATMs;
· changing the state of the ATM after viewing it.
The amount of information provided by the “ON-LINE control of ATMs” automated workplace is sufficient not only to quickly determine the ATM node in which the malfunction occurred, but also, in most cases, the very nature of the malfunction.
AWS "ON-LINE control of ATMs" visualizes the list of ATMs and their status. During communication sessions between the ATM and the Node, information about the state of the ATM is modified in accordance with the changes received during the communication session.
For AWP "ON-LINE control of ATMs" it is additionally possible to set up color differentiation of ATM states for the mode of operational general control of ATM states, which allows you to visually draw the attention of operators to those ATMs, the state of which requires prompt intervention.
Cash-in-transit terminal software
During normal operation, the terminals communicate with the Node using either dial-up or leased lines. In the event that for some reason (for example, poor communication quality) the terminal cannot contact the Node, the information is transmitted using the collector's workstation. This workstation is installed on a portable computer with a minimum configuration (with a network card), and information is transmitted from the terminal to the computer via a direct line directly at the terminal installation site, and then from the computer to the Node via the local network.
AWP directly performs the following functions:
receiving from the Node the information necessary for the collection of terminals (a list of terminals, cards of collectors, giving the right to collect each of the terminals in the list, a “black list” for transfer to terminals);
· collection of point of sale terminals directly at the place of their installation (receipt of transactions available in the terminal's memory, transfer of the "black list" to the terminal, receipt of terminal status parameters at the final stage of collection);
transfer to the Node of the results of collection of terminals (current parameters of terminals and the package received from each terminal during the collection of transactions).
Software developers of the Zolotaya Korona System, when creating software for which operation is sufficient server hardware on Intel Pentium (Pentium Pro) processors, are guided by COMPAQ servers (it is certainly allowed to use SCO UNIX - Oracle certified servers from other manufacturers in a configuration similar to the one below ). A currently available server manufactured by COMPAQ, the configuration of which is sufficient for the operation of a Transaction Processing Node
UNIX - server (Intel-based)
Compaq ProLiant 800 6/180 M1:
1x180-MHz Pentium Pro processor with 256 Kb integrated secondary cache (up to two),
32MB ECC memory
Integrated 10BaseT Network Ethernet Controller,
· Integrated Wide-Ultra SCSI Controller,
2 serial/1 parallel,
Internal 8X CD-ROM Drive (IDE),
3.5" 1.44Mb diskette Drive,
Compaq Win95 SpaceSaver keyboard, mouse,
· Compaq SmartStart & Compaq Insight manager SoftWare;
32MB Unbuffered EDO DIMM Memory Module
· 2x2.1–Gigabyte Wide-Ultra SCSI 1" Hard Drive (242586-001);
SMART-2/P Array Controller;
4/16-Gigabyte TurboDAT Drive;
· 10x4.0-Gigabyte DDS2 DAT Cartridge;
· DAT Cleaning Cartridge;
· Compaq 140 Color Monitor, Asset Mgmt, Nhem;
· Smart-UPS 1000VA Extend Run (230V);
spare part SU700XLI/1000XLI-battery pack;
APC PowerChute+ for SCO UNIX.
Communication equipment:
DigiBoard PC/8e;
IDC 1914 BXL modem (or similar);
Modem ZyXEL U-1496+;
Eicon card (X.25 controller) + X.25 Connect for SCO UNIX + IP Connect for SCO UNIX.
The need and quantity of each of the components of communication equipment is determined based on specific conditions.
NOTE
1. Instead of equipment for X.25 and dial-up channels, namely DigiBoard PC / 8e and Eicon card, it is possible to use other telecommunications equipment that provides equivalent capabilities, such as CISCO 2509. (In this case, software products
X.25 Connect for SCO UNIX and IP Connect for SCO UNIX are replaced by similar ones, but designed for the selected telecommunications equipment). The use of the latest equipment is preferable for members of the System that are developing at a rapid pace. Rapid development may lead to the need to replace the Intel-based server with a server based on RISC processors. CISCO access servers (as well as access servers, routers, bridges from other manufacturers) are invariant with respect to the hardware platform and server system software, while the DigiBoard PC/8e and Eicon card remain out of work when leaving the Intel platform.
2. It is highly recommended to connect the server to a packet switching network (Sprint, Infotel) via a dedicated channel for stable information exchange. When the server is in the same local network with another communication machine that has a dedicated X.25 channel output, it is possible to share the latter.
Equipment for work with service cards.
terminal TPSCAM 1000 (1 pc.),
Solaic 3744 card (10 pcs.).
Software products:
· Oracle7 EnterPrise Server v7.1.6. or higher (8 users or more) for SCO UNIX or Oracle7 WorkGroup Server 2000 (5 users or more) for SCO UNIX.
NOTE
The version of Oracle7 you are using must be certified to work with the version of SCO UNIX you are using.
Software Products
SCO UNIX OpenServer v3.2 r4.2 and higher
Oracle7 WorkGroup Server 2000 v7.1.5 and higher
SCO UNIX Network System v3.2 r4.2 and later
Oracle7 Server Enterprise 7.0.13–7.1.8
SCO UNIX ODT v3.2. r5.0
Oracle7 Server Enterprise 7.2.2–7.3.2.2
The Node Server is installed in a specially equipped (in accordance with the requirements of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the fire safety service) server room with limited access, provided with power supply for computer networks, preferably backup power supply. To ensure communication between trading terminals and the Node, communication between the Node and the Center, it is necessary to connect the server to the packet switching network (networks) (Sprint, Infotel) via dedicated channels, as well as to the city/long distance telephone network via switched channels. In this regard, a dedicated channel (leased channels) of the data transmission network (networks) (Sprint, InfoTel), the required number of switched communication channels should be brought into the room for installing the server.
Server administrator qualification requirements
To maintain the server's performance, trained highly qualified (certified) specialists are required. The qualification requirements are as follows:
experience in OS SCO UNIX administration,
the concept of current administration (integrity control, BackUP) OS SCO UNIX,
· Experience in administration of Oracle7 DBMS,
the concept of current administration (integrity control, BackUP) of the Oracle DBMS,
· experience with X.25 networks, modern communication equipment.
Ceteris paribus, preference is given to certified specialists in SCO UNIX, Oracle. Certificates are issued after training in one of the authorized training centers. The required number of administrators is 2 people. (in case of holidays, illnesses, layoffs, etc.). Hired specialists are trained in the administration of the Node's application software at the CFT Training Center in Novosibirsk (CFT specialists can travel to train specialists directly on the site of the Node installation, in this case the equipment for training is provided by the organization installing the Node).
Requirements for the qualification of specialists in the maintenance of terminal equipment
To service permanently installed and geographically dispersed (within the city) terminals, a specialist (operator) for servicing terminal equipment is required. The requirements for the operator are more modest: user-level experience with SCO UNIX OS, user-level experience with Oracle DBMS, general concepts of X.25 networks, communication equipment.
The number of operators required to maintain the infrastructure depends on its geographical branching, the availability of transport at the disposal of the operator, and the discipline of the personnel operating the terminal. On average, one operator is required for 50-100 terminals. At the initial stage, it is possible to assign operator functions to one of the administrators. Operators are also trained in the maintenance of terminals and application terminal software and other skills required for work at the CFT Training Center in Novosibirsk (CFT specialists can visit to train specialists directly on the site of the Node installation, in this case the equipment for training is provided by the organization installing the Node) .
Payment terminals of the Zolotaya Korona System
Utility payment terminal software
Discounted POS terminal software
Discount terminal software for petrol stations
Payment terminals are designed to organize the infrastructure for debiting cards (accepting card payments). To date, there is both standard and specialized software for trading terminals. More on this below.
POS terminal software
The software is installed on the terminals at the point of sale and allows you to make payments using the Zolotaya Korona card. It directly performs the following functions:
· Opening the terminal with a merchant's card only for this store;
· Automatic verification of the validity of the operation on this client card (the card is not in the "black list", the validity period has not expired, the balance and limits of the card have not been exceeded, the valid type of card, the currency of the client's card corresponds to the valid currency selected by the seller for payment);
· Printing the expiration date, allowable currencies and limits on them, ISO-number for this merchant's service card (for TPSCAM-х000 terminals);
· Informing with a sound signal and an inscription on the liquid crystal display about the imminent expiration of this service card of the seller, viewing on the liquid crystal display of acceptable currencies and limits on them (for the VeriFone terminal);
Formation of transactions in accordance with the total purchase amount;
· Recording the transaction in the terminal's memory in accordance with the payment amount;
· Recording the transaction on the client's card in accordance with the amount of the payment being made;
· Printing a check (copy of a check) in two copies (control, check), for TPSCAM-x000 terminals in one of two options configured during installation (full, short);
· Printing of the cash report (copy of the cash report) broken down by currencies, possibly broken down by departments;
· Allows you to work with 9 departments (no more than two-digit numbers for TPSCAM-x000, and no more than three-digit numbers for VeriFone);
· Allows you to work with different currencies (set for service on the seller's card);
1. The amount of the payment being made exceeds the seller's limit set for this store seller's card for this currency (checking against the full "black list", authorization for the balance in the settlement bank);
2. The amount of the payment being made exceeds the limit of one transaction set for this client card (checking against the full "black list", authorization for the balance in the settlement bank);
4. At the request of the seller of the trading company (authorization for checking against the full "black list") - for VeriFone terminals.
The software is installed on TPSCAM 1000, TPSCAM 2000 or VeriFone terminals (OMNI 395/Printer 250/CM 450).
ATM terminal software
The software is installed on the terminal at the cash dispensing point and allows the client to receive cash using the Zolotaya Korona card, taking into account the commission charged by the bank issuing cash. It directly performs the following functions:
· Opening the terminal with a cashier's card only of this bank;
· Automatic verification of the validity of the transaction on this client card (the card is not in the "black list", the validity period has not expired, the balance and limits of the card have not been exceeded, the valid type of card, the currency of the client's card corresponds to the valid currency selected by the cashier for issuance);
· Viewing the balance on the client's card, printing currency, limits, card expiration date, ISO-number;
· Printing the expiration date, allowable currencies and limits on them, ISO-number for this cashier's service card (for TPSCAM-х000 terminals);
· Informing with a sound signal and an inscription on the liquid crystal display about the imminent expiration of this service card of the cashier, viewing on the liquid crystal display of acceptable currencies and limits on them (for the VeriFone terminal);
· Allows you to set a different percentage of commission for cash withdrawal for clients of the bank issuing cash and clients of other banks (differentiated for each currency);
· Automatic calculation of the size of the commission in accordance with the established percentage of the commission and the ownership of the client's card;
· Recording the transaction in the terminal's memory in accordance with the amount of cash and commission received;
· Printing of the check (copy of the check) in two copies (control, check);
· Printing a cash report (a copy of a cash report) with a breakdown by currency and the allocation of a commission amount;
· Allows you to work with different currencies (set for service on the cashier's card);
· If it is technically possible, it allows on-line authorization in the following cases:
1. The amount of the payment being made exceeds the cashier's limit set for this bank cashier's card for this currency (checking against the full "black list", authorization for the balance in the settlement bank);
2. The amount of the payment being made exceeds the limit of one cash withdrawal set for this client card (checking against the full “black list”, authorization for the balance in the settlement bank);
3. The last transaction with the client's card was made earlier than the time interval of the "black list" stored in the terminal (authorization for verification against the full "black list");
· Exchange of information with the Node (transfer of transactions, acceptance of blacklist changes) using, if necessary, several, up to four, communication types configured during installation;
· Allows collection using a portable computer (Workstation "Collector") in the absence of the technical possibility of communication through electronic communications.
The software is installed on TPSCAM 1000, VeriFone (OMNI 395/Printer 250/CM 450) terminals.
Terminal software for petrol stations
The software is installed on the terminal at the point of sale of fuels and lubricants (POL) and allows you to make a payment using the Zolotaya Korona card, making it possible to operate with liters of fuel, automatically taking into account the cost of a liter of each type when paying.
It directly performs the following functions:
· Opening of the terminal with the seller's card only for this gas station;
· Appointment of the availability and cost of various (up to 16 - TPSCAM-x000, up to 20 - VeriFone) custom fuels;
· Printing a list of commercially available types of fuel indicating the current price of one liter of each type;
· Automatic verification of the validity of the transaction on this customer card (the card is not in the "black list", the validity period has not expired, the balance and limits of the card have not been exceeded, the valid type of card, the currency of the customer card corresponds to the currency of this card of the gas station);
· Viewing the balance on the client's card, printing currency, limits, card expiration date, ISO-number;
· Printing the expiration date, allowable currency and its limit, ISO-number for this service card of the gas station seller (for TPSCAM-х000 terminals);
· Informing by a sound signal and an inscription on the liquid crystal display about the imminent expiration of this service card of the gas station seller, viewing on the liquid crystal display the name of the allowable currency and the limit for it (for the VeriFone terminal).
Áàíê-Ýìèòåíò Ñèñòåìû «Çîëîòàÿ Êîðîíà»
ÏÎ Áàíêà-Ýìèòåíòà Ñèñòåìû «Çîëîòàÿ Êîðîíà» ïîëíîñòüþ àâòîìàòèçèðóåò ÷àñòü áàíêîâñêîãî îïåðàöèîííîãî äíÿ, êàñàþùóþñÿ ðàáîòû ñ êàðòñ÷åòàìè è êàðòî÷êàìè «Çîëîòàÿ Êîðîíà». Òàêîé ïîäõîä îáåñïå÷èâàåò åãî ñîâìåñòèìîñòü ñ ëþáûìè ïðîäóêòàìè, àâòîìàòèçèðóþùèìè áàíêîâñêèé îïåðàöèîííûé äåíü. À èìåííî: â òå÷åíèå äíÿ ÏÎ Áàíêà-Ýìèòåíòà ïðîèçâîäèò ó÷åò ïðîõîäÿùèõ ïî êàðòî÷êàì è êàðòñ÷åòàì îïåðàöèé, îòðàæàÿ èõ íà ñèñòåìíûõ ñóáñ÷åòàõ. Äî çàâåðøåíèÿ îïåðàöèîííîãî äíÿ áàíêà çàâåðøàåòñÿ îïåðàöèîííûé äåíü â êàðòî÷íîé ïîäñèñòåìå è ÏÎ Áàíêà-Ýìèòåíòà ãåíåðèðóåò â Àâòîìàòèçèðîâàííóþ Áàíêîâñêóþ Ñèñòåìó (ÀÁÑ) ñâîäíûå ñóììèðóþùèå äîêóìåíòû (â áóìàæíîì è/èëè ýëåêòðîííîì âèäå â çàâèñèìîñòè îò íàñòðîåê), êîòîðûå íåîáõîäèìî ïðîâåñòè â ÀÁÑ äî çàâåðøåíèÿ îïåðàöèîííîãî äíÿ áàíêà. Ïîñêîëüêó äëÿ êàæäîãî áàëàíñîâîãî ñ÷åòà â êàðòî÷íîì îïåðàöèîííîì äíå â ÀÁÑ îòêðûâàåòñÿ ëèøü îäèí ëèöåâîé ñ÷åò, êîëè÷åñòâî äîêóìåíòîâ, êîòîðûå íåîáõîäèìî ïðîâåñòè â ÀÁÑ – ìèíèìàëüíî. Ñîâìåñòèìîñòü ñ ëþáîé ÀÁÑ, îáåñïå÷èâàåìàÿ îïèñàííûì âûøå ïîäõîäîì, ïðèñóùà âñåì ðåàëèçàöèÿì ÏÎ Áàíêà-Ýìèòåíòà.
ON ENGLISH EXISSION ON EXISTERS "CONTRIBUTION OF THE CONTRIBUTION" (BTRIEVE REELEASE) + ïîîààìíååååååååååååååååååååååããããããããããããããããããããããããããããã
This software consists of two components that function on different platforms. × àñòü ÏÎ, ðåàëèçîâàííàÿ íà Novell NetWare-Btrieve, ïðåäíàçíà ÷ åíà äëÿ âåäåíèÿ áóõãàëòåðñêîãî ó ÷ åòà âñåõ îïåðàöèé, ïðîõîäÿùèõ â Cèñòåìå «Çîëîòàÿ Êîðîíà» è êàñàþùèõñÿ äàííîãî áàíêà. Occasionally setting ñèãüüüüâñññôôôôôüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüüèèèèèèèèèèèèõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõ × àñòü ÏÎ (ÏÓÏ), ôóíêöèîíèðóþùàÿ íà ïëàòôîðìå UNIX-Oracle, ïðåäíàçíà ÷ åíà äëÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ óäàëåííûõ îïåðàöèé ñ êàðòî ÷ êàìè (â òîì ÷ èñëå ïîïîëíåíèå êàðòû ñðåäñòâàìè êëèåíòà, çàðåçåðâèðîâàííûìè íà åãî êàðòñ ÷ åòå äëÿ óäàëåííîãî ïîïîëíåíèÿ), ÷ òî ïîçâîëÿåò ñíèçèòü Options (Calculation, using ïà àùùõõõõ üééЕôñééЕôññéüéééééééééЕôñééЕôñéé
Software of the Bank-Issuer of the system "Golden Crown" (Oracle Release)
Ðåàëèçàöèÿ ÏÎ íà Oracle íà ñåãîäíÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàèáîëåå ìîùíîé è óíèâåðñàëüíîé, îíà âêëþ ÷ àåò â ñåáÿ âñå ðåàëèçîâàííûå ðàíåå ôóíêöèè è íàñòðîéêè, à òàêæå ìàññó äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ; áëüüööööèèèééñññññüüüüüüüüüüüü,, ,ññññññññññîîîîò òòòòò ììììììåååìååìììììÒ Entroducement Equipment Equipment îááããããããåããã Ò òòòãããã ã Òûòòòòîîîîîîîîîî Òûòòòòìììììì ((.............. (() ((((((((((((((((((((Òéò Áëàãîäàðÿ øèðîêèì êîììóíèêàöèîííûì âîçìîæíîñòÿì èñïîëüçóåìûõ UNIX-ñèñòåì è áàç äàííûõ ORACLE, èñïîëüçîâàíèå ýòîãî ÏÎ ïîçâîëÿåò â äîïîëíåíèå êî âñåì ðàíåå îïèñàííûì ôóíêöèÿì îðãàíèçîâûâàòü óäàëåííûå ðàáî ÷ èå ìåñòà îïåðàòîðîâ â ðåæèìå on-line, ÷ òî ñóùåñòâåííî ðàñøèðÿåò ñïåêòð ïðåäîñòàâëÿåìûõ óñëóã, ñåòü îáñëóæèâàíèÿ. Â îòëè ÷ èå îò ðàíåå îïèñàííûõ âàðèàíòîâ óäàëåííûå ðàáî ÷ èå ìåñòà íîðìàëüíî ôóíêöèîíèðóþò, èñïîëüçóÿ äëÿ ñâÿçè ñ ñåðâåðîì íèçêîñêîðîñòíûå êàíàëû ñâÿçè (îò 9600-19200). Â äàííîì âàðèàíòå, â îòëè ÷ èå îò ïðåäûäóùåãî, ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè îïåðàöèé â ïóíêòàõ óäàëåííîãî ïîïîëíåíèÿ êëèåíò ïîëó ÷ àåò äîñòóï íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ê ñ ÷ åòó, à íå ê ñåðâåðó «ÏÓÏ», ïîýòîìó ðàáîòà ñî ñ ÷ åòîì îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ñòðîãî â ðåæèìå ðåàëüíîãî âðåìåíè, not how
ïðåäûäóùåì ñëó ÷ àå ñ íåêîòîðîé çàäåðæêîé, ñâÿçàííîé ñ îáìåíîì èíôîðìàöèåé ìåæäó Btrieve è ORACLE, à ñîîòâåòñòâåííî è ñïåêòð âîçìîæíûõ îïåðàöèé ñòàíîâèòñÿ çíà ÷ èòåëüíî áîëüøèì.
Ð ðàèàààààààààà å å á á î î î î î î àààààààèèèàèèèèèèèèèèè è ì ì òòòòòòòòòòòòîîîîîîîîîîîîî .îîîîîîî è ÏÎ Áàíêà-Ýìèòåíòà (Oracle Release) ïîçâîëÿåò âåñòè íå òîëüêî ñ ÷ åòà, óïðàâëÿåìûå ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì êàðòî ÷ êè, íî è âåñü ñïåêòð ñ ÷ åòîâ ôèçè ÷ åñêèõ ëèö.
ATMs of the Zolotaya Korona System
ATM software
The software allows the client to receive cash. The software is installed on the ATM and the Zolotaya Korona card without the participation of bank personnel directly at the ATM installation site (in offices outside it). When receiving cash, the software of the bank or automatically takes into account the commission amounts charged by the bank issuing cash.
In addition, the ATM software implements terminal-specific remote replenishment. All these functions turn the ATM into a full-fledged multifunctional self-service point. The ATM software allows you to perform the following functions:
Functions related to cash transactions:
Opening an ATM with a technology-enabled teller card only
this bank;
· Definition of a group of so-called "own" Banks-Issuers (Banks-Issuers, whose clients are served on the same terms as the clients of the Bank-Issuer, which loads the ATM with banknotes);
· Establishment of different percentages of the commission for cash withdrawal, charged from all clients of "their" Banks-Issuers, and from all clients of other Banks-Issuers;
· Setting a different daily threshold for cash withdrawal (the maximum amount that can be withdrawn by card) by this ATM for the cards of customers of “their” Banks-Issuers and cards of customers of other Banks-Issuers;
· Viewing the balance on the client's card and transactions recorded on the card;
Select from the on-screen menu of the ATM the standard amount received
cash (fast cash);
· Selection of the amount of cash received, a multiple of the minimum face value;
· Automatic calculation of the amount of the commission in accordance with the established commission percentage for the client's card of the given Bank-Issuer;
· Automatic verification of the validity of the operation on this client's card (the card is not in the "black list", the validity period has not expired, the balance and limits of the card have not been exceeded, the valid type of card, the valid currency of the card);
· Formation of a transaction taking into account the amount of cash issued and commission for cash withdrawal;
· Recording the transaction in the memory of the ATM in accordance with the received amount of cash and commission;
· Recording the transaction on the client's card in accordance with the total amount of cash received and commissions;
· Printing of the check in two copies (check, magazine tape);
· Issuance of the requested amount in cash;
· Printing of the cash report with allocation of the issued sum and quantity of the banknotes which have remained in cartridges;
· If technically possible, it allows on-line authorization in the following modes:
1. Authorization is always performed (cards of the Issuing Bank loading the ATM with banknotes are authorized to the Node for verification against the full “black list”, cards of other Issuing Banks are authorized for the balance in the settlement bank);
· the amount of the payment being made exceeds the cashier's limit set for this bank cashier's card for the given currency (checking against the full "black list", authorization for the balance in the settlement bank);
· the amount of the payment being made exceeds the limit of one cash withdrawal set for this client's card (checking against the full "black list", authorization for the balance in the settlement bank).
Functions of communication with the Node:
Exchange of information with the Node (transfer of transactions, acceptance of blacklist changes) using one or two types of communication and communications out of three possible;
Collection of an ATM using a magnetic medium (floppy disk) (using AWP "Collector") in the absence of the technical possibility of communication through electronic communications.
Provision of services for remote card transactions:
The ATM software for modifying the client card allows you to select the required operation from the list of available ones in the on-screen menu of the ATM.
The list consists of the following items:
1. Replenishment of the client's card for the entire amount allowed (by an accountant or operator);
2. Replenishment of the card for the ordered part of the allowed amount;
3. Erasure of transactions from the card and their transfer to the "Remote replenishment subsystem";
4. Return of funds from the card to the category of free;
5.Change of limits (if allowed by the settings of the "Subsystem of remote replenishment");
6. Renewal of the card (if allowed by the settings of the "Remote replenishment subsystem");
7. Viewing the status of the card (balance, limits, expiration date) before and after the operation with the "Remote replenishment subsystem" (replenishment, extension, change of limits).
Operational general control of the state of the ATM:
Periodic communication session with the Node to report the Alive signal (reception of the Alive signal by the Node means that the ATM is in the customer service mode and the state of the communication line is normal);
Conducting a communication session with the Node to report the state of the ATM:
1.indication of malfunctions of the mechanical components of the ATM;
2. state of door sensors (lids open/closed);
3.presence/absence of paper in journal and receipt printers;
4.presence/absence of banknotes in cassettes, etc.
Carrying out a communication session with the Node to report on incomplete transactions that have occurred (the client did not pick up the card, did not take the money, etc.);
Printing on the journal printer information about the following events:
1. Faults in the mechanical components of the ATM;
2.changing the status of door sensors (lids open/closed);
3.presence/absence of paper in the receipt printer;
4.presence/absence of banknotes in cassettes;
5. incomplete transactions (the client did not take the card, did not take the money, etc.), etc.
Opening an ATM with a technology-allowed operator card only for this Node;
Printing the number of banknotes remaining in the cassettes with the allocation of the issued amount.
The software is installed on an office ATM model (CD6300 from OLIVETTI) or on a through-the-wall ATM model (ATS6400 from OLIVETTI). It is possible to use similar models of BULL ATMs.
System services.
In this chapter, we will focus on the basic principles of the Zolotaya Korona system, as well as on the services that a bank participating in the Zolotaya Korona can provide to its customers.
“Zolotaya Korona” is a full-fledged back-office of the bank.
The Zolotaya Korona system is a flexible tool that allows the bank to organize the widest range of financial services for private and corporate clients. It is based on the concept: “A client is a client of the bank as a whole, and not of a specific branch or branch”. The range of services provided in the central office and any branch of the bank is absolutely identical.
In the back-office of the bank of the Zolotaya Korona System:
implemented electronic payment document management in real time;
various schemes and types of deposits, credit and deposit agreements are supported. Interest schemes may have a dependence of the interest rate on the amount of the deposit and on the term of the funds in the account;
multicurrency provided. Each client opens as many accounts in different currencies as desired. The system provides currency conversion, direct correspondence of accounts in different currencies, balance in each currency, accounting of currency statements and checks on off-balance accounts;
the mechanism of accounts with automatic cleaning and replenishment (SWEEP ACCOUNT) has been implemented. In practice, these are two linked accounts, one is a demand account, and the other is a term deposit. Using this mechanism allows you to minimize the balance on demand accounts.
It should be especially noted that current and deposit accounts can be opened in different currencies. When transferring funds from one account to another, automatic conversion is performed at the rate set by the bank;
separate accounting of cash and non-cash receipts to the account is maintained;
the processes of preparing data on the wages of employees of enterprises and crediting funds to accounts (cards) of customers are fully automated;
for clients who want to make systematic payments from their accounts, for example, rent or utility bills, to repay loans, etc.,
a mechanism for assigning regular payments is provided;
the mechanism of tariffs for bank services and privileges to them is built in.
In addition to standard rates, the bank can introduce its own; client identification is possible by passport, military ID, driver's license or plastic smart card; a flexible, customizable reporting system is provided, etc.
Thus, the banks participating in the "Zolotaya Korona" system receive not just a technology for servicing cards, but a full-fledged back-office of the bank with a powerful system for maintaining credit and deposit agreements.
Choosing the right strategy allows you to recoup the costs within 3-4 months. A potential participant in the System needs to clearly define the strategy for the development of Zolotaya Korona, taking into account regional specifics and the real capabilities of the bank. In particular:
1.who is your potential clientele - private or corporate clients;
2. why new services will be beneficial to customers;
3. what is the priority goal of the bank:
increase in the share of commission income in the overall structure of the bank's income; attraction of new liabilities; diversification and increase in the profitability of the loan portfolio, etc.
The answers to these questions are extremely important for assessing the investment attractiveness of the project.
So, for example, the entry into the market of private clients involves the extensive development of a network of POS-terminals and ATMs. This entails
represents a significant investment in the infrastructure for accepting cards already at the initial stage. On the other hand, since the presence of a trading infrastructure in itself is not an incentive to open a bank account and purchase a card, the bank needs to build an effective financial policy to attract private depositors: organize fast and convenient payroll for customers, set favorable interest rates, etc. .d. To increase the share of fee and commission income, the bank must offer
incentives for using the card as a settlement instrument in the trading network. Such incentives can be discounts on card purchases, various interest accrual schemes, bonuses for using the card, etc. All these factors, acting together, can lead to the fact that a client with a card will become a significant share in the turnover of trade, after which the retail chain will receive an incentive to pay the bank a percentage of the turnover on cards for attracting a client and a settlement guarantee (acquiring). It is obvious that the approach described above, on the one hand, requires significant investments and time for implementation, and on the other hand, it allows the bank to seriously expand its client base both through the trading network and through private and corporate clients, to obtain reliable liabilities in the form of accounts private clients and earn a steady commission income from the trading network.
A fundamentally different strategy is the strategy of servicing the small-scale wholesale trade market. By issuing cards for retail trade enterprises and ensuring the acceptance of these cards at the distributor's terminals, the bank creates an information processing network to service the commodity and money turnover. Assuming the obligations of a guarantor of the repayment of funds to a distributor by retailers, the bank will be able to receive an income in the amount of 2-3% of the turnover of funds on cards of this wholesale and retail network with low diversified credit risks associated with short-term lending to retailers secured by a deposit. This system does not require large investments from the bank and gives an instant profitability effect. The scheme is described in more detail in the chapter “Working with wholesalers and retailers”. At the initial stage, a work option is also quite effective, in which, at a cost of $5,000-$10,000, the bank:
installs the minimum hardware and software complex of the System;
Issues plastic cards to its staff;
· equips buffets, canteens, cash desks on the territory of the bank with terminals;
· installs turnstiles at the checkpoint and organizes a system of admission and accounting of working hours with the help of plastic cards.
This approach will allow the bank to study the technology of the Zolotaya Korona System by the time it starts working with clients, train qualified personnel, and choose the best path for development.
The service-related scheme is extremely effective.
motor transport companies using petrol cards.
With a relatively small investment in the equipment of gas stations with terminals (~ $1,500 at gas stations), it is possible to organize effective accounting of funds at motor transport enterprises, attract additional resources, and receive commission income. The above examples show only a few possible strategies. At the same time, in each specific case, it is necessary to carry out a detailed calculation of the project, build a motivation system for each participant, evaluate their own capabilities, choose their niche in the market, and only after that proceed with the practical implementation of the card project in the bank. Specialists of the Zolotaya Korona Center have 4 years of experience in implementing projects of varying complexity and are ready, together with the experts of your bank, to create and implement a project that fully corresponds to your capabilities and development strategy.
What's happened "Zolotaya Korona - Money Transfers"
Zolotaya Korona - Money Transfers (represented by the Koronapay brand in non-CIS markets) is a service for international instant money transfers without opening an account, founded in Russia in 2003. The service provides services in Russia, in the CIS countries and far abroad.
The Zolotaya Korona - Money Transfers service is represented in the infrastructure of more than 550 partners and has over 49 thousand service points in bank branches, as well as in Svyaznoy, KNOW-HOW (ION), Maximus and others retail chains.
The service provides money transfer services in 32 countries: Abkhazia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Vietnam, Greece, Georgia, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Spain, Italy, Kazakhstan, Cyprus, China, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Moldova , Mongolia, Nepal, Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Romania, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, France, Czech Republic.
System advantages "Gold Crown"
Before deciding whether to use the payment system, you should familiarize yourself with the benefits provided by the Golden Crown:
Reliable protection system;
A wide network of points of receipt and issuance of funds;
Low rates;
Availability of mobile applications
Special conditions for clients
Zolotaya Korona regularly offers its customers special rates for sending money transfers. For example, a special rate of 0% applies to sending foreign currency money transfers with conversion at the Zolotaya Korona rate.
Translations, carried out with the Golden Crown
Transfer from a bank card with cash withdrawal
Holders of bank cards of international payment systems VISA, MasterCard, Maestro of any bank in the Russian Federation can send a money transfer through the website using the Zolotaya Korona online service. The recipient will be able to receive the transfer in a few minutes at any point of issue of transfers of the system. The service is also available in a mobile application for devices with Android and iOS operating systems.
Cash transfers at the offices of banks and retail chains are also made according to a simple and understandable algorithm:
You should go to the nearest bank or salon-shop that cooperates with the Zolotaya Korona system and ask the operator to make a transfer;
Confirm your identity with a passport, provide the details of the recipient of the transfer;
The operator will automatically generate and offer to sign an application for sending a transfer, no paperwork will need to be filled out;
Transfer the desired amount to the cashier (do not forget to take a check);
Tell the recipient the transfer number. You can get it right away.
Transfer money from one bank card to another
Holders of bank cards of international payment systems VISA and MasterCard, of any bank in the Russian Federation can send a money transfer from one bank card to another using the Zolotaya Korona online service.
Transfers from card to card in the system are subject to a tariff of 0.5% (minimum 25 rubles)
How to receive a transfer from the Golden Crown
First you need to decide on the place of receipt of the transfer - a complete list of suitable items is presented on the site - http://www.koronapay.com . We recommend calling the selected bank office in advance and clarifying the working hours, as well as the availability of the required amount (relevant for receiving large amounts). The operator must provide the number of the transfer, present a passport. There is no commission for receiving a transfer. The operator will generate an application for issuing a transfer, after which the money can be received. Consider the advantages and disadvantages of the money transfer service.
Consider the advantages and disadvantages of this service.
Advantages of translation
No need to open a bank account;
A large number of points for sending and issuing transfers - Not only banks, but also retail chains Beeline, Euroset, KARI, MTS, Maximus, KNOW HOW (ION), Rostelecom cooperate with the system , "Svyaznoy" and others. It is possible to send a transfer online without leaving home.
Low shipping fees.
Translation is carried out instantly;
The funds are stored in the system for three years.
Cons of translation
The percentage of the commission may differ from the declared one.
Currency exchange
"Zolotaya Korona -" is a high-quality and modern way to make an online transaction from a Visa, MasterCard or Maestro card. You can receive currency in cash at a convenient time for you.
Track favorable rates and exchange rubles for US dollars or euros online 24x7. Before making a transaction, make sure that the card belongs to you and supports 3-D Secure technology.
Currency exchange takes place within a couple of minutes, after which you can pick up your currency as a regular money transfer "Golden Crown" within three years from the date of sending. The service is also available in a mobile application for devices with Android and iOS operating systems.
Golden Crown loan
"Zolotaya Korona - Loan Repayment" is a service that allows customers of any bank in Russia and the largest microfinance organizations of the Russian Federation, a loan or, to replenish a deposit or deposit funds to an account, as well as replenish cards of international payment systems VISA and MasterCard in a wide infrastructure of service points: in branches Federal State Unitary Enterprise, the retail network of Euroset, MTS, Maximus, Frisbee salons, Beeline and Agent.ru offices, as well as the cash desks of partner banks. The service maintenance infrastructure has more than 40 thousand points.
Transport Card
The Golden Crown - Transport Card service (Electronic Travel Card brand) has been operating on the market since 2006 and is currently represented in 16 regions of the Russian Federation, as well as in the city of Almaty (Kazakhstan). More than 1 billion trips are registered annually in the Electronic Travel Card system. More than 20,000 vehicles are connected to the system, more than 6 million transport cards have been issued during the project.
A transport card from Zolotaya Korona is a multifunctional innovative technology that allows you to organize non-cash payments for, as well as serve other social, banking and financial applications.
Instant transfers "Zolotaya Korona" is one of the most modern and unique Russian systems of money transfers for individuals. Instant money transfers are made without opening an account. The money transfer system - its full name is "Golden Crown - Money Transfers" - was developed by the Center for Financial Technologies (CFT). The system of instant transfers is actively developing and moving across Russia, to the CIS countries and far abroad. The first money transfer "Zolotaya Korona" through the system was made on April 10, 2003.
Logo of the "Zolotaya Korona - Money Transfers" system
The Zolotaya Korona brand is a patented brand of the national payment system of Russia, which includes the entire range of services in the field of cash and non-cash payments. Zolotaya Korona - Money transfers is one of the types of services provided to customers using the Zolotaya Korona brand. Today, the Zolotaya Korona - Money Transfers brand is popular in many regions of the country and is easily recognizable throughout Russia.
At present, the instant money transfer system network is represented in the following CIS countries: Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine.
The money transfer system unites 250 banks in Russia and the CIS and major Russian mobile retailers. The total number of points of the "Zolotaya Korona - money transfers" system exceeds 20,500 points in Russia and the CIS countries. Transfers via the Golden Crown - Money Transfers system are carried out by many Russian banks, including: Vostochny Express Bank, MDM Bank, Uralsib Bank, Moscow Regional Bank, Spetssetstroybank, Ural Transport Bank , "Asian-Pacific Bank", "Dalkombank", "Chelyabinvestbank", JSCB "Perminvestbank", JSCB "ENISEY" (OJSC), JSC "Vostokcreditbank", CJSC "Mega Bank", JSCB Mordovpromstroybank, etc. .
In addition to partner banks, which account for the bulk of the service points of the Golden Crown - Money Transfers network in Russia and the CIS, the System's services are also provided by large Russian retailers: Svyaznoy, Alt Telecom, Euroset and MTS- Retail".
The State Enterprise “Poshta Moldovei” (“Post of Moldova”) has also joined the “Golden Crown - Money Transfers” system, thanks to which 1,200 post offices in this country will issue its transfers.
To expand the geography of the points of receipt and issue of transfers, the CFT Company is actively implementing projects for integrating the Zolotaya Korona - Money Transfers system with other similar money transfer systems. To date, 5 integration projects have already been implemented with such money transfer systems as: "MoneyGram" (USA), "PrivatMoney" (Ukraine-Russia), "Caspian Money Transfer" (Azerbaijan) and "AVERS" (Ukraine), express transfers " FASTER" (Kazakhstan). The cooperation of the systems allowed the participating banks to make transfers to more than 190 countries of the world.
The Zolotaya Karona - Money Transfers system provides an opportunity to make instant money transfers without opening an account in the following currencies:
Money transfer cost is charged only from the sender and is determined at the conclusion of an agreement between the CFT and specific banks, i.e. takes into account the individual approach of each bank and its wishes. The cost of translation is:
- in Russia - 1.5% of the transfer amount
- to CIS countries - from 1.5% to 3% of the transfer amount
- to China - 25 USD regardless of the transferred amount
| Direction | Remuneration of the Sender's Bank RUR (%) | Sender's bank remuneration USD (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Russia | 1.5 | - |
| Georgia (Abkhazia) | 1.5 | 1.5 |
| Azerbaijan | 1.5 | 1.5 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 1.5 | 1.5 |
| Tajikistan | 1.5 | 1.5 |
| Armenia | 1.5 | 1.5 |
| Moldova | 1.5 | 1.5 |
| Ukraine | 1.5 | 1.5 |
| China | - | 25$ regardless of the transfer amount |
The cost of transfers for individual banks differs from the above transfer rates. For example:
- in JSCB "ENISEY" (OJSC) commission for transfers - 2%,
- in Agroprombank, the commission for transfers for Tajikistan is 1.75%
- in OJSC CKB Primorye "Primsotsbank" tariffs for transfers within Russia - from 0.8%
- transfer speed - the transfer takes place in real time and the withdrawal of money is possible within 1-15 minutes after it is sent, and the transfers sent to the points of the Anelik and PrivatMoney systems become available for withdrawal within 24 hours.
- unaddressed transfer - when sending a transfer, only the country and city of the recipient are indicated, which allows the recipient to choose the most convenient pickup point for him within the specified country. The exception is transfers sent with the participation of Anelik and Caspian Money Transfer systems - they can only be received at the point of the recipient's bank where the transfer was sent.
- In Russia - 500,000 rubles;
- Abroad - for residents of the Russian Federation - up to 5,000 US dollars (~ 135,000 rubles);
- Abroad - for non-residents of the Russian Federation - up to 20,000 US dollars.
Some banks also set a minimum transfer amount. Thus, in Perminvestbank, the minimum transfer amount is limited to 2,000 rubles, or 50 US dollars.
The philosophy of the CFT company is innovativeness and reasonable pragmatism. This philosophy allows the Golden Crown - Money Transfers system to be not only a classic money transfer service, but also to constantly increase the number of innovative solutions. So, today a whole range of related innovative solutions has already been introduced:
- Ability to check the status of the transfer on-line on the system's website: after sending the transfer, go to the company's website and follow the link "Transfer Status". In the window that appears, enter the number of the transfer you sent (it is indicated in the transfer form), click the "Check status" button and receive information about the progress of the transfer (for example: "issued", "ready for issue", etc.).
- Sending SMS notifications about the transfer status.
- Implementation of the Golden Crown transfer sender card for regular customers. Such a card is convenient for systematic transfers (for parents, student children).
- Sending transfers using self-service devices, the so-called "Money transfer cash desks". "Money transfer cash desk", this is a specific ATM "Zolotaya Korona" with the function of accepting cash (Cash-In)
- Carrying out identification of the sender by card and PIN code through POS - terminals, without presenting a passport or identity documents for repeated transfers.
- In the traditional way - through the points of banks;
- In an innovative way - through a self-service device (Money transfer cashier).
- The order of sending the transfer "Zolotaya Korona - Money transfer":
- Come to any service point of the Zolotaya Korona money transfer system;
- Show your passport;
- Name the amount and currency of the transfer, the country and city to which you send the money, and the full name of the recipient. Select a bank convenient for the recipient from the list.
- Check the "Application for transfer" issued by the operator;
- Enter the amount of the transfer with the commission to the cashier;
- Get a copy of the transfer form from the operator;
- Inform the Recipient of the transfer number and the address of the issuing point.
- The procedure for receiving the transfer "Zolotaya Korona - Money transfer":
- Contact the Bank at the address provided by the Sender;
- Inform the operator that a money transfer has been made in your name through the Golden Crown - Money Transfers service. Name the number, amount and currency of the transfer;
- Show your passport and apply for a transfer;
- Receive money at the cash desk subject to the requirements of clause 3.
- The issuance by the bank of the transfer is carried out when the requirement for the simultaneous observance of two conditions for the issuance, namely:
- match of the last name, first name, patronymic of the recipient in the identity document presented by him with the data indicated in the electronic bank order;
- match unique transfer number.
Payment systems are in great demand in the market. Through Contact, WesternUnion or MoneyGram, people receive and send transfers to any country in the world. More than 22 years ago, a new player appeared - Golden Crown. A small commission, fast transaction speed, a wide network of branches - this is a short list of the advantages of the system. Read more about how to make money transfers "Zolotaya Korona", read on.
History
Initially, Zolotaya Korona was positioned on the market under the brand name of Russian plastic cards. For 10 years of operation, the system has constantly increased its technological, operational capabilities and the number of partner banks servicing cards. In 2003, a new service was introduced - "Zolotaya Korona" money transfers. In 2013, the system became socially significant. The amount of transfers per year exceeds 400 billion rubles, the network includes 500 banks and 41 thousand service points operating in Russia, Ukraine and other CIS countries.
transactions
The system works without opening an account. Funds can be transferred in rubles, dollars and euros. The fee depends on the amount and country of the recipient. The tariff scale has two features. Firstly, the cost of the service is the lowest on the market of instant addressless transfers in the CIS. Moreover, at one time, it was the dumping of Zolotaya Korona that contributed to lower prices. Secondly, the tariffs of the system are advisory in nature. The cost of a transfer in the same country may vary depending on the bank. In general, tariffs fluctuate between 0.5-1.6% of the amount. In some regions there are restrictions on the maximum amount of commission. That is, sending large transfers is more profitable.
Limits are set taking into account currency legislation and system requirements. Today in Russia they amount to 599 thousand rubles, 20,000 dollars, 15 thousand euros. But there is also an internal limitation. Within 24 hours, a resident will not be able to send to another country an amount that exceeds the equivalent of $5,000 through the Zolotaya Korona system. Bank simply will not conduct money transfers.
Process
To send or receive a payment, you should contact the service point with a passport and money. In Moscow, for example, you can contact Rublevskoe shosse, 11, building 2 or st. Professional, 5v, and in St. Petersburg - on the street. Hospital, 4 or Bolshevik Avenue, 32, building 1a. In any large (and not so) cities, there are plenty of service points.
Transfers are made upon request. You need to specify your full name, city, country and pay for the operation. An exact address is not required as the recipient will choose the service point himself. He only needs to tell the transfer number from the check.
During the operation, branch employees will offer to issue a card of the same name. With it, you can send payments through self-service kiosks. The latter work like other terminals. Necessary:
- insert a card;
- enter a pin code;
- select a recipient from the list of regions;
- specify the transfer currency;
- enter cash (rubles);
- confirm the transaction;
- print a receipt with the transfer number.
The card greatly speeds up the application process. Information from a plastic card will not have to be re-entered into the receipt.
Informing
Money transfers "Zolotaya Korona" in Moscow or any other city can be issued on the terms of notifying the recipient about the transaction. To do this, the application form should indicate the phone numbers of the sender and recipient. Messages are convenient in that they immediately indicate the transaction number. There is no need to re-memorize or write it down.
Receiving funds
Transactions are unaddressed. You can receive a money transfer "Golden Crown" at any point of issue of the specified city. You only need to provide the operator with the application number and passport. Legislative acts of the country may additionally stipulate other documents required for registration of the operation. You can check the status of the transaction on the website of the system itself by the control number of the transaction.
The Golden Crown system (money transfers) works online. You don't even have to search for the addresses of branches and partners. Instead, issue a "Corn" card and credit funds to it.
More about the map
For registration of plastic, you need to provide a passport and 100 rubles. This amount is immediately credited to the account. Registration in the system takes a maximum of three minutes. Upon its completion, the plastic owner can issue Golden Crown money transfers, accumulate bonuses, and pay for goods and services of utility companies via the Internet. For the convenience of users, a personal account was created on the system website. To access it, you must specify the barcode of the card and the date of birth. The password is sent via SMS.
The card can be used to pay outside of Russia. To confirm the transaction, you only need to sign the check. But it is not worth keeping a large amount of funds in the account. The card is not named. Therefore, in case of its loss, scammers can use the money. With the help of this plastic money transfers "Zolotaya Korona" can be sent in cash or through an electronic wallet.
System Benefits
1. Speed. The amount of funds is available for withdrawal immediately after the number is assigned. But you should take into account the mode of operation of points of issue.
2. Convenience. Since the transactions are addressless, it is enough to specify only the country and city to send the payment. The customer chooses the pickup point. The data can be corrected if the payment is processed but not paid. Changes to applications can only be made by employees of branches.
3. Notifications. Through the website or via SMS, you can track the status of the application. Upon completion of the processing process, the parties to the transaction receive appropriate messages. For comparison, Western Union charges an additional fee for this service, and UNISTREAM users generally have to notify the recipient on their own.
4. Simplicity. Transfer limits without opening an account, although limited by law, are generally quite high.
5. Reliability. The payment is stored in the system for 60 days.
"Golden Crown" in Ukraine
Money transfer through the Golden Crown has been operating since 2006 and is not inferior to Western Union in terms of popularity. Restrictions on the amount of the transaction are UAH 16,000 or the equivalent in foreign currency. Legislative limit - UAH 49.99 thousand. Residents of Ukraine also have access to a card for frequent transfers. You can issue it through a partner bank. The tariff for payments to the CIS countries ranges from 0.5-1%, to other directions - 1.5%. Transactions go through Privatbank the fastest. In addition to a developed network of branches, the credit institution makes it possible to receive and send transfers without leaving home, through Privat24. The procedure takes 2-3 minutes, funds are credited to the card instantly.
Output
"Zolotaya Korona" is a system of addressless instant money transfers. Its main advantages are: a small commission, high limits, a wide network of branches. The application can be made through a partner bank or online through the website of the payment system.
Golden Crown system
The "Zolotaya Korona" system is an interbank interregional settlement system for microprocessor cards. The main goal of the development of the system is its widespread use by all segments of the population in order to create a convenient and reliable means of payment that can gradually replace cash circulation with non-cash payments. The Zolotaya Korona system is the world's largest payment system for microprocessor cards in terms of territory coverage and the number of participating banks, in addition, it is one of the largest Russian systems in terms of turnover and the number of card transactions.
Currently, more than 116 banks and organizations are members of the system, the system is rapidly developing in 52 cities of Russia. The system was originally designed to carry out transactions in Off-line mode, which ensures uninterrupted operation of the system even in conditions of unsatisfactory functioning of communication lines.
The Zolotaya Korona system can offer the following projects for implementation using plastic cards:
the use of cards by the bank allows it to provide the following services to customers: issuance of debit cards, issuance of debit and credit cards, issuance of credit cards, issuance of corporate cards, issuance of petrol cards (debit, debit and credit, credit);
issuance of wages at enterprises on cards;
payment of a pension on a card;
creation of a system of payments for fuel and lubricants cards;
use of cards in the traffic police;
use of cards when paying utility bills;
use of cards when paying for electricity;
use of cards when paying for communication services (telephone, telegraph);
use of the card by shops as prepaid cards;
use of the card in wholesale organizations;
using the technology of the system to make fast money transfers.
On your computer, you generate “electronic banknotes” (just strings of letters and numbers in the usual way) including a denomination, say 100 thousand rubles or $ 100, and each of them has an individual serial number that you and only you know and “seal” ” part of the banknote containing the serial number in a special “digital envelope” (so far such banknotes have no value), only the issuing bank of electronic money can assign value to specific banknotes. It checks the denominations of the bills you sent, but cannot determine their closed serial numbers. Then the bank signs the banknotes with its “blind” digital signature, knowing their denominations, but not knowing the serial numbers, and returns them to you already certified. Of course, the bank will require you to deposit the corresponding amounts of ordinary money or draw up a loan agreement for this.
You “get” them out of digital envelopes and are ready to pay with them. Now it is a legal means of payment - “electronic money”, which has a certain value confirmed by the bank and you pay for goods or services with it. At the same time, no one will be able to establish that it was you who paid with them to someone specifically, but if you keep a copy of the bill, you can, if necessary, prove that you have already paid for a specific purchase with it. The seller, having received electronic banknotes from you, presents them to the bank, which checks their authenticity, disavows their serial numbers and credits the corresponding amounts to the seller’s account or issues him new electronic banknotes for the corresponding amount.
At the same time, it is possible to separate small, medium and large banknotes, which makes it possible to very accurately regulate the degree of risk when issuing electronic money.
Digital money, which is just some information, can be stored on any storage medium, in particular, on the hard drive of a desktop computer or laptop, floppy disk, smart card, which at the same time turn into a so-called electronic wallet.
Today, the term "electronic commerce" refers primarily to the provision of goods and paid services through global information networks. Consider the most common types of e-commerce today.
"Electronic stores". Typically, an "e-shop" is a Web site that contains a catalog of goods, a virtual "cart" of the buyer, on which goods are "collected", as well as means of payment - by providing a credit card number over the Internet or by phone. Goods are sent to buyers by mail or, in the case of purchases of electronic goods (eg software), by e-mail channels or directly through a Web site on the Internet.
Another new area of e-commerce has become the rental of various software and the so-called "micropayments" - when a symbolic fee (a few cents) is taken from the user for the use of any component of the software package. This type of business has developed in connection with the widespread use of Java technology, which assumes that the software components necessary for performing tasks are downloaded over the network directly from a Web server.
A traditional service in the field of electronic commerce is the sale of information, for example, a subscription to online databases. This type of service is already quite common in Russia, for example, the Garant-Park, Russia-on-Line databases, etc.
Finally, today a new type of e-commerce is gaining momentum - electronic banks. Among the main advantages of electronic banking, one can note the relatively low cost of organizing such a bank (no need to rent prestigious buildings, no need for storage of valuables, etc.) and the widest coverage of clients (almost any Internet user is a potential client of an electronic bank). Due to this, an electronic bank can provide customers with more favorable interest than a conventional bank, and provide a wider range of banking and other services for a lower fee. Naturally, an electronic bank has its own security and protection systems for electronic information, such as special cards - generators of random passwords synchronized with the password on the bank server. This allows you to create a unique password each time the client accesses the banking server. For a greater degree of protection, biometric user identification tools can also be used.